MICHAEL DLOOGATCH et al., on Behalf of Themselves and All Others Similarly Situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. JOHN N. BRINCAT et al., Defendants-Appellees (Terra Foundation for the Arts, Intervening Class Member and Separate Appellant).
Nos. 1-08-0168, 1-08-0281 cons.
First District (3rd Division)
December 16, 2009
396 Ill. App. 3d 842
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse Esang‘s convictions and sentences and remand to the circuit court of Cook County for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
QUINN and STEELE, JJ., concur.
Opinion filed December 16, 2009.
Bellows & Bellows, P.C., of Chicago (Joel J. Bellows and Christopher L. Gallinari, of counsel), for appellant Terra Foundation for the Arts.
William J. Harte, Ltd. (William J. Harte and Dana M. Pesha, of counsel), Lawrence Walner & Associates, Ltd. (Lawrence Walner and Michael S. Hilicki, of counsel), Weltman Law Firm (Stewart M. Weltman, of counsel), and Futterman, Howard, Watkins, Wylie & Ashley Chtrd. (Charles Watkins, of counsel), all of Chicago, and Prickett, Jones & Elliot, of Wilmington, Delaware (Ronald A. Brown, of counsel), for other appellants.
Sidley Austin LLP, of Chicago (Linton J. Childs, Hille R. Sheppard, and Ian M. Ross, of counsel), for appellees.
JUSTICE COLEMAN delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiffs, a class of individual investors, appeal from an order of the circuit court of Cook County granting defendant KPMG‘s motion to dismiss pursuant to
The instant appeal presents a case of first impression in Illinois. Our courts have never considered whether the “holder” of securities may bring a common law fraud claim and what the pleading requirements are for such a claim, as well as which method of calculating damages is appropriate. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the trial court‘s order dismissing the complaint.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Prior to February 23, 1994, the members of the class purchased publicly traded common stock in Mercury Finance Company. Mercury was a consumer finance company engaged in the business of purchasing individual installment sales finance contracts from automobile dealers, extending short-term installment loans to consumers, and selling credit insurance. Defendant KPMG is an accounting firm that Mercury hired to perform audits of Mercury‘s financial statements from 1993 to 1997. On January 29, 1997, Mercury publicly reported that the financial reports from 1993 to 1996 had been overstated due to accounting errors. That same day the New York Stock Exchange suspended trading on Mercury stock. On January 28, 1997, the stock was trading at $14.875 per share. When trading of Mercury stock reopened on January 31, 1997, the price had dropped to $2.125 per share.
On July 16, 1996, plaintiffs filed a class action complaint against Mercury‘s chief executive officer and directors, Mercury, and KPMG alleging negligence, negligent misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty (except against KPMG), and common law fraud. The original complaint was dismissed and plaintiffs filed a first amended complaint alleging negligence, negligent misrepresentation, and common law fraud as well as a count against KPMG for aiding and abetting the perpetration of a fraud. William C. Croft, one of Mercury‘s outside directors, was dismissed. Mercury was also dismissed after filing for bankruptcy protection.
Plaintiffs appealed the order dismissing the first amended complaint and this court reversed and remanded after concluding that the claim was not preempted by federal law. In Dloogatch v. Brincat, No. 1-98-3139 (1999) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23), this court explicitly stated that it expressed no opinion on whether any of plaintiffs’ allegations were sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss.
Following remand to the trial court, defendant filed another motion to dismiss, which was denied as to negligence, negligent misrepresentation and fraud, but was granted on the count against KPMG for aiding and abetting a fraud.
On December 7, 1999, plaintiffs reached a settlement with Mercury‘s bankruptcy estate and the directors and officers. Plaintiffs filed a motion to certify the class. Judge McGann granted the motion and certified the class.1 In the order certifying the class, Judge McGann stated that the court need not determine the appropriate measure of damages at that instant, but the “benefit of the bargain” was not the appropriate measure in this case.
KPMG filed a motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ second amended complaint, which the trial court granted. The trial court directed plaintiffs to replead certain allegations to make it clear that they were only being pled to preserve the record. The trial court also instructed plaintiffs that Baughman needed to specify the value of his stock at the time the fraud began and the price at which he sold it. The trial court rejected the “benefit of the bargain” and the “yardstick” alternative as appropriate measures of damages. In its order dismissing the second amended complaint, the trial court stated generally that in “holder claims,” plaintiffs could plead damage through “allegations that demonstrate out of pocket damages proximately caused by the fraudulent inducement to refrain from selling.”
On September 20, 2005, plaintiffs filed the third amended complaint. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, which the trial court denied in substantial part with directions to further comply with the previous order to “clean up” the complaint. In its order, the trial court
Plaintiffs filed their fourth amended complaint on February 27, 2007. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. In the motion, defendants acknowledged that plaintiffs had complied with the trial court‘s instructions for amending the complaint, but argued that substantively the complaint was the same and still did not state a cause of action. KPMG further argued that plaintiffs’ claims were preempted by SLUSA.
On December 19, 2007, the trial court granted KPMG‘s motion to dismiss. The trial court rejected the argument that SLUSA preempted plaintiffs’ claims because plaintiffs had filed the cause of action prior to the enactment of SLUSA and, therefore, it did not apply. The trial court found that although plaintiffs had complied with previous pleading instructions, under no circumstances could plaintiffs adequately plead “any damage that was proximately caused by KPMG‘s misrepresentations.” Plaintiffs’ current appeal is from this order dismissing their fourth amended complaint.
DISCUSSION
As a preliminary note, plaintiffs’ proposed cause of action, the “holder claim,” would be preempted by the SLUSA, which prohibits class action lawsuits under state law that allege fraudulent misrepresentations or omissions in connection with the purchase or sale of a security, and which the United States Supreme Court held in Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Dabit, 547 U.S. 71, 89, 164 L. Ed. 2d 179, 194, 126 S. Ct. 1503, 1515 (2006), applies equally to “holder claims.” Not only was the present case filed prior to the enactment of SLUSA, it is unclear from the record whether the purported class has 50 or more members. Thus, had the present cause of action accrued after the enactment of SLUSA and the class had more than 50 members, it would be preempted.
Pursuant to
The elements of a cause of action for fraudulent misrepresentation (sometimes called “fraud” or “deceit“) are: “(1) [a] false statement of material fact (2) known or believed to be false by the party making it; (3) intent to induce the other party to act; (4) action by the other party in reliance on the truth of the statement; and (5) damage to the other party resulting from that reliance.” Soules v. General Motors Corp., 79 Ill. 2d 282, 286 (1980).
Here, the parties dispute the sufficiency of the pleadings only as to the elements of “reliance” and “damage.” No court in Illinois has, as of yet, decided whether holders of securities even have a cognizable claim based on common law fraud.2 Thus, Illinois courts have not determined the pleading requirements to state such a claim. However, our supreme court has held that common law fraud demands a “higher standard” when it comes to pleading. Board of Education v. A, C & S, Inc., 131 Ill. 2d 428, 457 (1989). ” ‘The facts which constitute an alleged fraud must be pleaded with specificity and particularity, including “what misrepresentations were made, when they were made, who made the representations and to whom they were made.” [Citation.]’ ” Prime Leasing, Inc. v. Kendig, 332 Ill. App. 3d 300, 309 (2002). Failure to prove justifiable reliance is fatal to claims of fraudulent misrepresentation. Schrager v. North Community Bank, 328 Ill. App. 3d 696, 709 (2002).
The United States Supreme Court has considered whether a private cause of action exists for stockholders alleging violation of
“The manner in which the defendant‘s violation caused the plaintiff to fail to act could be as a result of the reading of a prospectus, as respondent claims here, but it could just as easily come as a result of a claimed reading of information contained in the financial pages of a local newspaper. Plaintiff‘s proof would not be that he purchased or sold stock, a fact which would be capable of documentary verification in most situations, but instead that he decided not to purchase or sell stock. Plaintiff‘s entire testimony could be dependent upon uncorroborated oral evidence of many of the crucial elements of his claim, and still be sufficient to go to the jury. The jury would not even have the benefit of weighing the plaintiff‘s version against the defendant‘s version, since the elements to which the plaintiff would testify would be in many cases totally unknown and unknowable to the defendant. The very real risk in permitting those in respondent‘s position to sue under Rule 10b-5 is that the door will be open to recovery of substantial damages on the part of one who offers only his own testimony to prove that he ever consulted a prospectus of the issuer, that he paid any attention to it, or that the representations contained in it damaged him.” (Emphasis in original.) Blue Chip Stamps, 421 U.S. at 746, 44 L. Ed. 2d at 555, 95 S. Ct. at 1930.
The only case applying Illinois law in a “holder claim” did not decide whether such a claim was cognizable under Illinois law, but dismissed the complaint for failure to adequately plead a theory of damages or reliance. Amzak Corp. v. Reliant Energy, Inc., No. 03-0877, slip op. at 19 n.3 (N.D. Ill. August 19, 2004). That case presented a similar factual situation to the present one. In Amzak, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendants had made false and misleading statements and that those statements artificially inflated Reliant Energy‘s stock price during the August 2, 1999, to May 10, 2002, time period inducing the plaintiffs to hold their stock rather than sell it. Amzak Corp., slip op. at 6. The court in Amzak found the plaintiffs’ allegations of reliance insufficiently particular because there was not, for example, “a particular allegation that an act of reliance (such as plaintiffs’ declining to sell their shares via forward sale contracts) was influenced by any alleged misrepresentation.” Amzak Corp., slip op. at 18.
Plaintiffs argue that they adequately pled reliance because they pled that they relied on the statements by KPMG. In support of their argument they rely on Schrager v. North Community Bank, 328 Ill. App. 3d 696 (2002); however, in that case, the issue was whether the plaintiff‘s reliance was justifiable, not whether the plaintiff had sufficiently pled reliance. Thus, beyond the general statement of the elements of fraudulent misrepresentation, Schrager is of limited instructive value.
Here, plaintiffs’ fourth amended complaint alleges, in pertinent part, that “[a]s a result of these misrepresentations, plaintiffs and the Class held their Mercury common stock believing Mercury to be in sound financial condition, only to experience dramatic and substantial losses when the truth about Mercury‘s poor financial condition was disclosed on January 29, 1997.” Throughout the complaint, plaintiffs make similar statements to the effect of “plaintiffs relied on KPMG‘s audit opinion letters.”
Plaintiffs have also failed to adequately allege the element of damage. With regard to damage, plaintiffs contend that they were only required to plead “damage,” that is, that they allege facts to show that they suffered a loss as a result of KPMG‘s misrepresentations. Plaintiffs argue that they were not required to plead a legal theory for measuring damages, and even if they were required to do so, they did plead a method of calculating damages. The trial court disagreed and dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint because it did not adequately allege facts to show they suffered a loss as a result of KPMG‘s misrepresentations.
The fourth amended complaint sets forth four methods of calculating damages. First, the “benefit of the bargain” measure, which entails placing plaintiffs in the same financial condition they would have been in if the misrepresentations had in fact been true. Thus, in the present case this method would measure the value of the stock prior to disclosure ($14.875 per share on January 28, 1997) minus the value of the stock after the disclosure ($2.125 per share on January 31, 1997). Plaintiffs also allege three alternative “out-of-pocket” methods for measuring damages. The tax-basis measure involves determining the initial acquisition price and subtracting the value after the truth was disclosed (i.e., calculating: acquisition price - value after disclosure + proceeds from the sale of the stock). The first “pecuniary loss” measure equals “the difference between the value of what he has received in the transaction and its purchase price or other value given to it.” The second “pecuniary loss” value “should be measured either as the value of Mercury stock on the day that each received, read and
Generally, a plaintiff is not required to plead a legal theory for calculating damages in the complaint; plaintiffs must allege “damage,” i.e., a loss, hurt or harm which results from the injury. See Giammanco v. Giammanco, 253 Ill. App. 3d 750, 758 (1993). In the present case, it is necessary to show some method of calculating damage in order for plaintiffs to sufficiently allege a loss since securities fluctuate in value and plaintiffs neither purchased nor sold the stock during the alleged fraud. To find otherwise would permit plaintiffs to plead damage in the same conclusory fashion that they pled reliance (i.e., we suffered a loss). As this court has stated in prior opinions: “Damage is an essential element of fraud. [Citation.] Absolute certainty about the amount of damage is not necessary to justify a recovery if damage is shown, but damages may not be predicated on ‘mere speculation, hypothesis, conjecture or whim.’ ” (Emphasis added.) City of Chicago v. Michigan Beach Housing Cooperative, 297 Ill. App. 3d 317, 323 (1998), quoting In re Application of Busse, 124 Ill. App. 3d 433, 438-39 (1984). Moreover, the evidence must show a basis for computing damages with a “fair degree of probability.” Michigan Beach Housing Cooperative, 297 Ill. App. 3d at 323.
Beyond the issue of whether plaintiffs were required to plead a measure of damage, the methods of calculating damages that they have pleaded, illustrate that plaintiffs’ loss derives not from the fraud per se, but from the disclosure of the misrepresentations and the subsequent correction in the market price of the stock. As a publicly traded company, Mercury was required to disclose the misstatements in its financial reports when they were discovered. See
Similarly, in Chanoff v. United States Surgical Corp., 857 F. Supp. 1011, 1018 (D. Conn. 1994), the plaintiff shareholders alleged that they refrained from selling the stock because the defendant corporation‘s fraudulent failure to disclose certain information inflated the value of the stock. That court found that all of the plaintiff‘s claims for damages based on the plaintiff‘s failure to sell or hedge their stock failed because they were “too speculative to be actionable.” Chanoff, 857 F. Supp. at 1018. There, as here, the defendants argue “that the plaintiffs have not alleged [a] cognizable loss because plaintiffs cannot claim the right to profit from what they allege was an unlawfully inflated stock value. In rebuttal, the plaintiffs argue that had the disclosures been timely made, in the early stages *** the market would not have responded [so] drastically as it did when the disclosures were made in 1993, thereby characterizing their loss as the difference in the impact of the disclosures on the market, not lost profits.” Chanoff, 857 F. Supp. at 1018. That court stated that “this argument is merely a creative costume for the lost profits claim, which courts have clearly rejected.” Chanoff, 857 F. Supp. at 1018.
Several cases from federal courts around the country have dismissed “holder claims” for a lack of damage since the losses derived from the revelation of the truth rather than the fraud itself. See, e.g., In re Enron Corp. Securities, Derivative & “ERISA” Litigation, 490 F. Supp. 2d 784, 818 n.43 (S.D. Tex. 2007) (holding that Texas statutes expressly prohibited holder claims); Arnlund v. Deloitte & Touche LLP, 199 F. Supp. 2d 461, 487 (E.D. Va. 2002) (concluding that the claims of the retaining shareholders fail to adequately plead causation between the misrepresentation and the harm since the loss resulted from disclosure and not from fraud); Arent v. Distribution Sciences, Inc., 975 F.2d 1370 (8th Cir. 1992) (holding that the plaintiff‘s claim failed because any loss was not caused by the failure to disclose or because they were unable to realize the true value of the stock, but because the true value of the stock was zero).
The court in Amzak, the Northern District of Illinois case discussed above, also found the plaintiffs’ allegations of damage insufficient to state a claim for fraud. The plaintiffs in Amzak claimed dam-
The methods of calculating damages presented in the instant case likewise present potential for windfall to plaintiffs profiting from fraud-inflated stock prices. Despite members of our supreme court, in a plurality opinion in Price v. Philip Morris, Inc., 219 Ill. 2d 182 (2005), indicating that “benefit-of-the-bargain” is the appropriate measure of damages in a fraud case, the present instance is not appropriate for that measure of damages because it would permit plaintiffs, who paid fair market value for their stock, to benefit from the fraud. Unlike the situation where a party has been induced to purchase something for an inflated price based on fraudulent statements, here plaintiffs paid fair market value and, thus, are not complaining that they overpaid for the stock, but instead that they suffered a loss when the market price of the stock fell after disclosure of the fraud. Thus, if the “benefit of the bargain” method is used to calculate damages, it would allow plaintiffs to benefit from the fraudulently inflated price of the stock when they neither purchased nor sold the stock at that price.
Plaintiffs’ measures for “out-of-pocket” losses are equally unavailing. Plaintiffs’ first alternative bases its measure on plaintiffs’ acquisition price, yet it is undisputed that plaintiffs paid fair market value for the shares when they were acquired; thus, that price has no causal relationship to the alleged misrepresentation. Plaintiffs’ second alternative also uses purchase price to claim damage as the difference between the value received in the transaction and the purchase price; however, as with the first alternative, such a measure would have no causal relationship to the alleged misstatements. Plaintiffs’ final proposed measure of damages, the value of the stock prior to disclosure of the fraud minus the value after disclosure, would give plaintiffs a windfall and allow them to profit from the fraud because, as observed
Based on the foregoing analysis, we conclude that plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead both reliance and damage and therefore fail to state a cause of action upon which relief may be granted. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court‘s order dismissing the complaint with prejudice.
Affirmed.
STEELE, J., concurs.
PRESIDING JUSTICE MURPHY, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I write separately because I would hold that a “holder” cause of action exists in Illinois. Section 525 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts provides, “One who fraudulently makes a misrepresentation of fact, opinion, intention or law for the purpose of inducing another to act or to refrain from action in reliance upon it, is subject to liability to the other in deceit for pecuniary loss caused to him by his justifiable reliance upon the misrepresentation.” (Emphasis added.) Restatement (Second) of Torts §525, at 55 (1977). See also Restatement (Second) of Torts §531, at 66 (1977) (“One who makes a fraudulent misrepresentation is subject to liability to the persons or class of persons whom he intends or has reason to expect to act or to refrain from action in reliance upon the misrepresentation, for pecuniary loss suffered by them through their justifiable reliance in the type of transaction in which he intends or has reason to expect their conduct to be influenced“); 37 Am. Jur. 2d Fraud & Deceit §243 (1969) (“A person is entitled to damages resulting from inaction when an untrue statement is made with the intent to induce that person to refrain from acting, so long as it can be demonstrated that the false statement produced the inaction“).
Illinois cases have also found claims of fraud based on a scheme designed to cause a person to refrain from acting. In Schnidt v. Henehan, 140 Ill. App. 3d 798 (1986), the plaintiffs alleged that the defendant, their attorney, falsely told them that he had arranged for necessary mortgage financing, that they relied on his statement and did not attempt to arrange financing on their own, and that the defendant told them they should not seek financing on their own or they would “screw up” the deal. The court concluded that the
The principle that inducing another to refrain from action is sufficient to state a cause of action for fraud should apply equally to cases where a plaintiff is induced to refrain from selling stock. In Small, the California Supreme Court applied the long-recognized “principle that induced forbearance can be the basis for tort liability” to misrepresentations involving corporate stock. Small, 30 Cal. 4th at 174, 65 P.3d at 1259, 132 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 495. See also Rogers v. Cisco Systems, Inc., 268 F. Supp. 2d 1305, 1313-14 (N.D. Fla. 2003); Gutman v. Howard Savings Bank, 748 F. Supp. 254, 266-67 (D.N.J. 1990). “Lies [that] deceive and injure do not become innocent merely because the deceived continue to do something rather than begin to do something else. Inducement is the substance of reliance; the form of reliance-action or inaction-is not critical to the actionability of fraud.” Gutman, 748 F. Supp. at 264.
Plaintiffs must, of course, properly plead reliance, and I agree with the majority that plaintiffs failed to do so. As Small reasoned:
“In a holder‘s action a plaintiff must allege specific reliance on the defendants’ representations: for example, that if the plaintiff had read a truthful account of the corporation‘s financial status the plaintiff would have sold the stock, how many shares the plaintiff would have sold, and when the sale would have taken place. The plaintiff must allege actions, as distinguished from unspoken and unrecorded thoughts and decisions, that would indicate that the plaintiff actually relied on the misrepresentations.” Small, 30 Cal. 4th at 184, 65 P.3d at 1265, 132 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 503.
The requirement in a holder action that a plaintiff allege “actions, as distinguished from unspoken and unrecorded thoughts and decisions” (Small, 30 Cal. 4th at 184, 65 P.3d at 1265, 132 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 503), allows the court to separate “plaintiffs who actually and justifiably relied upon the misrepresentations from the general investing public, who, though they did not so rely, suffered the loss due to the decline in share value.” Rogers, 268 F. Supp. 2d at 1314 n.18.
However, I disagree with the majority that plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead the element of damage. Plaintiffs alleged that they retained their stocks based on defendant‘s misrepresentations and suffered a loss when the true state of affairs was revealed and the stock price crashed. Plaintiffs have alleged a ” ‘loss, hurt, or harm [that] results from the injury.’ ” Giammanco v. Giammanco, 253 Ill. App. 3d 750, 758 (1993), quoting Ballatine‘s Law Dictionary 303 (3d ed. 1969).
“[O]nce a plaintiff holder can show that a portion of the loss is attributable to fraud, difficulty in proving the amount of the damages will not bar a cause of action. Proof will, of course, often require expert evidence. *** Experts may disagree-they often do-but that is no reason to reject a holder‘s cause of action.” Small, 30 Cal. 4th at 191, 65 P.3d at 1270, 132 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 508 (Kennard, J., concurring).
As the court noted in Giammanco, “Courts administering justice should not be outpaced by creative wrongdoers.” Giammanco, 253 Ill. App. 3d at 763.
Finally, I would remand this case to the trial court to give plaintiffs another opportunity to plead reliance with sufficient particularity, as outlined by the majority.
JUSTICE COLEMAN