153 Mass. 380 | Mass. | 1891
The defendants objected to the admission in evidence of the notice given to the defendants, because it was not signed by the plaintiff in accordance with the provisions of the St. of 1888, c. 155. This statute provides that the notice “ shall be in writing, signed by the person injured or by some one in his behalf.” The notice is signed “ Corcoran and Parker, Attorneys for Charles Dolan.” The defendants contend that the words “ Attorneys for Charles Dolan ” are only descriptio personarum,, and that therefore the notice purports to be the act of Corcoran and Parker, and not the act of the plaintiff.
A similar question has often been before this court in actions of contract on written instruments signed by agents; and it has been uniformly held, where the signature is “ A., agent for B.,” and the name of the principal is correctly given, that the signature is apt to express the fact that the act was done in behalf of the principal. Ballou v. Talbot, 16 Mass. 461. Rice v. Gove, 22 Pick. 158. Jefts v. York, 4 Cush. 371. Page v. Wight, 14 Allen, 182. Tucker Manuf. Co. v. Fairbanks, 98 Mass. 101, 105. Cutler v. Ashland, 121 Mass. 588. See also Deslandes v. Gregory, 2 El. & El. 602. The rule is the same if the instrument is signed, “A., treasurer for B.” Kingman v. Kelsie, 3 Cush. 339. An attorney is simply an agent or substitute for another. It is clear, therefore, that the notice purports to be signed “ in behalf ” of the plaintiff.
The defendants further contend that there is no evidence to show that the persons signing the notice were authorized to do so. But the bill of exceptions does not show that there was no evidence on this point, or that the authority of the signers was not conceded.
Again, if we assume that the form of the objection was broad enough to raise the question of the authority of the signers of the notice to act for the plaintiff, and also assume that there was no evidence on this point offered, this was a technical objection which might have been remedied, and which should have been called to the attention of the court. In New Hampshire Ins. Co. v. Healey, 151 Mass. 537, 539, it was held that, “ where the objection to testimony is merely general, an exception to its admission should not be sustained upon a technical ground not specified at the trial, apparently not in the mind of the court or of the ad
The remaining question is whether there was a variance between the declaration and the proof. The second count of the declaration, on which the case was submitted to the jury, alleged that the injury was sustained “ because of the falling in and upon him of the roof of said tannery.” It further alleged, that “ the condition of said tannery and the roof thereof was defective and unsafe, and that said defective and unsafe condition of said tannery and roof had not been discovered and remedied, owing to the negligence of the defendants and of the person in the service of the defendants intrusted by them with the duty of seeing that said tannery and roof were in proper condition.” Under these allegations evidence of the cause of the fall of the roof was clearly competent. If the failure to remove snow from the roof was the chief cause, or one of the causes, of the result, it was competent for the plaintiff to show it.
In Whitman v. Groveland, 131 Mass. 553, an action was brought against a town for an injury caused by the falling of a span of a bridge over which the plaintiff was travelling; and the notice given to the town, under the St. of 1877, c. 234, stated the cause to be “ the breaking and falling of said span.” This notice was held sufficient. The court said: “ It may have been that the breaking and falling of the span were caused either by the action of the elements, the overloading the bridge by snow and ice, the excessive weight of the planking laid upon it, the insufficient iron-work, or all these combined with other causes. But the plaintiff was not bound to ascertain and notify the defendant to which of these, or whether to all these and other causes, the defect which occasioned his injury was attributable. That of which he had a right to complain was the breaking and falling of the span, if it occurred under such circumstances as would render the defendant responsible.”
The-same principles apply to the case at bar. The Pub. Sts. c. 167, § 2, cl. 3, requiring the substantive facts necessary to constitute the cause of action to be stated “ with substantial certainty, and without unnecessary verbiage,” do not require the evidence to be set forth in the declaration. If a declaration does not give a defendant reasonable knowledge of the nature and
