Lead Opinion
The Court of Appeals in the instant case held that the defendant bus company owed no duty to a passenger who had alighted and taken two or three steps before he was injured. On the same question, in the Mueller and O’Reilly cases, supra, the Courts of Appeals for Hamilton and Cuyahoga Counties allowed recovery for the passenger, even though he had alighted and proceeded some distance at the time he was injured.
Section 6, Article IV of the Ohio Constitution, provides as follows:
“* * * whenever the judges of a Court of Appeals find that a judgment upon which they have agreed is in conflict with a judgment pronounced upon the same question by any other
The obvious purpose of this section is to require this court to determine the proper rule of law to be followed throughout the state, when the judgment of one Court of Appeals is in conflict with the judgment of another Court of Appeals on the same legal question.
It is, therefore, our duty in the instant case to determine the proper rule of law concerning the responsibility of a common carrier to a passenger who has already alighted and is injured as a result of conditions at or near the spot of alighting.
It is generally recognized that the duty of a common carrier of passengers is to exercise the highest degree of care for the safety of its passengers consistent with the practical operation of the system. 8 Ohio Jurisprudence (2d), 622, Carriers, Section 176; paragraph one of the syllabus of Jones v. Youngstown Municipal Ry. Co.,
Defendant claims that it may not be held liable in this case since it did not own the area where plaintiff alighted and was required by ordinance (Section 21-17-8, Toledo Municipal Code) to stop within designated areas. Such circumstances are relevant to the question of negligence and may be considered by the jury in determining whether defendant exercised the required degree of care. What is required of a bus company in order to satisfy its duty to passengers might well be different from what is required of a carrier that provides and maintains a platform or other area for passengers to alight. On the other hand, more may be required of a motorbus carrier than of one who operates a street railway system. See Cleveland Ry. Co. v. Crooks,
A common carrier of passengers has an obligation to exercise the highest degree of care to afford its passengers an opportunity to alight in a reasonably safe place. Brown v. Metropolitan Transit Authority,
The distance of the hazard from the place of alighting might be considered on the question of probability of injury or on whether defendant should have known of the condition. However, the fact that there was some distance between the danger and the spot of alighting does not automatically relieve defendant from liability.
Liability should not depend on how many steps the plaintiff had taken but rather upon whether the place where he
Under the modern view, if the carrier negligently discharges a passenger in an unsafe place, its liability continues until the passenger in the exercise of ordinary care has had a reasonable opportunity to reach a place of safety. 4 Blashfield, Automobile Law and Practice, 19, 147, Sections 2142 and 2172; Peterson v. City of Seattle, supra; Parker v. San Francisco, supra; Columbus Transportation Co. v. Curry, supra; Feldotto v. St. Louis Public Service Co., supra.
The passenger is required to exercise ordinary care for his own safety and if his own negligence contributes to his injury recovery will be barred. However, since the passenger has no control over where the bus will stop, he has the right to assume that it is a reasonably safe place to alight, and he may proceed accordingly until he realizes, or in the exercise of reasonable care should realize, otherwise. Jackson v. City of Seattle, 15 Wash. (2d) 505,
We find that a motorbus common carrier may be liable for injuries proximately resulting from its negligence in failing to afford a passenger an opportunity to alight in a reasonably safe place even though the passenger had alighted and taken two or three steps before he was injured. The judgment of the Court
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring. The sufficiency of the evidence was thoroughly tested in the courts below. The trial court denied a motion by defendant for a directed verdict. It overruled defendant’s motion for a new trial, which contained a claim of error that the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Judgment was entered on the verdict.
The weight of the evidence was specifically raised in the Court of Appeals by defendant in its sixth assignment of error:
“6. The verdict and judgment is * * * against the manifest weight of the evidence.” The Court of Appeals overruled this assignment of error, in the exercise of its constitutional power to weigh the evidence. The trial judge, the judges of the Court of Appeals and the members of the jury must be presumed to have reasonable minds under the doctrine of Hamden Lodge v. Ohio Fuel Gas Co.,
The more liberal rule of law announced in the majority opinion can only strengthen the holding of the Court of Appeals in its refusal to sustain the sixth assignment of error, the majority stating in its opinion that “the terrain between the sidewalk and curb was mostly bare ground with scattered clumps of grass. * * * The surface was uneven containing bumps and holes. * * * the visibility was relatively poor * *
Concurrence Opinion
concurs in paragraphs two and three of the syllabus but dissents from the judgment for the reason that there is no evidence in the record which would justify reasonable minds to conclude that any hole or other hazard contributed in any way to plaintiff’s fall.