82 Conn. App. 838 | Conn. App. Ct. | 2004
Opinion
In this legal malpractice action, the plaintiff, Olga J. DiStefano, appeals from the judgment of the trial court rendered after it directed a verdict on the malpractice and breach of contract counts for the defendants Joseph E. Milardo, Jr., an attorney, and Jozus, Milardo and Thomasson, the law firm in which Milardo is a partner, and after the jury verdict on the remaining counts in favor of the defendants.
In February, 1992, Milardo prepared a will for the plaintiff naming Sebastian DiStefano and Lawrence DiStefano as the beneficiaries. In March, 1995, Sebastian DiStefano died. Shortly thereafter, the plaintiff opened a joint checking account with Lawrence DiStefano. From May 5 through 8, 1995, she was hospitalized for alcoholism and related symptoms. On May 10,1995, Milardo drafted a power of attorney, including a provision granting Lawrence DiStefano the right to make gifts to himself from her property or accounts. On the same day, Milardo drafted a living will and a document naming Lawrence DiStefano as conservator in the event of her future incapacity. The plaintiff executed all of those documents.
The plaintiff was again hospitalized for alcoholism and related symptoms from September 22 through 28, 1995. During her hospitalization, Lawrence DiStefano warned her that his two siblings were attempting to take control of her financial affairs. While in the hospital, she requested that Milardo draft a trust agreement for her, naming Lawrence. DiStefano as the trustee. She signed the trust agreement in the hospital.
The agreement listed certain real property, located in Middletown and Rockfall, owned by the plaintiff. The plaintiff also created a trust account, not listed in the trust agreement, of which Lawrence DiStefano was named the trustee. At the time she signed the trust agreement, the plaintiff also signed two quitclaim deeds, prepared by Milardo, transferring the Middletown and
After her release from the hospital, she requested that Milardo remove Lawrence DiStefano’s authority from her financial affairs. She also spoke to Milardo about revoking the trust. Milardo reminded her that the trust was crafted to protect her assets from her other two children and to manage her real property.
The plaintiff was hospitalized twice more for alcoholism and related symptoms in October, 1995, and was admitted for inpatient treatment for alcoholism and depression on June 21, 1996. On August 6, 1996, she revoked the trust agreement and closed the joint checking account.
On July 6, 1998, the plaintiff filed the four count complaint in this action alleging (1) legal malpractice, (2) breach of contract, (3) breach of fiduciaiy duty and (4) negligent infliction of emotional distress. The case proceeded to trial before the jury. The court directed a verdict in favor of the defendants on the counts of legal malpractice and breach of contract on the ground that the plaintiff had failed to present expert testimony on the issue of proximate cause. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendants on the breach of fiduciary duty and negligent infliction of emotional distress counts. This appeal followed. Additional facts will be set forth as necessary.
I
The plaintiff claims that the court improperly directed a verdict in favor of the defendants on the legal malpractice count because there was no expert testimony on causation.
Our standard for reviewing a challenge to a directed verdict is well settled. “Generally, litigants have a constitutional right to have factual issues resolved by the jury. . . . Directed verdicts [therefore] are historically not favored and can be upheld on appeal only when the jury could not have reasonably and legally reached any other conclusion. . . . We review a trial court’s decision to direct a verdict for the defendant by considering all of the evidence, including reasonable inferences, in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. . . . A verdict may be directed where the decisive question is one of law or where the claim is that there is insufficient evidence to sustain a favorable verdict. ” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Young v. Rutkin, 79 Conn. App. 355, 363, 830 A.2d 340, cert. denied, 266 Conn. 920, 835 A.2d 60 (2003).
Generally, to prevail on a legal malpractice claim, in Connecticut, a plaintiff “must present expert testimony to establish the standard of proper professional skill or care. . . . Not only must the plaintiffs establish the standard of care, but they must also establish that the defendant’s conduct legally caused the injury of which they complain.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Dunn v. Peter L. Leepson, P.C., 79 Conn. App. 366, 369, 830 A.2d 325, cert. denied, 266 Conn. 923, 835 A.2d 472 (2003).
“The requirement of expert testimony in malpractice cases serves to assist lay people, such as members of the jury and the presiding judge, to understand the applicable standard of care and to evaluate the defendant’s actions in light of that standard.” (Internal quota
Accordingly, if a plaintiff fails to provide expert testimony on the issue of proximate cause, a directed verdict is proper. Vona v. Lerner, 72 Conn. App. 179, 189-92, 804 A.2d 1018 (2002) (holding that trial court properly granted defendants’ motion for directed verdict in absence of expert testimony as to proximate cause), cert. denied, 262 Conn. 938, 815 A.2d 138 (2003); Solomon v. Levett, 30 Conn. App. 125, 128, 618 A.2d 1389 (1993) (affirming directed verdict in favor of defendant where plaintiff did not produce expert testimony tending to show defendant’s breach proximately caused her injuries); Somma v. Gracey, 15 Conn. App. 371, 374-75, 544 A.2d 668 (1988) (holding that plaintiff must produce expert testimony that breach of professional standard of care occurred and that breach was proximate cause of injuries suffered by plaintiff).
“[T]he test of proximate cause is whether the defendant’s conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about the plaintiffs injuries. . . . The existence of the proximate cause of an injury is determined by looking from the injury to the negligent act complained of for the necessary causal connection.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Vona v. Lerner, supra, 72 Conn. App. 190. Here, the plaintiff claims that there was expert testimony to establish that Milardo was the proximate cause of the plaintiffs loss.
The plaintiff also argues that Paul v. Gordon, 58 Conn. App. 724, 754 A.2d 851 (2000), provides an exception to the general rule that expert testimony is required in malpractice cases. That exception applies “where there is such an obvious and gross want of care and skill that the neglect is clear even to a lay person.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 727. The exception provided for in Paul is inapplicable in this case because Paul is factually distinguishable from the present case.
Here, we do not have a situation in which the attorney’s alleged behavior was clear to a layperson. In this case, expert testimony was required to show the applicable standard of care and how Milardo’s behavior should be evaluated in light of that standard. Consequently, the plaintiffs claim must fail.
II
The plaintiffs final two claims challenge the trial court’s charge to the jury. Our standard of review of a
A
As to the breach of fiduciary duty count, the plaintiff claims that the court improperly instructed the jury that no attorney-client relationship existed between Milardo and Lawrence DiStefano. The plaintiff argues that there was sufficient evidence of an attorney-client relationship between Milardo and Lawrence DiStefano for the issue to have reached the jury. We disagree with the plaintiff.
As with any issue, the court had no duty to submit the issue of the existence of an attorney-client relationship to the jury unless there was evidence reasonably supporting that finding. See Batick v. Seymour, 186 Conn. 632, 641, 443 A.2d 471 (1982) (holding that court has duty to submit to jury no issue on which evidence would not reasonably support finding); Gerstenzang v. Glenville News & Florist, Inc., 71 Conn. App. 531, 534, 802 A.2d 230 (2002).
In this case, a review of the record reveals that although there was evidence of interaction between
In this case, the plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence of such a relationship and, therefore, the court had a duty not to submit the issue to the jury.
The plaintiff argues that there was evidence tending to show an attorney-client relationship. Specifically, the plaintiff points out that (1) Milardo gave Lawrence DiStefano “fatherly advice,” (2) the plaintiff signed two quitclaim deeds, prepared by Milardo, and without representation by other counsel, and Lawrence DiStefano reviewed the deeds, and (3) Lawrence DiStefano faxed documents to Milardo pertaining to the sale of the Rockfall and Middletown properties.
The following additional facts are relevant to the resolution of the plaintiffs claim. As the trustee, Lawrence DiStefano was taking care of and attempting to sell the two pieces of the plaintiffs real property. In his capacity as trustee, he faxed documents to Milardo. Milardo would review them and then talk to the plaintiff about them. Faxing documents to an attorney’s office does not in and of itself establish an attorney-client relationship. The fact that Lawrence DiStefano did not hire an attorney to review the two quitclaim deeds also fails to show an attorney-client relationship. The property was transferred to him as trustee so he could tend to and possibly sell it. Finally, giving advice of a fatherly nature about a family member’s drinking problem falls
B
The plaintiff next argues that the court improperly precluded the jury from considering evidence of the standard of care for an attorney on the breach of a fiduciary duty claim.
The plaintiff claims that the charge to the jury struck all of Zangari’s testimony. The court instructed the jury that it could not “base a finding that the defendants breached their fiduciary duty on any claim of negligence in their rendering of legal services to the plaintiff because that claim is out of the case.” That statement removed the malpractice count from the jury’s consideration; it did not remove the testimony of Zangari. Because the court removed the malpractice claim from the case, the jury was unable to base a finding of a breach of a fiduciary duty on a finding that the defen
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The action was withdrawn as against certain other defendants. Only Milardo and his law firm are involved as appellees on appeal. We refer to them in this opinion as the defendants.
The plaintiff raises no issues as to the breach of contract claim.
Mario Zangari is a licensed attorney who testified at trial as an expert for the plaintiff regarding professional responsibility.
The following coEoquy took place between the defendants’ attorney and Zangan:
“ [Defendants’ Counsel]: Now, but you also said that [Lawrence DiStefano] had specific duties as trustee as defined in that trust; is that correct?”
“[The Witness]: Correct.
“[Defendants’ Counsel]: And generally, and you don’t have to read them all, but what are those duties as trustee?
“[The Witness]: His primary duty was to make sure that his mother received funds sufficient to take care of her during her lifetime.
“[Defendants’ Counsel]: Okay, Okay. And I think you said that — I think*844 you testified that if that had been discussed with her, then you wouldn’t have a problem with [Lawrence] DiStefano being both the trustee and the remainderman or remainderperson; is that correct?
“[The Witness]: I believe I said that if she — if he discussed it and she understood the risks that were inherent in it, then it’s her decision to do that.
“ [Defendants’ Counsel]: Okay. And, as a matter of fact, if it had been talked about with her, then you wouldn’t have a problem with it; is that correct?
“[The Witness]: If she fully understood what she was doing and that the conflict existed that her son could take the moneys, that she was — her moneys and use them for his benefit and not hers and she accepted that, that’s her risk.”
Although not explicitly framed as such, the claim is an attack on the jury charge, and this court will address it as such.