108 Ark. 342 | Ark. | 1913
(after stating the facts). Counsel for the defendant invoke the defense of waiver by election. They contend that inasmuch as the plaintiff brought suit in the State courts against the defendant to recover on the note, they are now precluded from suing him in an action for fraud'and deceit. "We can not agree with their contention. The two remedies are not inconsistent. Plaintiff, in the present suit, admits the contract, and that it is bound by it. Its action is to recover damages on account of fraud and deceit, and its complaint alleges that it was induced to make the loan by reason of certain alleged false representations made by the defendant. The doctrine of election does not apply to two actions, one upon a contract, and the other for fraud in its procurement, since both are in affirmance of the contract. The doctrine is well stated in 7 Encyc. of Pleading & Practice, page 362, quoted in the case of Standard Sewing Machine Co. v. Owings (N. C.), 6 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 211, and is as follows:
“As already stated, the principle does not apply to all coexistent remedies. As regards what have been termed consistent ■ remedies, the suitor may, without let or hindrance from any rule of law, use one or all in a given case. He may select and adopt one as better adapted than the others to work out his purpose, but his choice is not compulsory or final, and, if not satisfied with the result of that, he may commence and carry through the prosecution of another. Thus, where á sale of chattels is induced by the fraud of the vendee, the vendor may prosecute the vendee for the price of the articles in one action, and in another for damages on account of the fraud; both proceeding on the theory of ratifying the sale. But he can not maintain either if he has rescinded the sale, or, if, on the theory of rescission, he has resorted to replevin to recover the property. No suitor is allowed to invoke the aid of the courts upon contradictory principles of redress upon one and the same line of facts. ’ ’
In the case of Whittier v. Collins, 15 Rhode Island 90, 2 Am. St. Rep. 879, the court held:
“Unsatisfied judgment in assumpsit for money loaned is not a bar to an action on the case between the same parties, for deceit on account of false and fraudulent representations made by the defendants in procuring the loan. But the value of' the judgment in assumpsit should be considered by the jury in assessing the damages in the second action.”
In this case, the court said:
‘ ‘ The plaintiff in such case, of course, would not necessarily be entitled to recover the full value of the goods sold, or money lent, but it would be the duty of the jury in assessing the damages, to consider the value of the judgment in assumpsit, and if the judgment was thought to have any value, to reduce the assessment accordingly. ’ ’
As bearing on the question, see also Hutchinson v. Gorman, 71 Ark. 305, where it is held that a suit for fraud or deceit is in affirmance of the contract.
There were other signers to the note sued on. There was no' inconsistency in plaintiff realizing all he could in a suit on the notes and subsequently proceeding against the defendant in an action for fraud and deceit. The unsatisfied judgments against the defendant and the other signers of the note would not bar an action for fraud and deceit against the defendant.
It is next contended by counsel for the defendant that inasmuch as the defendant received his discharge in bankruptcy before this action was commenced, that such discharge is a complete defense. In support of their contention, they cite the cases of Crawford v. Burke, 195 U. S. 176, and Tindle v. Birkett, 205 U. S. 183, where the court held that debts, founded upon an express contract, even though they were created through the fraud of the bankrupt, were barred by a discharge in bankruptcy, provided they had not been reduced to judgments. Those decisions were rendered prior to the amendment of the Federal Bankruptcy Act in 1903, and have no application under the facts in the present case. Subdivision 2 of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898 provides that a discharge in bankruptcy which releases the bankrupt from all of his provablé debts, except such as “are judgments in actions for fraud, or obtaining property by false pretenses or false representations, or for wilful and malicious injuries to the person or property of another.” This section, as amended in 1903, provides that “a discharge in bankruptcy releases a bankrupt from all his provable debts, except such as * * * are liabilities for obtaining property by false pretenses or false representations. ’ ’ In discussing tbe effect of this amendment in tbe case of In re Lawrence, 163 Federal, 131, the court said:
“Upon comparing tbe two statutes, it will be noted that tbe former act excepted from tbe operation of a discharge ‘judgments’ for fraud or obtaining money by false pretenses or false representations, whereas, by the amendment of 1903, it is provided that ‘liabilities’ for obtaining money under false pretenses are excepted from the operation of a discharge. Tbe change in tbe statute above noted makes tbe opinion of Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, in tbe case above cited, inapplicable in tbis case.” Tbe opinion referred to in tbe quotation is that delivered in tbe case of Tindle v. Birkett, supra. Tbe Supreme Court of New Hampshire, in discussing tbe effect of tbis amendment in tbe case of Lund v. Bull, 23 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 819, said:
“As a consequence of tbis change in tbe statute, it is now held that debts procured through fraud, whether reduced to judgments or not, are not barred by a discharge ; and that under tbis act, as well as under tbe act of 1867, tbe fraud inducing tbe contract or debt must be actual, as distinguished from fraud in law (citing cases). Tbis being so, and it appearing that tbe defendant procured tbe money in question from tbe plaintiff by actual fraud, tbe discharge in bankruptcy is not a bar to the action.” See also, Frey v. Torrey, 175 N. Y. 501; 67 N. E. 1082; see also, Collier on Bankruptcy (9 ed.), pp. 390-91; Standard Sewing Machine Co. v. Kattel, 22 Am. Bk. Rep. 376, 117 N. Y. S. 32.
In tbe case of Strang v. Bradner, 114 U. S. 555, tbe court held that ‘ ‘ a claim against a bankrupt for damages on account of fraud or deceit practiced by him, is not discharged by proceeding’s in bankruptcy; nor is a debt created by diis fraud, discharged, even where it was proved against bis estate, and a dividend thereon received on account. ’ ’ Tbe reason given is that tbe statute expressly declares that a discharge is subject, even in respect of claims provable in bankruptcy, to tbe limitation that no debt created by the fraud of the bankrupt shall be discharged by the proceedings in bankruptcy. This decision was based upon a construction of the act of 1867. The bankruptcy act of 1898, as amended in 1903, enumerating debts not affected by discharge given thereunder provides that a discharge shall release a bankrupt from all his provable debts, except such as are liabilities for obtaining money by false pretenses or false representations. In this respect, both the act of 1867 and the act of 1898, as amended in 1903, differ from the original act of 1898. That is to say, under the law as amended by the act of 1903, as well as under the act of 1867, the creditor’s claim for a liability created by false representations need not have been reduced to judgment in order to be excepted from the operation of the discharge.
In the case of Talcott v. Friend, 103 C. C. A. 80, the court held that “an action for deceit is not based on a rescission of the contract, but implies an affirmance; and the proving of a claim in bankruptcy for the price of goods sold and delivered on a contract, and the receiving of dividends thereon is not a bar to a subsequent action by the creditor for deceit based on fraudulent representations inducing the sale.” The court further held that the action of a creditor in opposing a bankrupt’s discharge on the ground that he obtained credit on a materially false statement is not a bar to a subsequent action by the objecting creditor against the bankrupt for deceit based upon the same false statement. Moreover, in the present case, the plaintiff withdrew its objections, and there was no finding of the court, théreon. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiff is not barred from maintaining’ this action.
The term, “fraud,” in the clause of the bankruptcy act of 1867, defining the debts from which a bankrupt is not relieved by a discharge under the bankruptcy act, was held to mean positive fraud or fraud in fact involving moral turpitude or intentional wrong; and not implied fraud or fraud in law, which may exist without the imposition of bad faitli or immorality. Neal v. Clark, 95 U. S. 709.
While the later bankrupt act differs in language from the act of 1867, the purposes of the acts are the same, and the term fraud in the later act is to be given the same meaning as in the act of 1867. Bullis v. O’Beirne, 195 U. S. 606.
In Forsyth v. Vehmeyr, 177 U. S. 177, the court held that “a representation as to a fact, made knowingly, falsely and fraudulently for the purpose of obtaining money from another, and by means of which such money is obtained, creates á debt by means of a fraud involving moral turpitude and intentional wrong.” See also Morris v. Covey (Ark.), 148 S. W. 257.
In the case of Hutchinson v. Gorman, 71 Ark. 305, the court said: “In order to sustain an action for deceit, the plaintiff must not only show that he was misled and damaged by a false representation concerning a material fact, but he must go further, and show that the défendant knew at the time he made it that the representation was false, or that, being ignorant of whether it was true or false, he asserted that it was true, and did so with the intention to deceive the plaintiff.”
The court followed the principles of law announced in these decisions, and the instructions were full and complete, covering every phase of the issues involved in the case.
The testimony shows that the plaintiff did not discover the fraud of the defendant until in the spring of 1909. The complaint in the present case was filed on April 13, 1911, and summons was issued on that date. Therefore, the action is not barred by the statute of limitations of three, years. See Conditt v. Holden, 92 Ark. 618, and cases cited; McKneely v. Terry, 61 Ark. 527.
The judgment mil be affirmed.