OPINION
On appeal from the district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial, appellant argues that the district court erred when it (1) concluded there was no duty to warn appellant as a matter of law, and (2) improperly used “negative” jury instructions, which unduly emphasized respondents’ case and confused the jury. Because the district court correctly concluded there was no special relationship giving rise to a duty to warn, we affirm in part. But because the district court abused its discretion by giving the negative instructions, which confounded the standard of care owed to appellant, overemphasized respondent’s case and confused the jury, we reverse in part and remand for а new trial.
FACTS
Respondent Eric Rolland owns respondent Rolland Building Corporation, a Wisconsin construction company that designs and builds residential and commercial properties and performs remodeling services. Rolland and his corporation are collectively referred to herein as “respondent.” Appellant Bradley Domagala is married to respondent’s cousin. Appellant and his wife asked respondent to perform some grading work around their home. Their yard had a “rough grade” and respondent was “going to do a finished grade, which means preparing for sod or seed.” The project was expected to take approximately six hours.
On June 23, 2003, respondent brought his New Holland LX985 skid loader over to appellant’s home to work on the yard. Respondent also brought the corresponding forks; the leveling, or sod, bar; and the bucket attachments. Throughout the course of the project, respondent operated the skid loader while appellant watched and picked up rocks and debris from the yard. Respondent did not ask appellant to help him in any way. The machine was noisy and respondent wore ear protection. When appellant wanted to speak with respondent, he would approach the skid loader with his hands up, palms out, and respondent would then put his hands up in the air, indicating that his hands were away from the сontrols.
The skid loader’s attachments needed to be switched out on several occasions during the project. In order to change an attachment, respondent would first take off his seatbelt, go out through the front, walk over the bucket, and face the skid loader. Respondent would then pull up on the levers one at a time and the attach
It was common for dirt and other debris, such as rocks, to get lodged in the levers. When this occurred, respondent would detach the handle or pin that would release; raise the attachment a couple of inches off the ground; and “flutter the hydraulics to shake” the attachment. This would “create! ] extra play,” loosening whatever was stuck in the other lever. Approximately three-quarters of the way through the project, roughly two hours in, respondent needed to remove the skid loader’s bucket and attach the leveling bar. A piece of debris was stuсk in one of the levers. Respondent released one of the levers and began “fluttering the bucket vertically.” Respondent described this as a very dangerous situation because the skid loader’s bucket was in the air, hanging by a single pin.
Respondent then became aware that appellant was coming straight at him. Appellant could see that there was a stone stuck in one of the levers. Respondent took his hands off the controls and raised them up. The bucket was approximately 10-20 inches off of the ground. Before respondent could say anything to appellant, appellant reached up and grabbed the lever, releasing the bucket. Appellant did not recall giving “аny indication that [he] was going to release the lever.” The cutting edge of the bucket was pointed towards the ground, and landed directly on appellant’s left foot. As a result, three of appellant’s toes were crushed and eventually amputated.
Appellant sued respondent, alleging that respondent negligently and carelessly operated the skid loader and failed to warn him of the dangers associated with trying to unlatch the skid loader’s bucket. Respondent moved for summary judgment, asserting that there was no special relationship between the parties giving rise to a duty to protect or a duty to warn. The district court denied the motion for summary judgment, concluding that respondent “оwed a duty of care to act in a reasonable manner” when operating the skid loader and that respondent “created a dangerous situation when [respondent] elevated the bucket attachment while it was attached to the machinery by only one lever; thus, creating a duty of care owed to [appellant].” However, the district court concluded as a matter of law that no special relationship existed between the parties giving rise to a duty to protect or a duty to warn. The case proceeded to a jury trial.
Among other instructions, respondent requested two special jury instructions in light of the district court’s summary-judgment order. The first stated that respondent had no duty to protect appellant:
A person generally has no duty to act for the protection of another person. A legal duty to protect will be found to exist only if there is a special relationship between the parties and the risk is foreseeable. The Court has ruled, as a matter of law, that no duty to protect exists in this matter and you must not consider such a duty in your deliberation in this case.
The second stated that respondent had no duty to warn appellant.
A special relationship giving rise to a duty to warn is only found on the part of common carriers, innkeepers, possessors of land who hold it open to the public, and persons who have custody of anothеr person under circumstances in which that other person is deprived of normal opportunities of self-protection. The Court has ruled, as a matter of law, that no duty to warn exists in this matter and you must not consider such a duty in your deliberation in this case.
Appellant objected to the proposed instructions, asserting that while
[i]t is undisputed that there is no special relationship between the parties that would require a heightened Duty to Protect or a heightened Duty to Warn[,] ... [i]t is feasible that the jury might find that the duty of reasonable care included a warning in order to protect [appellant] from the dangerous situation created by [respondent].
Appellant also argued that these instructions may be confusing to the jury and, because the district court already found that such duties did not exist, these instructions should not be part of the charge to the jury. The district court stated it would give both of the requested instructions, but also acknowledged that appellant was not foreclosed from arguing that a reasonable person would have warned appellant.
Respondent also brought a motion requesting that, if appellant’s counsel attempted to refer to either a duty to warn or a duty to protect in the presentation of his case, the district court would provide a curative instruction. The district court denied this motion, but stated that it entertained the possibility of rereading the requеsted no-duty-to-warn instruction if the court believed “the line ha[d] been crossed.”
At the close of the evidence, the district court read the instructions to the jury, including the no-duty-to-protect and no-duty-to-warn instructions requested by respondent, and the following special instruction requested by appellant regarding the duty of care owed based on the creation of a dangerous situation:
If a person created an unreasonable risk of causing physical harm to another, that person has a duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent the risk from taking effect. This duty applies even though at the time of the creation of the unreasonable risk, the person had no rеason to believe that it will involve such a risk.
After counsel made closing arguments, the district court repeated (1) respondent’s no-duty-to-warn instruction; (2) appellant’s dangerous-situation instruction; and (3) the standard definitions of “reasonable care” and “negligence.” See 4 Minnesota Practice, CIVJIG 25.10 (2006) (defining “reasonable care” and “negligence”). The jury subsequently, found that respondent was not negligent in the operation of the skid loader and that appellant acted negligently at the time of the incident. 1 Appellant moved for a new trial based on the district court’s inclusion of the no-duty-to-warn and no-duty-to-protect instructions to the jury. The district court denied appellant’s motion. This appeal follows.
ISSUES
I. Did the district court еrr by concluding that respondent had no duty to warn appellant as a matter of law?
ANALYSIS
I.
Because the district court’s determination that respondent did not have a specific, legal duty to warn appellant of dangers associated with the skid loader was the basis for the no-duty-to-warn and no-duty-to-protect instructions to the jury, we begin by discussing whether the district court erred by concluding that respondent had no duty to warn appellant. The existence of a legal duty is a question of law, which this court reviews de novo.
Bjerke v. Johnson,
A. Special Relationship
“Generally, no duty is imposed on an individual to protect another from harm.... ”
Id.
at 665. “[A]n affirmativе duty to act only arises when a special relationship exists between the parties.”
Harper v. Herman,
“The fact that an actor realizes or should realize that action on his part is necessary for another’s aid or protection does not of itself impose upon him a duty to take such action ... unless a special relationship exists ... between the actor and the other which gives the other the right to protection.”
Id.
(quoting
Delgado v. Lohmar,
A special relationship can exist “under any one of three distinct scenarios.”
Bjerke,
Appellant does not appear to challenge the district court’s finding that there was no special relationship between the parties and does not appear to assert that such a relationship exists. In fact, appellant expressly states in his reply brief that he “fully admits that a ‘special relationship’ is not at issue, but that does not relieve Respondent’s duty of care to act in this circumstance and prevent the harm from occurring.” Appellant goes on to say that “[although no special relationship existed that would have created a special duty to protect or a special duty to warn, a general duty of ordinary reasonable care did exist.” The specific legal duty to warn only arises out of a special relationship. We conclude, as the district court did, that “[t]here remains no assertion that a speсial relationship exists between the parties in this case that would give rise to a duty to affirmatively act.”
B. Products Liability
Appellant likewise contends that “this matter is similarly analogous to a product liability action.” We disagree.
Appellant asserts that respondent created a “dangerous ‘product’ ” by allowing the bucket to hang by one pin. But as the district court pointed out, “[tjhere is no assertion that [respondent is a] manufacturer[], [a] supplier[], or another entity within the product distribution line. Evidence merely suggests that [respondent is] the owner and operator of the skid loader.” Moreover, as noted by respondent, it does not appear that appellant has asserted a claim against the manufacturer or supplier of the skid loader or asserted that a defect wаs present in the skid loader itself.
Because appellant identifies no special relationship, and in fact concedes the lack thereof, and because respondent did not owe a duty to warn under products-liability principles, the district court properly concluded that respondent did not have a specific legal duty to warn appellant of any dangers associated with the skid loader, and we affirm in part.
II.
We next turn to the no-duty-to-protect and no-duty-to-warn jury instructions. “The district court has broad discretion in determining jury instructions and [appellate courts] will not reverse in the absence of abuse of discretion.”
Hilligoss v. Cargill, Inc.,
As discussed above, appellant and respondent did not have the requisite special relationship giving rise to a duty to warn,
Appellant challenges the no-duty-to-warn and no-duty-to-protect instructions based on thеir overall effect, arguing that the (1) use of negative jury instructions was inappropriate; (2) use of generalized instructions is preferred to specific instructions; and (3) use of the requested instructions unduly emphasized respondent’s case and confused the jury. Respondent asserts that (1) the instructions provided an accurate statement of Minnesota law; (2) their negative posture did not affect the instructions’ appropriateness; (3) the instructions were necessary given appellant’s argument that the duty of reasonable care may include warning appellant; and (4) the instructions did not confuse the jury.
We begin with the district court’s decision to use the special instructions drafted by the parties. Minnеsota caselaw appears split on the issue of generalized jury instructions versus special instructions.
Compare Fallin v. Maplewoodr-N. St. Paul Dist. No. 622,
As to the negative posture of the jury instructions, appellant correctly states that it is generally prefеrable that jury instructions affirmatively state the applicable law.
Schlieman v. Gannett Minn. Broad., Inc.,
Tri-Valley and its teachers had an obligation to use ordinary care to protect its students from injuries which could reasonably have been foreseen and could have been prevented by the use of ordinary care. However, there is no requirement of constant supervision of all оf the movement of all pupils at all times.
However, the jury instructions must ultimately be considered as a whole and reviewed to determine whether “they misstate or confuse a principle of law applicable to the case.”
Schlieman,
“Negligence is a departure from a standard of conduct required by the law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm.”
Blatz v. Allina Health Sys.,
While respondent did not owe a specific legal duty to warn or protect appellant, respondent did owe appellant a general duty to exercise reasonable care and a duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent harm to appellant when respondent created an admittedly dangerous situation. The exercise of reasonable care upon the creation of a dangerous situation may include giving a warning to anyone placеd at risk. Section 321 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts discusses the duty of care in dangerous situations and states:
(1) If the actor does an act, and subsequently realizes or should realize that it has created an unreasonable risk of causing physical harm to another, he is under a duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent the risk from taking effect.
(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) applies even though at the time of the act the actor has no reason to believe that it will involve such a risk.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 321 (1965) (emphasis added);
see Stepnes v. Adams,
A is playing golf. He sees no one on or near a putting green and drives to it. While the ball is in the air, B, another player, suddenly appears from a bunker directly in the line of A’s drive. A is under a duty to shout a warning to B.
Id. ill. 1 (emphasis added). 2 The jury’s question reflects that it was having difficulty reconciling the duty owed upon the creation of a dangerous situation with the no-duty-to-warn instruction.
We conclude that the overall framework of the duty-to-warn issue in this case is similar to
Zylka by Zylka v. Leikvoll,
Under the law of the case, the wrecker driver was determined to have created a dangerous situation as to the second collision.
Id.
at 446,
If a person creates or participates in creating a dangerous situation on a highway, he is under a common law duty to use reasonable care to remove or correct the situation to the extent that that is reasonably feasible or possible, and to use reasonable care to warn others of the danger while the danger exists.
Id.
at 447,
We believe, and find support for the proposition, that one’s participation in the creation of a hazard need not be negligent for the duty of care to arise. Though not negligent, it is clear that [the wrecker driver] was a participant in the creation of the first accident when, in performing a contract to start [the] car, the latter became involved in a collision. A duty then fell upon [the wrecker driver], not as a volunteer but as one called upon to exercise reasonable care, either to remove the hazard or give adequate warning to others.
Id.
(emphasis added). The court upheld the jury’s finding that the wrecker driver was negligent as to the second collision because he made no attempts to coordinate with the other drivers as to handling the situation; failed to illuminate the accident scene; did not effectively use the illumination devices in his truck or give them to others; and did not push or attempt to push the Ford off of the highway with his wrecker.
Id.
at 447-48,
However, “[b]efore a new trial may be ordered on such grounds, it must be shown that the improper instructions resulted in prejudice.”
Kroning v. State Farm, Auto. Ins. Co.,
Kroning
was an action to recover uninsured motorist benefits.
The district court instructed the jury:
I am going to permit questions on this issue [collateral source payments] for the very limited purpose ... limited solely to the question of how it may bear upon her credibility or believability as a witness.... It’s not to prove the third-party source, not to prove the amounts, solely as to whether you are going to believe her on this or any other subject.
Id. (alterations in original). Counsel for the Kronings objected and thе district court further instructed the jury:
On direct examination this witness [Mrs. Kroning] testified with respect to the future and her husband and her and their financial affairs. He [sic] is now being asked questions on that issue, their financial affairs in the future. Whether you want to call it social security or work comp, is immaterial. I am allowing that testimony to go in for one purpose only. That purpose is as it attacks her credibility. She starts out with her direct testimony that they are looking forward to the future with no income in sight. It now develops that there may be some other income in sight, not what it is, not for whom it is, but it has an effect upon her creditability [sic] or her believability by you.
Id. (alterations in original). “Based on this second instruction, the Kronings moved for a mistrial, сlaiming that the instruction ‘completely poisoned the jury.’ That motion was denied.” Id. The jury subsequently found that, while the Kron-ings had incurred damages as a result of the accident, the red car — which supposedly triggered the accident — did not exist. Id. Observing that the existence of the red car was a pivotal issue in the case, the Minnesota Supreme Court reversed the jury’s verdict and remanded the case for a new trial, concluding the district court’s instructions prejudiced the Kronings:
Mrs. Kroning’s testimony, particularly her testimony with respect to the red car, was key to answering this question. Anything casting doubt on her credibility had great potential to sway the jury, and while it was proper for State Farm to attack her credibility, it was improper for the court to do so. The instructions, as given, were such that they could only have had the effect of discrediting Mrs. Kroning and impairing the value of her testimony.
Id. at 48.
In the present case, the no-duty-to-warn and no-duty-to-protect instructions are not as clearly prejudicial as the instructions in
Kroning.
However, appellant contends that, by giving these instructions, the district court overemphasized respondent’s case. We agree. The district court’s use of the no-duty-to-protect and
When an erroneous instruction destroys the substantial correctness of the charge or creates substantial prejudice, a new trial should be granted.
Youngquist,
DECISION
Because the duty to warn is predicated upon the existence of a special relationship between the parties, the district court did not err in concluding there was no duty to warn appellant as a matter of law as no special relationship existed between the parties. However, a warning might be reasonable in situations not involving a special relationship. By creating a dangerous situation, respondent owed appellant a duty of reasonable care commensurate with the risks involved. The exercise of reasonable care by respondent may have included giving a warning to appellant. Therefore, the district court abused its discretion in giving the no-duty-to-protect and no-duty-to-warn jury instructions as they confounded the standard of care owed to appellant, overemphasized respondent’s case, and confused the jury, causing substantial prejudice to appellant.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
Notes
. The jury was permitted to render a six-out-of-seven majority verdict after it had deliberated for six hours. See Minn.Stat. § 546.17 (2008) (allowing the jury to return a verdict “upon an agreement by five-sixths of its number” after six hours of deliberation).
. Similarly,
A, carefully driving his truck, skids on an icy road, and his truck comes to rest in a position across the highway where he is unable to move it. A fails to take any steps to warn approaching vehicles of the blocked highway. B, driving his automobile with reasonable care, does not see the truck, skids on the ice and collides with it, and is injured. A is subject to liability to B.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 321 ill. 3 (emphasis added).