Michael Timothy DODSON, Appellant, v. Frederick William ELVEY.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued April 28, 1995. Filed Sept. 28, 1995.
665 A.2d 1223
Ralph M. Monico, Hollidaysburg, for Frederick W. Elvey.
James R. Ronca, John F. Duggan, Harrisburg, Leonard A. Sloane, Media, Amicus Curiae, for PA Trial Lawyers.
Before ROWLEY, President Judge, and WIEAND, CIRILLO, OLSZEWSKI, BECK, KELLY, POPOVICH, HUDOCK, and SAYLOR, JJ.
BECK, Judge:
This appeal addresses whether under the “limited tort option” of Pennsylvania‘s Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law (“MVFRL“),
The limited tort option authorizes the insurer to offer automobile insurance coverage at reduced premium rates to insureds who give up the right to sue for noneconomic damages, such as pain and suffering. A limited tort elector may sue for noneconomic damages only if he or she suffers “serious injury” in an automobile accident.
Serious injury is statutorily defined as death, serious impairment of body function or permanent serious disfigurement.
In the instant case the court granted summary judgment in favor of defendant-appellee Frederick William Elvey on the basis that the plaintiff-appellant Michael Timothy Dodson, who had elected the limited tort option, had not met his burden of establishing a “serious injury,” i.e., serious impairment of body function. The court dismissed the action for noneconomic damages. Appellant filed this appeal, arguing that the determination of the serious impairment of body function should be a fact question for the jury, and that his injuries did indeed meet the limited tort option threshold. We affirm the trial court‘s grant of summary judgment in favor of appellee.
We begin by noting our scope of review in this appeal from summary judgment. Our review is plenary, and we therefore must determine whether the uncontroverted allegations of the pleadings and the other permissible materials filed in support of and in opposition to the motion reveal
With this standard in mind, we outline the statutory context and factual background of this particular case. Since 1990, the MVFRL requires automobile insurers to offer insurance coverage to its customers in accordance with the following “Notice to Named Insureds“:
A. “Limited Tort” Option—The laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania give you the right to choose a form of insurance that limits your right and the right of members of your household to seek financial compensation for injuries caused by other drivers. Under this form of insurance, you and other household members covered under this policy may seek recovery for all medical and other out-of-pocket expenses, but not for pain and suffering or other nonmonetary damages unless the injuries suffered fall within the definition of “serious injury” as set forth in the policy or unless one of several other exceptions noted in the policy applies. The annual premium for basic coverage as required by law under this “limited tort” option is $______. Additional coverages under this option are available at additional cost.
B. “Full Tort” Option—The laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania also give you the right to choose a form of insurance under which you maintain an unrestricted right
for you and the members of your household to seek financial compensation for injuries caused by other drivers. Under this form of insurance, you and other household members covered under this policy may seek recovery for all medical and other out-of-pocket expenses and may also seek financial compensation for pain and suffering and other nonmonetary damages as a result of injuries caused by other drivers. The annual premium for basic coverage as required by law under this “full tort” option is $______. Additional coverages under this option are available at additional cost....
In exchange for a reduced premium, appellant elected the limited tort option when purchasing automobile insurance.2 Appellant therefore is bound by the following statutory provision:
(d) Limited tort alternative. Each person who elects the limited tort alternative remains eligible to seek compensation for economic loss sustained in a motor vehicle accident as the consequence of the fault of another person pursuant to applicable tort law. Unless the injury sustained is a serious injury, each person who is bound by the limited tort election shall be precluded from maintaining an action for any noneconomic loss,....3
Appellant sustained certain injuries when he was involved in a motor vehicle accident with appellee. Appellant filed the instant action for damages, including noneconomic damages, against appellee.4 In his amended complaint, appellant claimed that he had suffered “personal injury resulting in a serious impairment of body function.” The complaint further described appellant‘s injuries as “serious and permanent,” including but not limited to “cervical strain; lumbar strain; iliopsoas strain; impingement syndrome, right shoulder; contusion, right elbow, right shoulder.” Appellee, in his new matter and later motion for summary judgment, asserted that appellant had chosen the limited tort option in his insurance coverage, and therefore could not recover noneconomic damages because his injuries did not meet the “serious injury” threshold set forth by law.
In his response to the appellee‘s motion for summary judgment, appellant filed an affidavit with two supporting medical reports, and his own deposition testimony. After reviewing the evidence, the trial court held that it raised no triable issue of fact as to whether appellant sustained serious impairment of body function.
Appellant treated with an orthopedist, Dr. Fulchiero, who initiated hydrotherapy and diagnosed rotator cuff damage (right shoulder) and a fractured elbow.5 Appellant had six office visits with Dr. Fulchiero between January 16 and May 22, 1992. Appellant‘s attorney referred him to a second physician, Dr. Smith, who diagnosed cervical sprain, lumbar strain, and iliopsoas strain. Appellant treated with Dr. Smith for eight visits between January 24 and August 28, 1992. At a January 24, 1992 visit, appellant had decreased range of motion secondary to muscle tightness, and limited right elbow and right shoulder range of motion. He had pain on palpation in his low back. Dr. Smith ordered moist heat and ultrasound for his back and exercises for his shoulder. On February 14, 1992, appellant‘s right scapula was injected with DepoMedrol and Lidocaine. A physical therapy program was instituted, involving nine treatments from April 9 until April 30, 1992.
Appellant was released to work, full duties without restriction, on May 21, 1992, with a full range of motion. His return to work resulted in “brief muscle soreness but this quickly resolved.” When appellant returned to work, he had the same position with the same duties as before the accident. By July 1992, appellant complained of some elbow and forearm weakness. Examination showed some decreased strength, and he
In addition, an August 12, 1992 MRI indicated “a slight increase in signal intensity in the humeral head consistent with marrow edema which is typically seen after trauma.” Dr. Smith opined that this was related to a bone bruise, which would heal, and would be “of no functional consequence,” although there might be a defect shown on x-ray for the indefinite future. On August 28, 1992, his range of motion had slight limitations at the extremes but was otherwise normal.
Dr. Smith opined that appellant would “suffer long term with some mild to moderate right upper extremity weakness,” and more likely than not would develop arthritis in the future. Finally, his soft tissue injury “may be symptomatic periodically for the next 2-3 years before resolving finally.” In his July 23, 1993 deposition testimony, appellant stated that he continued to feel “constant drumming pain” mostly in his shoulder, but sometimes in his elbow as well. He testified that he does the same work as before the accident, but that it is harder to do, with increased pain. He uses no treatment or prescription medication for the pain, other than occasional self-treatment with Tylenol. Appellant testified that he cannot bowl, play softball or lift weights as he did before the accident, so he no longer engages in these recreational activities. Appellant now carries his son in his left arm.
Upon review of the evidence, the trial judge opined that, “[a]t best, this is a case of a soft tissue injury with residual pain. We do not find an impairment of function. Plaintiff has full range of motion. Subjective complaints of pain are insufficient to constitute an impairment of body function.” The court granted summary judgment in favor of the appellee.
Appellee and amicus7 argue that the limited tort threshold provision is part of automobile insurance reform. Its purpose is to reduce litigation of pain and suffering claims in minor injury cases. By electing the limited tort option, a plaintiff such as appellant affirmatively waives the right to have a jury decide his case where the injuries are not serious. At the very least, appellee argues that the threshold issue of whether the plaintiff has suffered serious injury is for the court to decide. Appellee asserts that, in response to a motion for summary judgment, the court should decide whether the plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to create a jury question as to whether his injuries are serious. Appellee further argues that the trial court properly decided there was no genuine issue of material fact in this case that appellant did not suffer a serious impairment of body function.
This court has not yet had the opportunity to address this precise issue. Compare Murray v. McCann, 442 Pa.Super. 30, 35 n. 1, 658 A.2d 404, 406 n. 1 (1995) (limited tort option case was not tried to jury and trial court decided all questions of law and fact; plaintiff did not argue below or on appeal that jury should have decided threshold issue); Berger v. Rinaldi, 438 Pa.Super. 78, 651 A.2d 553 (1994) (parties stipulated that plaintiff‘s injuries were not “serious“). We are guided in our decision by relevant Pennsylvania cases, as well as cases from
We first address appellant‘s argument that the threshold issue should be one for the jury to decide. In support of this proposition, appellant refers to certain language which was introduced but rejected by our legislature during the drafting process: “The determination of whether an injury constitutes a serious injury shall be a question of law and not a question of fact.” Scanlon Amendment, A-4129, Printer‘s No. 2829; Freind Amendment, 1990000394, 00394 DGS: AO 02/01/90, # 18. Appellant argues that the legislature‘s rejection of this language indicates the legislature‘s intent that the threshold determination be decided by a jury rather than the court.
We do not agree, however, that the legislature‘s rejection of proposed statutory language during debate, which inevitably includes political compromises, is conclusive evidence of its intent. Indeed, what is said during debate on the floor of the House or Senate should not be relied upon in formulating legislative intent. Com. v. Alcoa Prop., Inc., 440 Pa. 42, 269 A.2d 748 (1970). Nor are we free to disregard the plain meaning of a statute in order to adopt its legislative history. Gutman v. Worldwide Ins. Co., 428 Pa.Super. 309, 630 A.2d 1263 (1993). As a matter of fact, we note that the legislature also rejected other proposed language during debate, which if enacted, clearly would have established appellant‘s injuries as “serious.”8 We doubt that appellant would have us decide the threshold issue against a plaintiff based upon the rejection of plaintiff-favorable language.
In this case, appellant, a limited tort elector, has affirmatively agreed, in exchange for a lower premium rate, that any potential tort action for noneconomic damages is precluded where his injuries are not “serious.”
Appellant next urges us to adopt the procedures used by the Michigan state courts in administering its limited tort law. In Michigan, the relevant statute provides that “[a] person remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss caused by his or her ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement.”
Nonetheless, appellant argues that Michigan‘s case law ought to provide the procedural model for threshold determinations of whether a plaintiff has a threshold-level injury.9 In DiFranco, supra, the Supreme Court of Michigan abandoned a traditional summary judgment analysis10 and held that the question is almost always one for the jury:
The question whether the plaintiff suffered a serious impairment of body function must be submitted to the trier of fact whenever the evidence would cause reasonable minds to differ as to the answer. This is true even where there is no material factual dispute as to the nature and extent of the plaintiff‘s injuries.
DiFranco, 427 Mich. at 38, 398 N.W.2d at 900 (emphasis added).
Despite the similarity in the way Michigan and Pennsylvania define the types of injuries which take potential lawsuits out of the limited tort category, we hold that the DiFranco procedural standard is not applicable in Pennsylvania. We point out that all insureds in Michigan are subject to limited
We are not persuaded that the path Michigan has taken is wise and we refuse to adopt it. The path would escalate litigation and ultimately increase the cost of insurance, and is therefore contrary to the goal of the Pennsylvania legislature. The Pennsylvania MVFRL enacted a two tier recovery system in order to lower insurance rates. It offers insureds different levels of protection based on the premium paid. Berger v. Rinaldi, supra. To permit all cases where plaintiffs claim serious impairment of body function routinely to go to the jury would not rein in cost but would prove as expensive as an unrestricted right to sue. To allow non-serious injury cases to proceed through trial to a jury would frustrate the legislature‘s goal of reducing litigation and the cost of insurance.
Our resolution of this matter permitting the trial court to make the threshold determination of the existence of serious impairment of body function where there is no dispute of fact serves this legislative goal. In the context of summary judgment the court must determine initially 1) whether the plaintiff as moving party has established that he or she has suffered serious impairment of a body function; 2) whether the defense as moving party has established that plaintiff has not suffered serious impairment of a body function; or 3) whether there remains a genuine issue of material fact for the jury to decide. Curran v. Children‘s Service Center, Inc., 396 Pa.Super. 29, 578 A.2d 8 (1990). We emphasize that in deciding whether a material issue of fact exists for the jury, the judge should not focus on the injury but should focus on the nature and extent of plaintiff‘s impairment as a consequence of the injury.
We find support for our holding in other state courts where a similar limited tort paradigm is in effect. For example, in
In an appeal from summary judgment entered in favor of a defendant where the trial court found that the plaintiff had not reached the threshold for noneconomic damages, the New Jersey Supreme Court affirmed, describing its analysis as follows:
If on a summary judgment motion the court decides, from whatever medical reports and other evidence submitted in support of and in opposition to the motion, that the injuries do not, as a matter of law, carry the plaintiff‘s case across the verbal threshold, then the defendant will prevail on the motion. If however the plaintiff‘s medical proofs survive the initial test and the court discovers, from all the informa-
tion presented on the motion, a legitimate factual dispute over the nature and extent of the injuries, then resolution of that dispute is of course for the jury....
Oswin, 129 N.J. at 307, 609 A.2d at 423-24.13
In adopting the summary judgment analysis, the Oswin court noted that its “research failed to uncover any jurisdiction that applies a rule allocating to the court the determination of disputed facts in verbal-threshold cases.” Id. at 310, 609 A.2d at 425. Instead, under the procedure adopted in Oswin, the court decides the threshold issue conclusively, either in favor of plaintiff or against plaintiff, only in the absence of a factual dispute. Id. at 313-14, 609 A.2d at 426-27.
New York applies this same analysis to its own “limited tort” law, which allows recovery for noneconomic damages only in “serious injury” cases.
We agree, and hold that upon the filing of a motion for summary judgment, where there is no substantial dispute of material fact that the plaintiff has not met the “serious impairment of body function” threshold, or that the plaintiff has indeed met the threshold, the court should make the determination as a matter of law. If, upon review of the undisputed record, the threshold has not been met, the case should be dismissed. If, on the other hand, the evidence conclusively establishes that the plaintiff has suffered “serious impairment of body function,” then the jury may decide only the issues of liability and damages. We limit the jury‘s role to a finding of liability and damages in such a case because to do otherwise would put the plaintiff to the double burden of showing “serious impairment of body function” twice, once to the judge and again to the jury. Finally, if there is a substantial dispute of fact on the threshold issue, the question is one for the jury.14 We further hold that a plaintiff may not
It remains for us to determine whether appellant presented enough evidence to create a triable issue of material fact on the question of whether he suffered a “serious injury” and thus may carry his case across the limited tort threshold. In this case, appellant claims that he sustained a serious impairment of body function.15 This term is not further
The “serious impairment of body function” threshold contains two inquiries:
- What body function, if any, was impaired because of injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident?
- Was the impairment of body function serious? The focus of these inquiries is not on the injuries themselves, but on how the injuries affected a particular body function. Generally, medical testimony will be needed to establish the existence, extent, and permanency of the impairment ... In determining whether the impairment was serious, several factors should be considered: the extent of the impairment, the particular body function impaired, the length of time the impairment lasted, the treatment required to correct the impairment, and any other relevant factors. An impairment need not be permanent to be serious.
427 Mich. at 39, 398 N.W.2d at 901. See also Pennsylvania Standard Civil Jury Instruction 6.02(D) (1991).
An impairment involves more than the injury itself. The consequences of the injury must involve a serious impact for an extended period of time on a plaintiff‘s life. See Oswin, supra at 318, 609 A.2d at 429. It must interfere substantially with the plaintiff‘s normal activities and not impose only a mild or slight limitation. See Licari, supra at 236, 455 N.Y.S.2d at 573-74, 441 N.E.2d at 1091.
We turn to the facts in this case, and the trial court‘s conclusion that appellant‘s injuries could not constitute a “serious impairment of body function.” We conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact with respect to the nature and extent of appellant‘s injuries. First, it is undisputed that appellant was injured in the January 11, 1992 accident. Although he does not specify in his complaint what particular body function was impaired, we infer from the evidence that he claims impairment of the use of his right arm. His deposition testimony states that he could not use his arm throughout January 1992. Obviously, appellant suffered an “impairment” of a body function.18
Appellant was out of work from the date of the accident until May 1992. He wore an arm sling during this time. On May 21, 1992, his doctors released him to work with a full range of motion and no restrictions. His return to work led to muscle soreness that quickly resolved. Treatment during this period of recovery involved physical therapy, moist heat, ultrasound, home exercises, and two injections. Appellant remains gainfully employed in his former occupation with no limitations on his duties. Appellant claims to have continued weakness, and does not engage in recreational bowling, weightlifting or softball,19 but he receives no treatment or prescription medication for pain. The objective identification of a bone bruise was stated to be of no functional consequence.
We agree with the trial court‘s assessment that the evidence reveals an objectively identifiable injury which has resolved, leaving only slight limitations in arm function. Although we do recognize that subjective complaints of pain may result in a serious impairment of body function, this is not such a case. See Murray v. McCann, supra. We conclude that the record shows no serious interference with appellant‘s daily life, and that there is no triable issue of fact that appellant suffered a minor rather than a serious injury. We therefore affirm the entry of summary judgment below in favor of appellee.
Order affirmed.
SAYLOR, J., files a Dissenting Opinion.
I dissent, most respectfully, from the majority‘s decision to affirm the grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendant in this action for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff in a motor vehicle accident. I do so because my review of the record persuades me that the issue of whether or not the injuries sustained by the plaintiff could constitute a serious impairment of body function was not so free and clear from doubt as to make summary judgment appropriate.
On January 11, 1992, Dodson was operating a motor vehicle which was struck by a vehicle operated by Elvey. As a result of the accident Dodson, who is right-handed, suffered injuries, including a right elbow fracture, rotator cuff damage to his right shoulder, cervical sprain, lumbar strain and iliopsoas strain. Dodson did not return to his job as a warehouse employee from the time of the accident until May 22, 1992, when he was released to work without restriction by his physicians.
At the time of the accident, Dodson was insured under a policy of automobile insurance issued by The Hanover Insurance Companies. Under this policy, Dodson had elected a limited tort option pursuant to the provisions of Section 1705 of the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law,
The MVFRL defines “serious injury” as “a personal injury resulting in death, serious impairment of body function, or
On October 15, 1992, Dodson filed a personal injury action against Elvey seeking recovery for economic and noneconomic damages which Dodson sustained as a result of the accident.4 Following a period of discovery, Elvey filed a motion for summary judgment asserting that Dodson‘s status as a limited tort elector precluded his recovery for noneconomic damages because his injuries were not serious. Dodson filed an affidavit in opposition to the motion with attachments consisting of his deposition testimony and two medical reports from a treating physician.
In ruling on Elvey‘s motion for summary judgment, the trial court held that determinations regarding the seriousness of a limited tort elector‘s injuries must be made by trial courts at the earliest possible stage in the proceedings. The trial court reasoned that the legislative history of
In reviewing motions for summary judgment, Pennsylvania courts apply the following standard:
Summary judgment may be granted only when the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Pa.R.C.P. Rule 1035(b), 42 Pa.C.S.A. The trial court must examine the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and accept as true all well-pleaded facts in his or her pleadings as well as give him or her the benefit of all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Dibble v. Security of America Life Ins., 404 Pa.Super. 205, 590 A.2d 352 (1991); Lower Lake Dock Co. v. Messinger Bearing Corp., 395 Pa.Super. 456, 577 A.2d 631 (1990). Finally, summary judgment should be granted only in cases that are free and clear from doubt. Marks v. Tasman, 527 Pa. 132, 589 A.2d 205 (1991).
Kelly by Kelly v. Ickes, 427 Pa.Super. 542, 547, 629 A.2d 1002, 1004 (1993).
On appeal, Dodson contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment based upon its finding that Dodson did not suffer a serious injury, because such issue should have been submitted to a jury under the facts of this case. Elvey contends, however, that Dodson did not suffer a serious injury within the meaning of the statute and that the trial court properly determined this issue as a matter of law in a summary judgment proceeding since a limited tort elector is precluded from maintaining an action for noneconomic damages in the absence of a serious injury.
The MVFRL was enacted in 1984 to replace the Pennsylvania No-Fault Act, P.L. 489, No. 176 (1974). However, the cost of automobile insurance in Pennsylvania continued to escalate, and the trial court correctly discerned that one of the legislative purposes in enacting a limited tort option as part of the
In cases involving this issue, a defendant will typically move for summary judgment on the basis that the plaintiff has not met the “serious injury” threshold and is therefore precluded from maintaining the action for noneconomic losses, requesting judgment in its favor which if granted would terminate the litigation.
I have no disagreement with the proposition that a court may, in appropriate cases, determine this threshold issue in a summary judgment proceeding.5 The majority holds, however, that upon the filing of a motion for summary judgment, where there is no substantial dispute of material fact that the plaintiff has or has not met the “serious impairment of body function” threshold, the court should make the determination as a matter of law. I submit, most respectfully, that this is the ultimate issue and will always be in dispute in a summary judgment proceeding challenging a limited tort elector‘s right to proceed to trial. In my view, under Pennsylvania‘s traditional summary judgment analysis, judgment as a matter of law is appropriate only in the clearest of cases. If there is any doubt regarding the seriousness of a plaintiff‘s injuries, I believe that the issue should be submitted to a jury. I would also note that in certain instances, while there may be no dispute over the objective manifestation of an impairment as revealed by a medical diagnosis, differing inferences may be drawn as respects the seriousness of such impairment thereby
In analyzing the seriousness of a plaintiff‘s injuries I would, as does the majority, look to Michigan jurisprudence for guidance since the MVFRL‘s threshold is modeled after similar language in Michigan‘s no-fault statute. See, Legislative Journal-House, No. 42, June 13, 1989, pp. 986-987. The Michigan Supreme Court most recently addressed this issue in the case of DiFranco v. Pickard, 427 Mich. 32, 398 N.W.2d 896 (1986). The DiFranco court began its analysis of the “serious impairment of body function” threshold by identifying the following two inquiries:
- What body function, if any, was impaired because of injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident?
- Was the impairment of body function serious?
It determined that “the focus of these inquiries is not on the injuries themselves, but how the injuries affected a particular body function,” and held that generally, medical testimony would be needed to establish the existence, extent, and permanency of the impairment.6 The court observed that while identifying the body functions which were impaired is a relatively simple task, determining whether the impairment is serious requires a more complicated evaluation of certain
The DiFranco court, in elaborating on these factors, noted that the extent of an impairment is often expressed in numerical terms, such as a percentage limitation on movement, and that the particular body function impaired may make a difference in this determination. Regarding the duration of the impairment, it noted that a permanent impairment is more serious than a temporary impairment of like character, but that a plaintiff‘s complete recovery should not negate the fact that he sustained a serious impairment of body function for a significant period of time. The type of treatment required to correct the impairment may also be relevant since, for example, an impairment which can be corrected only through surgery is more serious than treatment involving only bed rest. Furthermore, the plaintiff‘s abilities and activities before and after the accident may be relevant to the extent that they establish the existence, extent and duration of an impairment of function.
I find this analysis thoughtful and reasoned, and would explicitly adopt it for purposes of providing guidance to trial courts and juries in Pennsylvania faced with this issue.7
The record in this case indicates that immediately following Elvey‘s collision with Dodson, Dodson visited a hospital emergency room where he was examined, given a sling for his right arm and shoulder, and released. Following his discharge from the hospital emergency room, Dodson underwent a four month period of recuperation. During this time, Dodson was examined by Dr. Fulchiero, who Dodson visited on approximately six occasions. Dr. Fulchiero determined that Dodson suffered rotator cuff damage in his right shoulder and a right elbow fracture as a result of the accident and that his range of motion was restricted in the extremes, and recommended that
On the advice of his attorney, Dodson was also examined by Dr. Victoria Smith on January 24, 1992. Dr. Smith diagnosed Dodson as also suffering from cervical sprain, lumbar strain and iliopsoas strain, and noted that he had a limited range of motion in his right elbow and shoulder. Dr. Smith also recommended a regimen of physical therapy, and on February 14, 1992, injected the trigger point in Dodson‘s right scapula with Depo Medrol and Lidocaine. On March 6, 1992, Dr. Smith noted that Dodson had experienced a moderate muscle spasm in his right scapula. Dodson continued to see Dr. Smith, and in April, 1992, began a reconditioning program at Keystone Rehabilitation Systems to expedite his release to work. The treating physical therapist noted on April 6, 1992 that Dodson was experiencing muscle spasms in his right shoulder.
Dr. Smith indicated in a report dated August 3, 1992 that Dodson would experience mild to moderate long term upper extremity weakness and that the fracture of his elbow made it more likely that he would develop arthritis in the future. In a follow-up report dated October 12, 1992, Dr. Smith indicated that Dodson had a full range of motion with some stiffness at the extremes and experienced a slight decrease in strength in his right upper extremity as a result of the injury.
Based on this evidence, the trial court determined that Dodson did not sustain any impairment of body function. I would conclude, however, that when this record is reviewed with reference to the relevant criteria of DiFranco, Elvey‘s right to judgment was not so free and clear from doubt as to make the entry of summary judgment appropriate. Stated otherwise, Dodson proffered evidence sufficient to withstand the defendant‘s motion for the summary termination of his action.
There was medical evidence that Dodson sustained a fracture in his right elbow and rotator cuff damage in his right shoulder, and that the range of motion in his right arm and shoulder was limited for at least four months following the injury. Dodson was unable to return to work because of his injuries, and he indicated that because of pain in his arm and shoulder, he was unable to perform certain pre-accident activities. Dodson also experienced muscle spasms in his right shoulder, was injected with various medications, and underwent a four-month period of physical therapy to recondition his elbow and shoulder. Also, Dodson will experience long-term upper extremity weakness and may develop arthritis in his right elbow as a result of his injuries. Thus, I would hold that Elvey was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law and that the issue of whether or not Dodson suffered a serious impairment of body function should have been submitted to a jury. Because the majority holds otherwise, I respectfully dissent.
Notes
(1) An individual otherwise bound by the limited tort election who sustains damages in a motor vehicle accident as the consequence of the fault of another person may recover damages as if the individual damaged had elected the full tort alternative whenever the person at fault:
(i) is convicted or accepts Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition (ARD) for driving under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance in that accident;
(ii) is operating a motor vehicle registered in another state;
(iii) intends to injure himself or another person...; or
(iv) has not maintained financial responsibility as required by this chapter,(2) An individual otherwise bound by the limited tort election shall retain full tort rights with respect to claims against a person in the business of designing, manufacturing, repairing, servicing or otherwise maintaining motor vehicles arising out of a defect in such motor vehicle which is caused by or not corrected by an act or omission in the course of such business, other than a defect in a motor vehicle which is operated by such business.
(3) An individual otherwise bound by the limited tort election shall retain full tort rights if injured while an occupant of a motor vehicle other than a private passenger motor vehicle....
An amendment offered prior to the passage of Act 6 of 1990 sought to add the word “permanent” to the phrase “serious impairment of body function.” This permanency requirement was rejected by the legislature in the final enactment of Act 6. See, Legislative Journal-House, No. 42, June 13, 1989, pp. 986-987;Thus the court held that the “serious impairment of body function” threshold requires a plaintiff only to prove that his noneconomic losses arose out of a medically identifiable injury which seriously impaired a body function. DiFranco v. Pickard, 427 Mich. at 74-77, 398 N.W.2d at 918. See, Murray v. McCann, 442 Pa.Super. 30, 36, 658 A.2d 407 (1995) (“[T]here is no wording in the applicable statutory language which limits recovery of non-economic damages to a plaintiff whose injuries can be seen or felt by a clinical test. The issue, in accordance with the language used, is whether the injuries have seriously impaired a bodily functioning.“)We disapprove of those cases which have automatically disregarded certain types of evidence merely because it was based upon plaintiff‘s subjective complaints or the symptoms of an injury. An expert‘s diagnosis and the basis for it (e.g., the plaintiff‘s complaints, the physician‘s observations, and test results) can be adequately challenged at trial through cross-examination and the presentation of contrary medical evidence.
A personal injury which results in death; dismemberment; a fracture; loss of a fetus; permanent loss of use of a body organ, member, function or system; permanent consequential limitation of use of a body function or system; or a medically determined injury or impairment of non-permanent nature which prevents the injured person from performing substantially all of the material acts which constitute such person‘s usual and customary daily activities for not less than 90 days during the 180 days immediately following the occurrence of the injury or impairment.
DGS:EW 06/13/89 # 90, A1845, Printer‘s No. 1954 (emphasis added).Whether a plaintiff has sustained a “serious injury” must be decided by the court, and not by the jury. Otherwise the bill‘s essential purpose of closing the courthouse door to all lawsuits except those involving bona fide serious injuries will be diluted and the bill‘s effectiveness will be greatly diminished.
Oswin, 129 N.J. at 297, 609 A.2d at 418. The rejection of this language, however, did not prevent the Oswin court‘s application of a traditional summary judgment analysis to the threshold determination in New Jersey law. We view this as analogous to the Pennsylvania legislature‘s rejection of the Scanlon/Freind Amendment discussed supra at 1227.
To the extent this vague language endorses a sua sponte decision by the trial court, we reject it. Suggestions for using a “pretrial evidentiary hearing” on the threshold issue were similarly rejected by the Oswin court. 129 N.J. at 311, 609 A.2d at 425. That court held that such a procedure would not result in cost-savings, but that:[W]e hold that trial courts must have the ability on a case-by-case basis to determine whether injuries sustained by a Plaintiff are sufficient to constitute a serious impairment of body function. This determination should be made as early as possible in keeping with the goal of reducing costs. Without imposing a real limitation on the right to maintain a lawsuit, the limited tort option has no meaning.
penses, and will further congest the courts with “duplicative scheduling and trial needs.”[w]hen a plaintiff prevails in the pre-trial hearing, a “double trial” situation is created, with both parties being required to produce their evidence—including medical experts, whose services are generally not inexpensive—twice: once at the pre-trial hearing, and again at trial. That requirement will reduce neither litigation time nor ex-
Id. The procedure we adopt is a “middle of the road” approach that preserves the distinction between fact and law questions, without sacrificing the goal of litigation reduction. Cf. DiFranco, supra (jury should decide all threshold questions where reasonable minds may differ, even if there is no material dispute of fact). Moreover, we note that a trial court regularly issues rulings on demurrers, summary judgment motions and motions for judgment on the pleadings in all types of cases, which are all “threshold” legal determinations. No fact-finding is required in such decisions.