67 Misc. 90 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1910
Lead Opinion
This is an appeal, by a surety upon an undertaking, from an order adjudging him in contempt of court and fining him $2,120, and sentencing him to sixty days’ imprisonment and committing him to prison until the fine is paid.
In the action of Dollard v. Koronslcy, judgment by default was entered against the defendant. The defendant then moved for an order staying proceedings by the plaintiff under said judgment pending the determination of a motion to vacate the judgment on the ground that the defendant was not served with process. The court granted the motion for a stay, upon condition that the defendant should furnish an undertaking with sureties for the payment of the judgment in case it should survive the motion to vacate, together with the expenses of a reference. The undertaking was given and the appellant was one of the sureties. The sureties having qualified, the sheriff released the levy which he had made under an execution issued upon the judgment recovered by the plaintiff.
The referee, to whom the motion was referred to take proof as to whether the defendant was served with process, reported .adversely to the defendant. The court then denied the motion to set aside the judgment, and execution issued thereon was returned unsatisfied. One of the sureties upon the undertaking having died and his estate being insolvent, the plaintiff sued the appellant upon the undertaking and recovered judgment, execution upon which was returned unsatisfied. In the examination of the appellant in proceedings supplementary to execution, the appellant admitted that, ,at the time he qualified as surety, he was worth $3,800, and that since that time he had earned $900 and that he had subsequently disposed of all this property. The court below has found that the appellant disposed of his property fraud
Assuming the finding of the court below as to the facts, to be correct, the question is presented whether tie act of the appellant in disposing of his property with the fraudulent intent of making it impossible for him to pay the amount due on his undertaking constitutes a contempt of court.
The only statutory authority which it is claimed exists for the adjudication made by the court is to be found in subdivisions 4 and 8 of section 753 of the Judiciary Law. This section with the subdivisions referred to is as follows: “A court of record has power to punish, by fine and imprisonment, or either, a neglect or violation of duty, or other misconduct, by which a right or remedy of a party to a "civil action or special proceeding, pending in the court may be defeated, impaired, impeded or prejudiced, in either of the following cases: * * *
“4. A person, for assuming to be an attorney or counsellor, or other officer of the court, and acting as such without authority; for rescuing any property or person in the custody of an officer, by virtue of a mandate of the court; for unlawfully detaining, or fraudulently and willfully preventing, or disabling from attending or testifying, a witness, or a party to the action or special proceeding, while going to, remaining at, or returning from, the sitting where it is noticed for trial or hearing; and for any other unlawful interference with the proceedings therein. * * *
“8. In any other case, where an attachment or any other proceeding to . punish for a contempt, has been usually adopted and practiced in a court of record, to enforce a civil remedy of a party to an action or special proceeding in that court, or to protect the right of a party.”
The respondent relies chiefly upon subdivision 8 of this section to* justify the action taken, rather than upon the words “ unlawful interference with the proceedings,” which are contained in subdivision 4 of that section and which he claims are “not really important,” because included in subdivision 8. Indeed, it is difficult to understand how it
The lucid opinion of Judge Finch, in People ex rel. Munsell v. Court of Oyer & Terminer, 101 N. Y. 245, has done much to clarify the whole law governing contempts. In that opinion it is pointed out that criminal or public contempts and civil or private contempts were recognized by the common law. The “ common-law power was very broad and vested large discretion in the courts.” The Revised Statutes were “ an evident effort ” to “ codify the law of contempt and bring it within definite and fixed rules,” and the court pointed out that this codification “ plainly recognized the difference between the two classes.” The statute defining criminal contempts specifically enumerates the cases in which a court may punish for contempt, and that power can be exercised in no case not specifically enumerated 'in the statute. In cases of civil con-tempts, “ after a very careful and specific enumeration, it was still recognized that in the multitude of private rights other and unnamed cases might occur, and to meet that emergency subdivision 8 was added. * "x" * By this clause the common-law right as to private contempts was preserved outside of and beyond the statute enumeration; and this was deemed safe and prudent because, in cases affecting only private rights and wrongs done merely to the suitor, the courts would be under little or no temptation to unduly strain or exercise their power.” Thus it is clear that “ the private or civil contempt might go beyond the
In commenting upon subdivision 8, the court, in People ex rel. Platt v. Rice, 144 N. Y. 249, 263, said: “This provision preserved to courts of record the power they had previously possessed to punish, in the interest of a party to the action, as a contempt, an evasion, or a violation of duty, or misconduct, which resulted in defeating or prejudicing the complainant’s rights. It was a power formerly exercised by the English Court of Chancery, and which was continued by the Bevised Statutes of this state. (2 R. S. 534, 535.) ”
Beither the diligence of counsel nor the efforts of the court have discovered any case where a surety has been adjudged in contempt for having disposed of his property with fraudulent intent.
It is difficult if not impossible to find a satisfactory definition of what constitutes a contempt of court at common law. In Oswald, on Contempt of 'Court, it is said: “ Contempt of court (which has been irreverently termed ‘ a legal thumbscrew’) is so manifold in its aspects that it is difficult to lay down any exact definition of the offence” (p. 4). Another writer, in lieu of a definition, says: “ The mysterious and -indefinable offense known as ‘ contempt of court,’ would seem to be as easy to commit as it is liable to prompt and condign punishment.” Hawkins, in his “ Pleas of the Crown,” after considering the cases in which attorneys, officers of the court and peers may be liable for contempt, says: “ However, it is certain, that all other persons are liable to an attachment for contempt, all the particular instances whereof it would be endless to enumerate.” Ourwood’s Edition, vol. 2, p. 220.
When we turn from the textwriters to the early reports, we find them burdened with many curious adjudications in reference to contempt. 2 Cooley Bl. Comm. (4th ed.), 1300 et seq. Hpon examination it is found that in many of these cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the court treated the case -as a criminal or civil contempt.
In preserving the common law theory of contempts in
The case of Miller v. Knox, 4 Bing. 865, 873, is instructive upon this very question. In that case Mr. Justice Williams, after quoting Hawkins to the effect that in cases of contempt the courts might proceed “in a summary manner according to their discretion,” says: “How, "I would by no means intimate an opinion that the learned writer, by the latter general expression, meant to assert that the power of the courts is perfectly arbitrary and indefinite; but I do think he must be understood as describing their power not to be precisely limited or fixed, but that it may be extended to new cases as they arise, provided they be within the principle of those in ivhich the power has been decided to exist.” The limitation here suggested is most important. Hot every act which judicial caprice may conceive to be a contempt is any longer to- be treated as such. To justify its punishment as a contempt it must come fairly within the principle upon which the common law proceeded in vesting this power in the courts. We think that subdivision 8 of section 753 of the Judiciary Law is to be interpreted in the same spirit.. It does not mean that our courts can punish for contempt in every instance where the power was formerly exercised by the English courts at common law. It does, however, preserve to the courts the right to punish as a
In commenting upon the section which,, in substantially the same form, is included in section 753 of the Judiciary Law, the revisers say: “ In this section, an enumeration of the general cases has been made, as well to define as to limit a power, which, while it is absolutely necessary in many cases, is yet perhaps, more liable to abuse and, in England, has been abused, more than any other possessed by the courts. The preceding section includes all cases which a diligent examination of all the writers on the subject has discov
Bearing in mind the purpose of the Legislature in enacting this section, which is so clearly revealed in the comment of the revisers quoted above, and that the exercise of the power may result in imprisonment without trial by jury, it is evident that the statute should be strictly construed. Fromme v. Gray, 14 Misc. Rep. 592, 595, aff’d and opinion approved, 148 N. Y. 695, 698: Schreiber v. Raymond & Campbell Mfg. Co., supra. The words “ neglect or violation of duty or other misconduct ” which are used in the statute are so general and indefinite as to fail to define the acts for which one may be punishable as for a contempt of court. The neglect, violation of duty or misconduct must be such as defeats, impairs, impedes or prejudices the right or remedy of a party to a civil action or special proceeding, in either of the cases specified in the first seven subdivisions of section 753 of the Judiciary Law; or the act must be within the principle upon which the common law adjudications in eases of civil contempt rest. The principle upon which the common law adjudications in cases of civil contempt rest is specified in the first seven subdivisions of section 753 of the Judiciary Law. Manifestly the principle does not include every neglect, violation of duty or misconduct which impairs or prejudices the right or remedy of a party to a pending action. The exercise of such latitudinary power by the courts is inconsistent with the purpose of the Legislature which is disclosed in the comment of the revisers.-
The principles underlying the common law cases which can be distinguished as cases of civil contempt are included in the first seven subdivisions of section 753 of the Judiciary Law. Whenever these principles are violated, regardless of the particular form which the act may take, it may be treated as a civil contempt, if it defeats, impairs, impedes or prejudices the rights of a party in a civil action or special proceeding. If a case arises which is within these principles, it matters not that the case is novel or unusual. If
The present case should not be confused with cases where fictitious hail or security is given pursuant to the mandates of the court. It is well settled that a surety who justifies falsely or one who gives a fictitious undertaking is guilty of contempt. Matter of Sheppard, 33 Misc. Rep. 724; Matter of Goslin, 95 App. Div. 407; Buffalo L. T. & S. D. Co. v. Medina G. & E. L. Co., 68 id. 614; Hall v. Lanza, 97 id. 490; Nuccio v. Porto, 72 id. 88; Matter of Hay Foundry & Iron Works, 22 id. 87; People ex rel. Wise v. Tamsen, 17 Misc. Rep. 212; McAveney v. Brush, 1 App. Div. 97. These oases rest upon an entirely different basis from the case now before its and are within subdivision 2 of section 753 of the Judiciary Law.
The statutory provisions are not to be extended by implication. Thus, a surety who makes a false justification is not punishable as for a contempt in favor of him whose property is improperly taken under an attachment (Schreiber v. Raymond & Campbell Mfg. Co., supra); and, in Huccio v. Porto, supra; Mr. Justice Laughlin points out that “The statutory authority, however, to punish a surety who is not a party to the action is not very extensive.”
There is a class of cases, referred to above, which is clearly within the principle" asserted and which is plainly distinguishable from the case at bar. These are cases where one, knowing that the court has decided to restrain certain acts, commits the prohibited acts before the order of the court is formally made or served. Such acts are, of course, punishable as contempts, because the mandate of the court is disobeyed even though the usual formalities bad not yet been complied with. These cases are governed by the rule stated by Lord Eldon in Hearn v. Tenant, supra, where he said: “If these parties by their attendance in court were apprised that there was an order, that is sufficient, and I cannot attend to a distinction so thin, as that persons standing here until the moment the Lord Chancellor is about to pronounce the order, which from all that passed they must know will be pronounced, can by getting out of the Hall at
The act of the appellant in disposing of his property after he had given a good undertaking was not such neglect, violation of duty or misconduct as involved, either directly or indirectly, a disobedience to or neglect of any lawful mandate or order of the court. Nor was it such an act as can be held to be within the principle of any of the cases specified in the first seven subdivisions of section 753 of the Judiciary Law. It was not, therefore, such an act as rendered the 'appellant punishable as for a civil contempt.
The giving of the undertaking did not impress a lien upon the appellant’s property. It was purely a contract obligation. That a surety should dispose of his property for the purpose of rendering the obligation of the undertaking uncollectible was doubtless reprehensible and a fraud upon his creditor. None of these considerations, however, establishes that the act- of the appellant constituted a contempt of court. There are many acts which are reprehensible as constituting a fraud, but they are not on this account to be dealt with in the summary fashion authorized in cases of contempt. It has been well said in reference to contempt that “ as a wrong purely moral, or affecting an object not possessing a legal status, it has in the eye of the law no existence.” Oswald, Contempt, 1. Thus knowingly interposing a false answer is not a contempt of court. Fromme v. Gray, supra. False swearing by a judgment debtor in supplementary proceedings is not a contempt. Bernheimer v. Kelleher, 31
To sustain this order would, we think, require a radical departure from established precedents and would result in extending the power to punish for contempt of court beyond the limitations which have been placed upon it by legislative enactments and judicial decisions.
In our judgment the act of which the court below has found the appellant guilty does not constitute a contempt of court, and the court was without power to punish it as such.
Order reversed with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and appellant discharged.
Dissenting Opinion
It does not seem to be open to doubt that appellant deliberately disabled himself to meet the obligation of his undertaking. The only question is whether this conduct, initiated six months after the giving of the undertaking, constituted a civil contempt of court.
It was not a “ disobedience to a lawful mandate of the court ” by u a party to the action or other person,” in the language of subdivision 3, section 753 of the Judiciary Law; but, under the decisions, I think that it was “ an unlawful interference with the proceedings ” in an action for which, xmder subdivision 4, any person may be held as for a contempt ; and was also an “ abuse of a proceeding of the court,” for which, under subdivision 2, a party to the action may be so held, this subdivision having frequently been interpreted to apply as well to sureties on an undertaking.
In Nuccio v. Porto, 72 App. Div. 88, 90, the Appellate Division, First Department, said, per Laughlin, J.: " The undertaking was executed, furnished and accepted as a
The learned Appellate Division thus expressly holds, at the outset, that the “ undertaking ” was a “ proceeding of the court.” See also Wilson v. Allen, 3 How. Pr. 369, 311.
It bases its decision that the .act of appellant was a contempt on two distinct considerations:
First, that the false justification of a surety on an undertaking was a contempt under subdivision 2 of section 14 of the 'Code (now section 153 of the Judiciary Law) ; and, Second, that such justification constituted an unlawful interference with the progress of the action (namely, the proceedings therein), under subdivision 4.
To the same effect, in Lawrence v. Harrington, 63 Hun, 196, the General Term of the Second Department, per Pratt, J., spoke of a false justification of sureties as follows: “ It was an interference with the due and orderly progress of the action to its ultimate close.”
By parity of reasoning, if false justification by a surety is unlawful interference with the proceedings in an action, the deliberate and fraudulent dispersal by a surety of the property which formed the basis of his qualification seems to. me to be an equivalent interference with such proceedings. The party for whose protection the court has directed that the undertaking be given is compelled to accept the risk that the surety may in the ordinary course of his affairs become insolvent and impoverished to an extent to disable him to respond adequately in the event of his ultimate liability ; but he does not assume the risk that such surety will deliberately -and intentionally disable himself from responding to that liability which was palpably contemplated when the undertaking was given. Such conduct on the part
The fact that plaintiff waived justification does not affect the issue. As was said in Hatter of Hopper, 9 Hisc. Hep. 171, plaintiff was fully warranted in relying upon the surety’s oath as to his qualification.
The order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs and disbursements.
Order reversed and appellant discharged.
