140 Cal. App. 367 | Cal. Ct. App. | 1934
Lead Opinion
This is an appeal by contestants from an order granting a new trial in a proceeding brought to set-aside the will of Mary Easton, deceased.
The contest was based on several grounds, but during the trial all were dismissed except one based on allegations of undue influence; and upon that issue the jury found in favor of contestants. Thereafter on motion of the proponents of the will the trial court entered judgment in their favor, notwithstanding the verdict. Contestants appealed, and the order was reversed upon the ground that under section 629 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the making of a motion for a directed verdict during the trial of the action was a necessary prerequisite to the rendition of a judgment non obstante veredicto, and that no such motion had been made. Accordingly the trial court was directed to enter judgment upon the verdict, and thereafter to hear and determine such other and further proceedings as were necessary to a final disposition of the case. (Estate of Easton, 118 Cal. App. 659 [5 Pac. (2d) 635].) Five days after the remittitur was filed proponents filed notice of intention to move for a new trial, urging as grounds therefor: insufficiency of the evidence-; that the verdict- is against law; and
The legal principles to be used in determining whether a will is the product of undue influence are well settled by a continuous line of decisions. They are set forth in the Estate of Morcel, 162 Cal. 188 [121 Pac. 733], Estate of Bryson, 191 Cal. 521 [217 Pac. 525], Estate of Perkins, 195 Cal. 699 [235 Pac. 45], and several later cases hereinafter cited. As pointed out therein, the kind of influence that may be held to be undue influence warranting a repudiation of a will “must be such as in effect destroyed the testator’s free agency, and substituted for his own another person’s will” (Estate of Motz, 136 Cal. 558, 563 [69 Pac. 294]); and mere general influence, however strong or controlling, not brought to bear on the testamentary act, is
The following are the essential, undisputed facts of the present case, as shown by the evidence: The testatrix, Mrs. Easton, died at the age of sixty-five years. She was a childless widow, and left surviving her as next of kin three brothers, Samuel, John and Joseph Dixon, and a sister, Mrs. Sarah Hartnett. The brothers are' the contestants herein, and the sister and her two daughters, Lucy Hart-nett and Mrs. Margaret Eckenroth, are the proponents of the will. Mrs. Easton was afflicted with cancer, from the effects of which she eventually died. Her husband died March 19, 1928. At that time Mrs. Easton moved into the home of her sister; and she lived there until the date of her death, July 17, 1929. After moving into her sister’s home and during the latter part of June, 1928, she went to a hospital and submitted to an operation. It was apparently successful, and for some time thereafter she went about evidently much improved in health; but later she began to fail and for about three months before she died she was confined most of the time to her home. At the time of her husband’s death she received $5,000 as the proceeds of a policy of insurance on his life, which sum afterwards became a part of her estate, the total value of which was approximately $15,000, including real estate of the estimated value of $1,000. The Dixon brothers and sisters were old residents of San Francisco and their relations with each other were always close and affectionate. During her married life Mrs. Easton lived in the vicinity of her sister’s home, and for many years was a constant visitor there. During the day, while her husband was absent from home, Mrs. Easton would spend much of the time with her sister. Following the San Francisco fire in 1906 she and her husband lived with the Hartnetts for about five years, and for more than twenty years it was their custom to dine with the Hartnetts every Sunday evening. The brothers, too, lived near Mrs. Easton and visited her very frequently. The Hartnett home into which Mrs. Easton moved following her husband’s death contained three flats. Mrs. Hartnett, her daughter Lucy, and for a while a son, lived in the lower flat. Mrs. Ecken
It is our opinion that the foregoing facts fail as a matter of law, under the decisions above cited, to establish a case of undue influence, as that term has been defined and construed in those decisions, for the reason that no act or declaration is disclosed tending to show the exercise or attempted exercise of any pressure whatever by any of the beneficiaries to overcome the free agency or volition of the testatrix, or which constrained her to dispose of her estate in any manner contrary to her own inclination or judgment. Contestants have not pointed out any such testimony, nor have we been able to find any. Nor is there any testimony to show that any person at any time ever made any suggestion to the testatrix or in her presence as to how she
Contestants call attention to certain testimony given by the wife of Joseph Dixon to the effect that the testatrix stated, after moving into the Hartnett home, that she had no privacy; that she referred to the home as “a crazy house”, and stated that it made her nervous and ‘‘accounted for her condition”. But it cannot be said that there is the slightest implication in any of these statements to justify the inference that any influence whatever was being exerted by anyone to have her do something against her judgment or desires; and obviously the remarks had reference to the restricted accommodations of the Hartnett home, as compared with the home previously occupied by herself and husband. Testimony was given also by two of the contestants to the effect that while visiting the testatrix at the Hartnett home they were never able to see her alone; that some member of the Hartnett family was always present. It does not appear, however, that they ever asked to see the testatrix alone, and it affirmatively appears that the members of the Hartnett family never denied them the privilege of doing so; furthermore, the evidence shows that before and after the making of each will and before the testatrix was confined to the house during the three months preceding her death, she was in fact alone with contestants and the members of their families on numerous occasions. She visited their homes and attended the theater with them; and on one occasion at least, during the three months preceding the testatrix’s death, the wife of one of the contestants stayed alone with the testatrix, at the request of Mrs. Hartnett while she went shopping. And no testimony whatever was introduced to show, nor do contestants claim that on any of these occasions did the testatrix complain or indicate that any person was persuading or attempting
Contestants contend, however, that in any event the evidence is sufficient to establish a confidential relationship between Lucy Hartnett and the testatrix, which gave rise to a presumption of undue influence legally sufficient to create a conflict in the evidence and thus sustain the verdict. We are unable to sustain this contention. The legal doctrine sought to be invoked is stated in the Estate of Lances, 216 Cal. 397 [14 Pac. (2d) 768], as follows: “Where one who unduly profits by a will sustains a confidential relationship to the testator and actively participates in procuring the execution of the will, the burden is upon him to show that the will was not induced by his undue influence. (Estate of Shay, 196 Cal. 355, 363 [237 Pac. 1079]; Estate of Gallo, 61 Cal. App. 163 [214 Pac. 496].) ” But as indicated by the foregoing statement, such presumption is not generated alone by the existence of a confidential relationship. (Estate of Presho, 196 Cal. 639 [238 Pac.
Even assuming, therefore, that the evidence in the present case is legally sufficient to support the contention that a confidential relationship existed between the testatrix and Lucy Hartnett on account of the latter’s helpfulness in assisting her aunt to attend to the business matters above mentioned, there is no ground upon which it may be reasonably held that such helpfulness resulted in the procurement of an unnatural will. It is true, as contestants point out, a strong bond of affection existed between the testatrix and them, but obviously it was no stronger than the one existing between the testatrix and the beneficiaries; and in addition it appears without conflict that the personal relationship which the testatrix always maintained .with the beneficiaries was closer and more intimate and companionable than the one maintained with her brothers. Therefore, in view of the lifelong close association between the testatrix and her sister, and the fact that the Easton and the Hartnett families lived happily together in the same house for several
With respect to the question of presumption of undue influence, the situation here is essentially no different, in our opinion, from the one presented in the Estate of Donovan, supra. There the appeal was taken from a judgment of nonsuit. The testatrix, Mrs. Donovan, was a widow and the mother of five adult children. By deed and will she gave substantially all of her estate, including the portion inherited from her husband's estate, to her youngest daughter, Mrs. Ann J. Finney, in whose home Mrs. Donovan was confined for several months preceding her death, suffering from the effects of a broken leg. Mrs. Finney’s husband was a practicing attorney and at Mrs. Donovan’s request he called in an attorney who was a friend of his to consult with her, and who afterwards drew the deed and the will. There was a lapse of about two months between the execution of each instrument, and Mrs. Finney and her husband were present on the two occasions when Mrs. Donovan gave the attorney the instructions as to the disposition of her estate and at the time of the execution of both instruments. The other children contested the will upon the ground of undue influence, and among the other contentions made was that a confidential, relationship existed between Mrs. Donovan and the Finneys, and that therefore the activity of the Finneys in selecting the attorney, coupled with the fact that they were present during the conferences between the testatrix and said attorney and at the time of the execution of both instruments, gave rise to a presumption of undue influence which would have been legally sufficient to sustain a verdict setting aside the will. The court held, however, in conformity with the decisions heretofore cited, that those factors alone did not constitute
In the present case one of the contestants testified that he had loaned Mrs. Easton’s husband $150 which had not been repaid, and that after Easton’s death the testatrix “always said, ... I will some day fix you up”. But the fact that she did not repay the money during her lifetime nor make suitable provision in her will for its repayment does not furnish legal reasons for setting aside her will upon the ground of undue influence. The evidence also discloses that the lifelong friendship which had existed between the contestants and the Hartnetts terminated abruptly shortly after Mrs. Easton passed away. In this regard it appears that the brothers complained of what they considered was undue haste in removing Mrs. Easton’s body from the Hartnett home to the undertaking parlor after they were notified of her death and before they arrived at the house. Their complaint brought forth some unpleasant words between one of the brothers and Mrs. Eckenroth, and during the conversation Mrs. Eckenroth’s husband, so the brother testified, threatened him with violence. But this unfortunate incident could have no legal bearing upon the question of whether Mrs. Easton was acting under undue influence when she made either of said wills, because, as stated, the quarrel took place after her death.
Therefore, inasmuch as the evidence failed as a matter of law to meet the legal requirements for nullification of a will upon the ground of undue influence, as those requirements are fixed and declared by the decisions above cited, the verdict was against law and the trial court was justified in granting a new trial on that ground.
Contestants urge also that the notice of intention to move for a new trial was filed too late, and that therefore the
The title to the act amending said code section read as follows: “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure by amending sections 650, 657, 659, 660, 953a and 953c thereof, and to add certain new sections thereto, to be numbered sections 659a, 661 and 662, respectively, relating to findings, judgments, new trials and appeals”; and the body of the act contained the nine amended code sections relating to findings, judgments, new trials and appeals. The ground upon which contestants seek to 'have -the act declared unconstitutional is that the title embraced more than one subject, in violation of section 24 of article IV of the state Constitution. There would seem to be ample authority for holding the contention untenable, because, as pointed out in the following eases, numerous provisions which are germane to and deal with one general object, if fairly indicated in the title, may be united in one act. (Evans v. Superior Court, 215 Cal. 58 [8 Pac. (2d) 467]; Tarpey v. McClure, 190 Cal. 593 [213 Pac. 983]; In the Matter of the Application of Schuler, 167 Cal. 282 [139 Pac. 685, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 706]; Hill v. Board of Supervisors, 176 Cal. 84 [167 Pac. 514]; Heron v. Riley, 209 Cal. 507 [289 Pac. 160]; Law v. San Francisco, 144 Cal. 384 [77 Pac. 1014]; Buelke v. Levenstadt, 190 Cal. 684 [214 Pac. 42].) But it is unnecessary to inquire further into the constitutional question for the reason that even under the provisions of the code section- as it previously existed the notice of intention was served and filed within time because the period of time fixed thereby was tolled by the action of the trial court in entering judgment for proponents non
The order granting a new trial is affirmed.
Gray, J., pro tern,., concurred.
Dissenting Opinion
I dissent. The evidence shows that a trust relation existed between respondent Lucy Hartnett and the deceased. It further shows that while deceased was suffering from the ailment which caused her death she executed two wills, the first of which was substantially the same as the one in question. In the execution of both wills respondent Lucy Plartnett was present and took an active and important part in their preparation. She discussed the matter of the making of the wills with deceased and arranged for their execution and was present when they were signed. After the will was executed she took possession of the same and placed it in her safe deposit box. There is also evidence that deceased was never permitted to see her brother alone, some one of the beneficiaries being always present when he called. This and other evidence in the record surrounding the execution of the will is, in my opinion, amply sufficient to support the verdict setting aside the will on the ground of undue influence.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the District Court of Appeal on September 8, 1934.