In these consolidated appeals, Scott Stevens (hereafter appellant) appeals by leave granted from an order of the circuit court holding that recall petitions appellant wished to circulate did not satisfy the requirements of MCL 168.952(l)(c). We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
facts
On June 5, 2000, appellant filed a total of twenty-seven recall petitions with the Macomb County Elec tion Commission. 1 These petitions set forth nine allegations against each of three Warren City Council members — George L. Dimas, Charles T. Busse, and Ann E. Klein (hereafter appellees). When the commission met to certify the petitions, however, it approved only one of the nine against each member, rejecting the remaining eight as insufficiently clear. 2
during a Warren City Council meeting on December 21, 1999, [council members George L. Dimas, Charles T. Busse, and Ann E. Klein] voted to raise Warren’s potable water rates by 10.97% to its consumers.
In separate actions, Dimas, followed by Busse and Klein, appealed to the circuit court, arguing that the commission should not have approved the petitions under MCL 168.952 because (1) appellant had failed to state “each reason [for the recall] in a single petition,” and (2) the petitions were not sufficiently clear with respect to the reason for the recall. After consolidating the appeals, the circuit court reversed the commission’s holding, finding that the approved petitions were not sufficiently clear and that, therefore, the first of the questions presented was moot. Appellant subsequently filed delayed applications for leave to appeal, which this Court granted. This Court also consolidated the appeals.
ANALYSIS
Resolution of this appeal entails a matter of statutory construction. This Court reviews such questions de novo. 3
Recalls of elected officials in Michigan are governed by MCL 168.951 et seq. Subsection 952(1) sets forth the requirements for a recall petition. It reads, in relevant part, as follows:
A petition for the recall of an officer shall meet all of the following requirements:
(c) State clearly each reason for the recall. Each reason for the recall shall be based upon the officer’s conduct during his or her current term of office. The reason for the recall may be typewritten.[ 4 ]
Subsection 952(3) requires the election commission to make a prompt determination “whether each reason for the recall stated in the petition is of sufficient clarity to enable the officer whose recall is sought and the electors to identify the course of conduct that is the basis for the recall.” 5
The standard of review for clarity of recall petitions has been described as both “lenient,”
6
and “veiy lenient.”
7
“Thus, recall review by the courts should be
very,- very limited.”
8
A meticulous and detailed statement of the charges against an officeholder is not required.
9
It is sufficient if an officeholder is apprised of the course of conduct in office that is the basis of the recall drive, so that a defense can be mounted regarding that conduct.
10
“Where the clarity of the reasons stated in the petition is a close question, doubt should be resolved in favor of the individual
The vast majority of panels of this Court have found that the reasons stated in the recall petitions before them were sufficiently clear. For example, in Molitor v Miller 12 the panel found the following statements of reason to be acceptable:
“Conducting secret meetings in violation of the open meetings act:
“Failure to follow procedures set forth in the township officers manual: (appointments of committees, boards, etc.)[ 13 ]
The panel in Mastin v Oakland Co Elections Comm 14 similarly found the following language to be sufficiently clear:
“1. Failure to faithfully represent the people of the 8th Senatorial District by voting on March 23, 1983, to report a tax increase bill (HB 4092) out of committee with a recommendation for passage.
“2. Failure to faithfully represent the people of the 8th Senatorial District by voting ‘yes’ on March 24, 1983, to a bill increasing the State income tax (HB 4092).”[ 15 ]
Finally, the panel in Schmidt v Genesee Co Clerk 16 found that, taken as a whole, the following language met the clarity standards required by the statute:
“Ex-hibited spend and tax — tax and spend mentality. At a time when governmental units are cutting back on budget expenditures and laying off people the above elected official presented the 1982 budget which was a increase of $400,000.00 over the 1981 budget (December 7, 1981). — increased the budget again by another additional $185,516.00 on August 2, 1982, which can only result in future higher taxes. —Voted, at a special, not regular meeting, to increase operational taxes by one mill without a vote of the people. —increased sewer and water rates above the recommendation of the County. —Voted to spend $63,000.00 to RE-ASSESS ALL TOWNSHIP properties. —Acted to violate the provisions of the Charter Township Act requiring the budget to be presented for public inspection before adoption. —Allowed Township Funds to be invested in unauthorized account and not available for public inspection. —Failed to follow campaign promise to give open, clean, honest, and efficient government, and at all times be available to serve and to administer the Township efficiently and remain within a budget.”[ 17 ]
In contrast to these cases, the panel in Noel v Oakland Co Clerk 18 was presented with language determined to be insufficiently specific: “Incompetence in administering his/her duties as an elected official and in a manner not conducive to the better interests of the residents of the City of South Lyon.” 19
Unlike the general language rejected by the
Noel
panel, the language at
We next turn our attention to the question considered moot by the trial court - whether the statute was violated because appellant failed to state each reason for which recall was sought in a single peti tion. 22 “[T]he primary rule of statutory construction is to determine and effectuate the intent of the Legislature through reasonable construction in consideration of the purpose of the statute and the object sought to be accomplished.” 23 If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is neither required nor permitted. 24 If judicial interpretation is necessary, the Legislature’s intent must be gathered from the language used, and the language must be given its ordinary meaning. 25 In determining legislative intent, statutory language is given the reasonable construction that best accomplishes the purpose of the statute. 26
As noted above, MCL 168.952(l)(c) requires that a petition for the recall of an officer “[s]tate clearly each reason for the recall.” Appellees argue that the word “each,” as used in the statute, means that a petitioner must include every reason for the recall on a petition. In doing so, they cite the definition of “each” found in Black’s Law Dictionary, which states that “[t]he word ‘any’ is equivalent to ‘each’ [and] ‘[e]ach’ is synonymous with ‘all’ . . . .” 27
We do not conclude that this generalized definition of “each” can be applied in the context of the statute at issue here. Instead, we conclude that the word “each” is used in the statute to link the phrase “state clearly” with the phrase “reason for the recall.” In other words, to paraphrase
Had the Legislature intended that petitions contain “each and every” or “all” reasons for recall, that language could have easily been used. Similarly, other sections set clear limits on the filing of recall petitions. For example, MCL 168.951 specifies when during an official’s term a petition may be filed, and MCL 168.969 makes provision for election cost reimbursement in repetitive recall situations. A requirement that all a petitioner’s reasons for recall be included in the petition could have been set forth in one of these sections, had that been the legislative intent.
The election commission properly determined that the three petitions at issue here complied with the statute. We reverse the decision of the circuit court to the contrary and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Notes
Although a party to the action below, the Macomb County Election Commission is not a party to this appeal.
See MCL 168.925(3), hereinafter discussed. Appellant did not appeal the commission’s rejection of the other eight petitions filed against each of the three appellees.
Oxendine v Secretary of State,
MCL 168.952(1)(c).
MCL 168.952(3).
Meyers v Patchkowski,
In re Wayne Co Election Comm,
Mastin v Oakland Co Elections Comm,
See
Molitor v Miller,
Molitor, n 9 supra at 350.
Id. at 351.
Molitor, n 9 supra at 350.
Id. at 346.
Mastin, n 8 supra at 800.
Id. at 792.
Schmidt v Genesee Co Clerk,
Id. at 698.
Noel v Oakland Co Clerk,
Id. at 183.
MCL 168.952(3).
Molitor, n 9 supra at 348.
Although we do not ordinarily review questions of law that have not been decided by the lower court, we do so here because this is an issue of public significance “which may recur and yet evade review.” See
Highland, Recreation Defense Foundation v Natural Resources
Comm,
Gross v General Motors Corp,
Mino v McCarthy,
209 Mch App 302, 304;
Id. at 304-305.
Id. at 305.
Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed), p 507 (citations omitted).