135 F. 257 | 9th Cir. | 1905
(after making the foregoing statement). ^ 1. One of the principal questions discussed by counsel for the plaintiff in error relates to the credibility of the respective witnesses, and the weight and effect of the testimony given by them. The case was submitted upon briefs, the greater portion of which is directed to these points. The contention of the plaintiff in error is that the testimony on behalf of the government is false, and totally unworthy of belief, and that the testimony of the plaintiff in error is true, and should be accepted and acted upon by the court. The argument of counsel for the plaintiff in error is, in many respects, remarkable in its nature and character. It consists chiefly of a tirade of abuse against several of the witnesses who appeared and testified on the part of the government. To show the style of his argument, we quote his language with reference to one of the important witnesses:
“He gives testimony of such a character that no court could hesitate to denounce it and to condemn it for its manifest falsity. He tells a story that for downright infamy, flagrant and shameless mendacity, clearly apparent upon the very face of it, has never been equaled by the most reckless perjury ever committed in a court of justice. He is the only witness in the case who attempted to implicate the plaintiff in error. No court can read his testimony and accord it the slightest credence, it is so glaringly rank perjury.”
“It furnishes a complete and most satisfactory explanation of every act and circumstance relied upon by the prosecution as imputing at least a suspicion, if not an incriminating suggestion. No one can read the testimony of Mr. Dimmick without being convinced that the charge made against him is absolutely unfounded.”
It was the duty of the jury, under proper instructions from the court, to pass upon the question whether the witnesses told the truth or swore falsely. The court, at counsel’s request, instructed the jury as follows:
“It is exclusively your province to determine from the evidence the facts in this case, and to decide the question of defendant’s guilt or innocence. You are the exclusive judges of the credibility of the witnesses, and of the effect and value of their testimony.”
It is not within the province of this court to interfere with the verdict of the jury upon this ground. The rule is well settled that the credibility of witnesses and the probative force of facts introduced in evidence are the sole province of the jury; that the appellate court cannot weigh the evidence; that the only question before the court is whether there is any legal evidence to sustain the verdict. In Humes v. United States, 170 U. S. 210, 212, 18 Sup. Ct. 603, 12 L. Ed. 1011, the court said:
“The alleged fact that the verdict was against the weight of evidence we are concluded from considering, if there was any evidence, proper to go to the jury, to sustain it. Crumpton v. United States, 138 U. S. 361 [11 Sup. Ct. 355, 34 L. Ed. 958]”; 2 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 391.
2. Is the testimony'in the record sufficient to sustain the verdict of the jury? The record contains 1,095 pages of typewritten testimony, and covers a great variety of facts. Most of the testimony may be said to consist of what is known as circumstantial evidence, and, as is usually the case, thebe are many links in the long chain of circumstances which tend to show the guilt or innocence of the plaintiff in error. This being the third trial of the case, some of the testimony of the witnesses on the former trials was brought to the attention of some of the witnesses for the purpose either of impeachment or of weakening the testimony by showing a variance therein upon the respective trials; and all of these points are elaborately dwelt upon in the respective briefs of counsel. We have epitomized some of the testimony of the witnesses on the part of the prosecution in the statement of facts. It might, perhaps, be sufficient to say that the facts thus stated are, in our opinion, sufficient to authorize the court to submit the questions of fact to the jury, and to justify the jury in finding the plaintiff in error guilty of the offense charged in the indictment. It is, however, broadly claimed that, as against the theory of the prosecution “is the all-controlling fact that not as much as one cent of the missing thirty thousand dollars was ever traced to the possession or custody of Mr. Dimmick. There is not a word of testimony to show the essential trespass or asportation. In fact, the government has never been
“While it is not necessary, in order to convict the defendant, that you should find the money alleged to have been stolen, or any part of it, was seen in his possession, yet it is indispensable that the money, or some part of it, be shown to have been in his possession, or he must be acquitted.”
This instruction was clearly erroneous. Among other things, the court correctly charged the jury: '
“The precise time of the commission of an offense need not be proven as laid in the indictment; and if you believe that the defendant did steal, take, and carry away from the United States Mint the money described in the indictment, or any part thereof, between July 1, 1900, and June 27, 1901, and that such money was the property of the United States, it will be your duty to find the defendant guilty. * * * I further charge you that, in order to convict the defendant, it is not necessary that you should find that the money alleged to have been stolen, or any part of it, was ever seen in his possession.”
Every criminal charge necessarily involves two distinct propositions: (1) That a criminal act has been committed; (2) that the guilt of such act attaches to the particular person charged with the commission of the offense. Each of these facts must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, either by direct testimony or by presumptive evidence of the most cogent or irresistible kind. The proof must in both cases be clear and distinct, but it is not necessary that it should be direct and positive. The general rule is now well settled that in all criminal cases the corpus delicti may be established by circumstantial evidence. 7 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.) 863, and numerous authorities there cited. See, also, State v. Minor, 106 Iowa, 642, 646, 77 N. W. 330; State v. Gates, 28 Wash. 689, 695, 69 Pac. 385, 387; Flower v. United States, 116 Fed. 241, 247, 53 C. C. A. 271; 6 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.) 582, and authorities there cited.
It is argued by counsel for plaintiff in error that the evidence as to the shortage of money does not prove that the money had been stolen. That depends upon the character of the testimony. Can the shortage of the money be accounted for upon any other theory than that of theft ? The shortage was discovered during the annual settlement about June 29, 1901. At first it was thought that there might have been a mixup of denominations in changing the money from one vault to another. Next, there might have been a mistake in the books. The matter was talked over by Mr. Dimmick, Mr. Leach, and other officers of the mint. Many theories were advanced and efforts made to discover how the shortage could have occurred. Mr. Dimmick was active in endeavoring to ascertain how it had occurred. His testimony in relation to this
“Q. Taking you to the next day, Monday, July 1st, what transpired with reference, of course, to' that $30,000? A. In coming from Oakland on Monday morning, July 1st, after leaving the boat at the Oakland Depot, I got on a Mission street car, and while seated on the car Mr. Leach very soon got aboard, and he came and sat-alongside of me, and said, ‘Good morning, Mr. Dimmick. What do you think of this nightmare, for it is a nightmare; at least I have dreamed of it all night, or thought of it all night? What do you think of it?’ I said, ‘Mr Leach, I think it is a very serious matter.’ He said, ‘Well, it is a difference in count, is it not?’ I said, ‘No, I do not think it is a difference in count.’ He said, ‘Well, what do you think of it?’ I said, T think it is a case of shortage.’ He said, ‘You astonish me.’ I said, ‘Yes, I think it is a case of shortage; and, further, I think it is a case of theft, for I have made some investigations of this matter, and I can arrive at no other conclusion than it is a case of shortage.’ He said, ‘Oh, it has not come to that.’ I said, ‘Yes, Mr. Leach, I think it is your duty to immediately report this matter to the secret service, and have them investigate or mgke an investigation of this matter, and in the meantime I think you should put all of us under surveillance until this matter is cleared up.’ He said, ‘My God, it has not come to that!’ * * * Q. That is all that occurred? A. I think that is all that occurred.”
There was ample testimony given at the trial tending to show that the money of the government was stolen from the mint, and that Dimmick was the person who committed the theft. A conviction based on reasonable inferences which the jurors had the right to draw from the evidence cannot be set aside as unsupported by evidence. In establishing the facts in this case the prosecution did not “rely solely upon inferences, presumptions resting upon the basis of another presumption,” as repeatedly claimed by the plaintiff in error, but independently proved by a chain of facts the essential elements necessary to be proven. It is true, as stated in Wills on Circumstantial Evidence, 283, that every circumstance not clearly shown to be connected as its correlative with the hypothesis it is supposed to support must be rejected from the judicial balance. But, as recognized by the author, when it is distinctly established that there exists between the factum probandum and the facts which are adduced in proof of it, a real connection, “either evident and necessary, or so highly probable as to admit of no other reasonable explanation,” the proof becomes sufficient.
The instructions of the court upon circumstantial evidence were full, clear, and correct, and are here inserted, in order to show that the court embodied therein the principles of law applicable to such cases:
“The law in regard to circumstantial evidence is this: In order to justify a jury in finding a verdict of guilty based entirely on circumstantial evidence, the circumstances must not only be consistent with the guilt of the defendant, but they must be inconsistent with any other reasonable hypothesis that can be predicated on the evidence; or, stated in another form, it is not sufficient that the circumstances proved coincide with, account for, and therefore render probable, the hypothesis of guilt asserted by the prosecution, but they must exclude to a moral certainty and beyond a reasonable doubt, every other hypothesis but the single one of guilt, or the jury must find the defendant not guilty. In order to warrant a conviction of crime on circumstantial evidence, each fact necessary to the conclusion sought to be established must be proved by competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. All the facts necessary to the conclusion must be consistent with each other and with the main fact sought to be proved; and the circumstances, taken to*265 gether, must be of a conclusive nature, leading on the whole to a satisfactory conclusion, and producing, in effect, a reasonable and moral certainty that the defendant, and no other person, committed the offense charged; and unless the evidence does so it will be your duty to acquit the defendant. So, gentlemen, you will observe that there is nothing very peculiar or hard to understand about this doctrine of circumstantial evidence. The jury, in the first place, must determine from the testimony of the witnesses what are the facts and circumstances in the ease—the facts and circumstances which you believe have been established by the testimony; and then you simply apply your common sense and judgment to a consideration of what deductions or inferences or conclusions ought to be drawn from those facts. And if, on consideration of all the facts which you may believe to have been established by the evidence, you are satisfied in your own minds, beyond all reasonable doubt, that the defendant is guilty, then it is your duty to so declare; but, if you are not so satisfied, it will be your duty to render a verdict of not guilty.”
In the light of all the facts contained in the record, we cannot accept the contention of counsel for the plaintiff in error, so earnestly and persistently set forth in his brief, that the evidence is so utterly deficient that this court would be justified in setting aside a verdict with which both the jury and the judge before whom the case was tried were satisfied.
3. It is claimed that in the first count of the indictment upon which the plaintiff in error was convicted “there is no averment of ownership in the United States,” and that the word “belonging” is wholly insufficient. The statute reads:
“That any person who shall embezzle, steal, or purloin any money, property, record, voucher, or valuable thing whatever, of the moneys, goods, chattels, records, or property of the United States, shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof * * * shall be punished,” etc. Supp. Rev. St. vol. 1 (2d Ed.) p. 88, c. 144 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3675].
The objection urged to the sufficiency of the indictment is purely technical, and is trivial in its character. The word “belonging,” in its common meaning, is “that which belongs to one; that which pertains to one; hence, goods or effects.” Webster’s Dictionary. The words as used in the statute would be sufficient in alleging the ownership of the property, but it is not necessary to use the exact words of the statute if words of equivalent import are employed. In State v. Ware, 62 Mo. 597, where the ownership of the property was alleged as “goods and chattels of one M.,” instead of “belonging to,” as used in the statute, this was held sufficient. While every indictment for larceny must allege an ownership of the property stolen, and would be defective without such allegation, there are no particular words or phrases which the law requires to be used. The allegation may be made by a variety of words and phrases, any of which will be sufficient if it clearly conveys the idea that such persons are the owners. 12 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 959, and authorities there cited.
4. With reference to the rulings of the court as to the admission or rejection of testimony:
(1) It is argued that the court erred in permitting the superintendent of the mint to narrate a conversation which he had with Dimmick on the 5th day of February, 1901, with reference to his position in the mint, and especially to the request then made of Dimmick by Eeach, the
(2) The next specific objection is to the following questions asked Dimmick on his cross-examination: “What was your financial condition when you went first into that mint, in respect to your being in debt ? * * * Did you continue to be in debt from that time until February 5, 1901, and thenceforward to July, 1901?” It is proper to state, in relation to these questions, that the existence or nonexistence of motive is immaterial where the guilt of the accused is clearly established; but, although not an essential element, it may throw some light on the intent with which the act was committed, and as a matter of evidence is frequently an important element in the case of the prosecution. Pointer v. United States, 151 U. S. 396, 414, 14 Sup. Ct. 410, 38 L. Ed. 208. We are of opinion that the court did not err in allowing these questions. The case depended, more or less upon circumstantial evidence, and the fact that Dimmick was in debt upon February 5, 1901, and in debt during the time that he had been in the employment of the mint, was a circumstance of perhaps no great weight or importance, but we are not prepared to say it was improper. The tendency of courts in cases of this character is to- admit such testimony for what it is worth, because in a greater or less degree, under the facts of each case, it tends to show temptation or motive on the part of the defendant. United States v. Camp, 2 Idaho (Hasb.) 231, 10 Pac. 226; Bridges v. State (Ga.) 29 S. E. 859; Bish. New Cr. Pro. 327; 2 Wharton’s Cr. L. §§ 1030, 1062a; 10 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.) 1030.
In Bridges v. State, supra, the prosecution offered in evidence certain receipts, certificates, and promissory notes signed’by the accused, for the purpose of showing that he was financially embarrassed during and at the time of the alleged embezzlement; that he was pressed for money, and in straitened circumstances, and that he had resorted to devious methods to raise money. The court said:
“In the trial of cases of embezzlement we think that any evidence which tends to show these things is competent and admissible. That a man is financially embarrassed, that he is in straitened circumstances, and that he owes money, tend in some degree to show a motive for the embezzlement.”
(3) Objection is made to the allowance of the question propounded by the prosecution to the witness Dargie as to the reputation of the witness Ellis “in the community for truth, honesty, and integrity,” and whether it “was good or bad,” and it is claimed to be irrelevant because it was for the years 1883 and 1884, and therefore too remote. The plaintiff in error in the trial introduced witnesses who testified that Ellis’ reputation in this regard was bad. His testimony was important, and tended strongly to implicate Dimmick as the person who had taken the money from the mint. A number of witnesses testified to his good reputation, covering a long period of years from 1883 up to the'
(4) It is claimed that the court erred in overruling the objection to the question asked by the prosecution of the witness Day as to how long it takes to check up pay rolls. Dimmick, in his testimony, in explaining why he went to the mint at the unseemly hours of night, had testified, among other things, in explanation thereof, that he went there to check up the pay rolls.. Surely it was proper for the prosecution to show how long a time it would take to discharge this duty.
5. Did the court err in permitting counsel for the prosecution to comment upon testimony that had been offered and ruled out? Were the circumstances leading up to the argument of counsel of such a character as to prejudice the rights of the accused? What are the facts? The witness Ellis had testified to seeing Dimmick, on the night of March 18, 1901, remove two sacks of money from the vaults of the mint, and afterwards saw him carrying a dress-suit case, which seemed to be very heavy, when he left the mint that night. The question of whether Dimmick ever owned or carried a dress-suit case was the subject of much testimony pro and con. Dimmick testified that he never owned or carried a dress-suit case, and his testimony upon this point was, to a certain extent, corroborated by other witnesses. On the other hand, several witnesses testified to having seen him with a dress-suit case. Dimmick, in the course of his testimony, explained that he had at one time carried a large bundle of books bearing some resemblance in form to a dress-suit case, why he carried them, etc., leaving the impression, at least, that certain of the witnesses had mistaken what the bundle was. After Ellis had testified in chief as to what he saw on the occasion referred to, he was subjected to a rigid and lengthy cross-examination upon these points, and Ellis was asked whether he had ever told anybody about it, and the witness said he had told his wife and daughter. The wife and daughter were not called as witnesses to bolster up the testimony of Ellis upon this point, but the prosecution did undertake to put such statement in evidence upon the direct examination of the witness D. Edward Collins, and the court, upon motion of the plaintiff in error, ruled that such testimony was inadmissible. The United States attorney, in his opening argument to the jury, referred to the imputations which had been cast by counsel upon Ellis, and remarked, in substance, that, if counsel had desired to press the inquiry so as to ascertain the truth of the statement made by Ellis that he had reported on the following morning to his wife and daughter the occurrences at the mint on the night of March 18th, he could have called
“Counsel for Dimmiek told you here yesterday that Ellis reported this thing to his wife and daughter, and then he was silent evermore. A more baseless misrepresentation was never uttered to a jury. Is it true -that he was silent evermore after he had reported this occurrence to his wife and daughter? * * * Did Dimmick’s counsel ask Ellis, ‘Were you silent evermore after you spoke to your wife and child?’ * * * Gentlemen, I am dealing here with the cross-esamination of Ellis, and I am dealing here with the perverted statement made to you yesterday that after he reported to his wife and ■daughter he was silent evermore. Who says he was silent evermore? Dim-mick’s counsel; who had it in the hollow of his hand to prove out of Ellis’ testimony, if it were the fact, that he was silent evermore. Why did he not ask him? Why did he not prove it, instead of standing here before you and perverting the truth and the fact about Ellis, and telling you that after Ellis -reported to his wife and daughter he was ‘silent evermore’ ?”
Taking all the facts in relation to this matter into consideration, we are unprepared to say that the remarks of counsel were wholly uncalled for, or made for the purpose of prejudicing the rights of the accused. The first portion of the remarks of the United States attorney was a proper comment upon the course pursued by the opposing counsel; and when he commented on the fact that certain testimony had been ruled out the court informed him that he had no right to refer to this matter, and that was the end of it. The remarks of the associate counsel questioned the truth of the statements made by the opposing counsel. Counsel for the accused had challenged counsel to answer his argument, and counsel accepted the challenge. Counsel for plaintiff in error ought not to complain because counsel for the government accepted his challenge and replied to it.
In Crumpton v. United States, 138 U. S. 361, 363, 11 Sup. Ct. 355, 34 L,. Ed. 958, testimony had been offered to implicate one Burt as the criminal agent in the commission of the crime of murder. Dur
“Either the defendant or Burt is guilty of this crime. I 'will show you that Burt is guilty, and therefore that defendant is not.”
In reply to this, the District Attorney, in his closing argument, said:
“The issue is squarely made by Mr. Neal that either the defendant or William Burt is guilty of this crime. I have shown you that Burt is not guilty; therefore, by his logic, the defendant is guilty.”
The court said:
“In the present case it is by no means clear that the District Attorney transcended the proper limits of an argument. Counsel for the defendant had tendered the issue to the jury that either his client or Burt was guilty of the crime, and we perceive no impropriety in the District Attorney accepting the challenge, and attempting to demonstrate that Burt was not guilty, and arguing that the jury, upon the issue thus presented, had a right to infer that the defendant was guilty.”
In Siberry v. The State, 133 Ind. 677, 682, 33 N. E. 681, 682, the arguments of counsel for the state, which were claimed to be improper and prejudicial, were made in answer to the argument of counsel for the defendant in relation to the absence of Mr. and Mrs. Campbell as witnesses. The court said:
“It would seem that counsel for the defense, in their argument, desired to base their defense, or gain some advantage for their client, on some supposed testimony of the Campbells, or some fact in relation to the Camp-bells not before the jury, and stepped outside the bounds of legitimate argument to discuss the absence of the Campbells, and their supposed knowledge of the case; and that counsel for the state felt called upon to answer it, and did so. * * * This mode of conducting an argument in either a criminal or civil case is to be condemned; but when counsel for the defense step outside the bounds of the case, and indulge in the discussion of matters not before the jury, and thus pursue a line of illegitimate argument, it comes with ill grace and with poor favor to ask the court to restrain opposing counsel from answering such illegitimate argument, and prevent them from clearing away the rubbish illegitimately brought into the case, and casting it out that it may not mislead the jury. * * * It is immaterial to determine whether the statements of counsel were strictly within the bounds of legitimate argument or not. As the door was opened for it by counsel for the appellant, they cannot complain if counsel for the state" walked in at the door which they had opened.”
As was said by the court in Pierson v. State, 21 Tex. App. 14, 60, 17 S. W. 468, 471:
“If the defendant wishes to invoke the rule of confinement to the record, they, themselves, must keep within the record. When they voluntarily go outside, they at least invite, if they do not render it necessary, that the prosecution should follow.”
6. In answer to the claim that counsel for the government were guilty of gross misconduct in asking the question of Collins, knowing it to be improper, and that the object was simply to improperly prejudice the plaintiff in error, it cannot, we think, be said that counsel were guilty of misconduct in asking the question. The decided weight of authority unquestionably is that proof of declarations made by a witness out of court, and not under oath, is inad
In People v. Ward, 105 Cal. 335, 340, 38 Pac. 945, 946,. the court discussed the character of cases which would justify a reversal on the ground of alleged improper remarks of counsel, and said:
“There seems a disposition on the part of counsel for defendants in all criminal cases since the decision in People v. Wells, 100 Cal. 459, 34 Pac. 1078, to count upon the alleged misconduct of the prosecution as cause for reversal. That was an extreme case, in which this court was of opinion the assistant district attorney had willfully and persistently offered incompetent evidence to the prejudice of defendant, well knowing its inadmissibility. The animus of the prosecution there was so apparent, and its effect so pronounced, that the court deemed it but just to stamp with the seal of its disapprobation, not only for that case, but as a warning against like conduct in other cases, a course of proceeding militating against justice and the fair and orderly conduct which should characterize judicial proceedings in criminal cases. It is only in extreme cases, of which this is not one, that the remedy there administered applies. The attack in that case was not upon error by the prosecution, but upon willful error persisted In for an illegitimate purpose, followed by injustice to the prisoner.”
See, also, People v. Gordan, 103 Cal. 568, 573, 37 Pac. 534; People v. Smith, 134 Cal. 453, 457, 66 Pac. 669.
7. It is further argued that, the plaintiff in error did not have a fair and impartial trial, in this: that he was prejudiced in his rights by the efforts of counsel for the prosecution to show that he had been convicted of other offenses in relation to the mint not charged in the indictment, and that matters had been stated by counsel for the prosecution that were not borne out by the evidence in the cause. Touching all these matters, we are of opinion that no prejudicial error occurred; that the rights of the plaintiff in error were carefully guarded by the rulings and instructions of- the court in relation thereto. The record shows that the plaintiff in error requested an instruction on the question of other offenses not men
“There was introduced in evidence the record of the conviction of the defendant in this court of two offenses of willfully failing to make deposit with the Assistant Treasurer of the United States at San Francisco within the time required by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Director of the Mint certain moneys belonging to the United States and in his possession as chief clerk of the United States Mint at San Francisco. This judgment of conviction has not become final, because the case has not been finally disposed of by the Circuit Court of Appeals upon writ of error, and you will therefore disregard these convictions; that is, you will not consider them for any purpose whatever. There was also introduced in evidence the record of the conviction of the defendant in this court of the offense of presenting for payment to the cashier of the United States Mint at San Francisco a false, fictitious, and fraudulent claim against the United States in the sum of $498.37, and also the record of the conviction of the defendant for using $498.37 of the money of the United States for a purpose not prescribed by law, to wit, for his own use and purpose, in violation of section 5497 of the United States Revised Statutes. Neither of these offenses is a technical felony. They are, however, grave offenses, for which the law provides an infamous punishment, and the latter offense is declared by the statute to be an act of embezzlement of public moneys. I now charge you that you cannot consider the defendant’s conviction of the offenses just referred to for any other purpose than to determine his credibility as a witness; that is, you can only consider his conviction of these offenses in weighing his testimony and reaching a conclusion as to the degree of credit to which it is entitled. These convictions cannot be considered by you as evidence that the defendant is guilty of any offense charged in this indictment, but can be considered by you solely for the purpose of passing upon his credibility; and to what extent, if any, his credibility is affected by these convictions, is a question solely for your consideration. * * * You are further instructed that you must carefully exclude from your minds in the consideration of this case all of the evidence and testimony that the court has ordered stricken out, and all that it has refused to admit. You must not permit such evidence or offered testimony to in any manner whatever influence your judgment or your views in arriving at a verdict, and you are further instructed that you must carefully exclude from your consideration all matter or matters appertaining to any other charge or charges that are contained in the indictment in this case. * * * Statements of counsel are not evidence, and should not be so considered. Offers to prove certain alleged facts, which may have been .made in your presence, are not evidence, and you should not take the same into consideration, nor allow yourselves to be in any manner influenced thereby.”
8. Did the court err in refusing to give the instructions requested by the plaintiff in error? No exception was taken to the charge of the court, nor' to any specific part thereof, except in a general way to take exceptions to all instructions that were modified or refused. We have repeatedly stated that:
“The rule is well settled that the court is never required to give instructions in the language used by counsel. The duty of the court is always fully discharged if its charge embraces all of the principles of law arising in the case, in the court’s own language.” Mountain Copper Co., Ltd., v. Van Buren (C. C. A.) 133 Fed. 1, 7, and authorities there cited.
See, also, People v. Dodge, 30 Cal. 448.
The charge of the court not only covered every legal point involved in the casé, but was in all respects clear, and the language
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
