Doe v. Purdue UniversityDoe v. Purdue University
OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on an Ex Parte Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym and for Protective Order [DE 2], filed by Plaintiff John Doe on January 24, 2017.
BACKGROUND
On January 24, 2017, Plaintiff filed his Complaint, alleging that he was wrongly suspended from Purdue University and, as a result, dismissed from Navy ROTC because of a disciplinary case based on false accusations of sexual misconduct. Plaintiff asserts claims of a denial of his due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a violation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, state law breach of contract, and state law estoppel and reliance.
ANALYSIS
In the instant motion, Plaintiff asks the Court to allow him to proceed pseudony-mously as “John Doe” and restrain the named Defendants from revealing Plaintiffs identity. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs suit is not exceptional and that the circumstances of this case do not overcome the presumption in favor of open proceedings.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 10 requires that the caption of the Complaint include the nameB of all the parties, and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17 requires that all civil actions be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest, See Fed. R. Civ. P. 10, 17. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has explained that “[t]he use of fictitious names is disfavored, and the judge has an independent duty to determine whether exceptional
The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has not articulated a test or elements for determining when exceptional circumstances exist to justify allowing a party to proceed under a pseudonym. However, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana has compiled several factors that courts consider to determine whether a “plaintiffs interest in privacy is so significant as to outweigh the strong presumption favoring public identification of litigants.” Indiana Black Expo,
(1) whether the plaintiff is challenging governmental activity; (2) whether the plaintiff would be required to disclose information of the utmost intimacy; (3) whether the plaintiff would be compelled to admit his or her intention to engage in illegal conduct, thereby risking criminal proseeution; (4) whether the plaintiff would risk suffering injury if identified; and (5) whether the party defending against a suit brought under a pseudonym would be prejudiced.
Id. (quoting Doe v. Shakur,
Under the first factor, Plaintiff argues that his allegations challenge government activity because Purdue University is a state university and because at issue is the April 2011 Dear Colleague Letter issued by the Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights. Defendants do not address this element. Plaintiff brings claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of the Fourth Amendment and under Title IX for the inadequate procedures Plaintiff alleges are effectively dictated by the April 2011 Dear Colleague
Second, this litigation requires the disclosure of “information of the utmost intimacy,” as demonstrated by the details set out in the Complaint, including information regarding Plaintiffs and Jane Doe’s sexual relationship, Jane Doe’s allegations of sexual misconduct, and the details of the University’s findings. Other courts have permitted plaintiffs alleging similar claims against colleges and universities to proceed anonymously. See, e.g., John Doe v. Columbia Univ.,
Defendants counter that “Plaintiffs prolix complaint freely discloses much intimate information, including ... history of intercourse ... [and] anatomic and other details of sexual and social contacts.” (EOF 16, p. 3). It is unclear how this lessens the importance of this factor. If anything, the details in the Complaint, which Plaintiff argues are necessary for him to state a claim, strengthen the argument that highly sensitive and personal details of an intimate nature will be at issue in this case. This second factor weighs in favor of allowing Plaintiff to proceed under a pseudonym.
The third factor — whether the plaintiff would be compelled to admit his or her intention to engage in illegal conduct, thereby risking criminal prosecution — is not at issue in this case.
Fourth, the Court considers whether Plaintiff would risk suffering injury if identified, which is related to the factor considered by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals of whether the injury litigated against would be incurred as a result of the disclosure of the plaintiffs identity. This factor also weighs in Plaintiffs favor. If Plaintiffs identity is revealed, Plaintiff would suffer the very harm to his reputation that he seeks to remedy by bringing this lawsuit; in other words, if Plaintiff is successful in proving that the charges of sexual misconduct against him were unfounded and that Defendants’ procedures violated his due process rights, the revelation of Plaintiffs identity “would further exacerbate the emotional and reputa-tional injuries he alleges.” Colgate Univ.,
The rise of sexual assaults on college campuses is a troubling epidemic, however, in addressing this epidemic, courts have a duty to ensure that “[e]ach case must be decided on its own merits, according to its own facts. If a college student is to be marked for life as a sexual predator, it is reasonable to require that he be provided a*343 fair opportunity to defend himself and an impartial arbiter to make that decision.” The Court finds that forcing Plaintiff to reveal his identity would not advance any aspect of the litigation but instead poses a risk that Plaintiff would be subject to unnecessary ridicule and attention. The Court is also mindful of the potential chilling effect that forcing Plaintiff to reveal his identity would have on future plaintiffs facing similar situations.
Id. (citing Doe v. Brandeis Univ.,
As for the fifth factor, Defendants acknowledge that they will not be impeded in presenting their defense in this Court if Plaintiff is permitted to proceed anonymously. Thus, this factor favors Plaintiff.
The sixth factor of whether the interests of children are at stake is not applicable.
As for whether Plaintiffs identity has thus far been kept confidential, there is no evidence that it has not. Defendants note that, based on the Complaint, Plaintiff provided a list of names of thirty character references during the underlying investigation at Purdue University. This fact does not negate his efforts to keep this matter confidential as the provision of those names was part of the university’s investigative process. Defendants then assert that the U.S. Navy possesses Purdue University’s underlying investigation report, “apparently with Plaintiffs permission.” (EOF 16, p. 3) (citing Cmplt., ¶ 140). However, nothing in that paragraph of the Complaint suggests that Plaintiff gave permission for the Navy ROTC to possess the Investigator’s Report; rather, the paragraph alleges that Purdue University did not allow Plaintiff to see the Investigator’s Report and that the only time he saw it was when the Navy ROTC officer allowed him to review it. Finally, Defendants assert that Plaintiffs Complaint alleges in paragraph 34 that he “told Navy ROTC colleagues that he was under investigation,” (EOF 16, p. 3), but, in fact, paragraph 34 alleges that Plaintiff was prohibited from discussing the case with his fellow Navy midshipmen, (ECF 1, ¶ 34). This factor supports Plaintiffs motion.
Finally, there do not appear to be any less drastic means of protecting the legitimate interests of either Plaintiff who seeks anonymity or Defendants. And, the public interest will continue to be served as the record in this case will not be sealed and the legal and procedural rulings in this ease will remain a matter of public record. The courtroom proceedings will remain open, subject to the least intrusive means possible of protecting the identities of the parties and witnesses. The actual identities of Plaintiff and his accuser are of minimal value to the public.
Having balanced the factors, the Court finds that Plaintiff has overcome the strong presumption in favor of requiring a litigant’s name to be a matter of public record by showing that the harm to Plaintiff exceeds the likely harm from concealment.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court hereby GRANTS the Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym and for Protective Order [DE 2] and ORDERS that the parties use the pseudonym “John Doe” for Plaintiff and the pseudonym “Jane Doe” to refer to the female complainant in the underlying disciplinary proceeding. The Court further ORDERS Defendants to refrain from revealing Plaintiff’s identity.
SO ORDERED this 31st day of May, 2017.
Notes
. Plaintiff filed a "Notice of Ex Parte Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym and for Protective Order,” (ECF 2), and a "Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiff's Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym and for Protective Order,” (ECF 3), but did not actually file a "Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym and for Protective Order.” Because the Memorandum of Law sets out the relief requested, the Court construes the Notice and Memorandum together and rules as if Plaintiff had properly filed a Motion. The Court advises Plaintiff that the Local Rules for the Northern District of Indiana do not provide for the filing of a "Notice of Motion.”
. In Doe v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield United of Wis.,