DICKEY v FLUHART
Docket No. 75520
146 Mich App 268
Submitted March 7, 1985, at Detroit. - Decided October 8, 1985.
- The trial court correctly determined that plaintiff waived his right to a jury trial by failing to file a demand for a jury trial within 30 days after the filing of the answer to his initial complaint. Since plaintiff‘s amended complaint did nothing more than add new theories of liability based on the same set of circumstances, the trial court correctly found that plaintiff‘s right to demand a jury trial was not revived by his amended complaint.
- The trial judge did not err in refusing to disqualify himself when, prior to trial, he became aware of the mediation evaluation regarding this action.
- The trial court was correct in granting judgment in favor of the City of Novi on the basis of governmental immunity from tort liability for injuries arising out of the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.
- The trial court correctly determined that activity during the execution of even a lawful arrest is a ministerial-operational activity which does not confer immunity from tort liability upon the arresting officers.
- The standard of care required of a police officer in executing an arrest so as to avoid tort liability is that the officer may not utilize wanton or malicious conduct or demonstrate a reckless indifference to the common dictates of humanity. Thus, since the trial court found that conduct exercised by Officer Fluhart in arresting plaintiff was only negligent, liability cannot attach. The trial court‘s dismissal of plaintiff‘s action as to Officer Jelly is sustained and the finding of liability as to Officer Fluhart is reversed.
- Plaintiff‘s claim that the officers violated his civil rights was found to be without merit.
- The question of whether the trial court erred in not
imposing mediation sanctions is remanded for reconsideration in view of the holding in this appeal.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded. Jurisdiction is not retained.
T. M. BURNS, P.J., dissented from the majority opinion in regard to the liability of Officer Fluhart. He concurs on all of the other issues. It is his belief that an officer is justified only in using reasonable force in order to effect a lawful detention and search, just as an officer is entitled to use only reasonable force when making an arrest. He believes that the proper standard of care by which to determine a claim of negligence on the part of a police officer is that care which a reasonably prudent man would exercise in the discharge of official duties of like nature under like circumstances. He believes that there is no immunity from tort liability for the negligent performance of a ministerial-operational activity and would therefore affirm the finding that Officer Fluhart was liable for the injury resulting from his negligence.
REFERENCES FOR POINTS IN HEADNOTES
[1] Am Jur 2d, Jury § 57.
[2] Am Jur 2d, Judges § 222.
[3, 5, 6, 8, 11] Am Jur 2d, Municipal, School and State Tort Liability § 243.
When does police officer‘s use of force during arrest become so excessive as to constitute violation of constitutional rights, imposing liability under Federal Civil Rights Act of 1871 (42 USCS § 1983). 60 ALR Fed 204.
Right to resist excessive force used in accomplishing lawful arrest. 77 ALR3d 281.
[4] Am Jur 2d, Municipal Corporations, Counties and other Political Subdivisions §§ 128 et seq.
[7] Am Jur 2d, Assault and Battery §§ 2-6.
[9] Am Jur 2d, Negligence §§ 32 et seq.
[10] Am Jur 2d, Sheriffs, Police and Constables §§ 21 et seq.
OPINION OF THE COURT
1. JURY — WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL — AMENDMENTS TO PLEADING — COURT RULES.
A plaintiff waives the right to a jury trial where he fails to file a demand for a jury trial within 30 days after the filing of the answer to his initial complaint; an amendment to the pleading starts the time for a new jury demand only if the amendment introduces completely new matter into the case and does not assert only a claim or defense arising out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading (GCR 1963, 508.2[1], 508.4).
2. APPEAL — PRESERVING QUESTION — DISQUALIFICATION OF JUDGES — COURT RULES.
A plaintiff does not preserve for appeal an issue regarding a trial judge‘s failure to disqualify himself when, prior to trial, the judge became aware of the mediation evaluation in the case where the plaintiff did not file a motion for disqualification as required by the court rule pertaining thereto (GCR 1963, 316.6[h][2], 912.3[a]).
3. GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY — MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS — TORTS — GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTIONS.
A city is immune from tort liability for injuries arising out of the exercise or discharge of a governmental function such as where injuries arise during the course of a lawful arrest made by the
4. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS — HOME RULE CITIES — CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.
A home rule city is mandated by law to provide in its charter for the public peace, health and safety of persons and property (
5. GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY — ARREST — POLICE OFFICERS.
Activity by police officers during the execution of a lawful arrest is a ministerial-operational activity which does not confer immunity from tort liability upon the arresting officers.
6. ARREST — POLICE OFFICERS — TORT LIABILITY — NEGLIGENCE.
An action for tort liability may lie against a police officer as a result of conduct by the officer in executing an arrest only if the officer has utilized wanton or malicious conduct or demonstrated a reckless indifference to the common dictates of humanity; such an action will not lie where the officer‘s conduct was only negligent.
PARTIAL CONCURRENCE AND PARTIAL DISSENT BY T. M. BURNS, P.J.
7. ASSAULT AND BATTERY — ACTIONS.
A plaintiff must prove every element of the cause of action in order to recover on a claim of battery; moreover, a plaintiff‘s claim may fail if a defendant raises and proves a valid defense.
8. ARREST — SEARCHES — POLICE OFFICERS.
A police officer is justified only in using reasonable force in order to effect a lawful detention and search, just as an officer is entitled only to use reasonable force when making an arrest.
9. NEGLIGENCE — DUTY OF CARE — BREACH OF DUTY — PROXIMATE CAUSE.
A plaintiff, in order to prevail on a claim of negligence, must prove that the defendant owes a duty of care to the plaintiff, that defendant breached that duty and that such breach was a proximate cause of plaintiff‘s injuries.
10. NEGLIGENCE — POLICE OFFICERS — STANDARD OF CARE.
The standard of care for the determination of a claim of negligence on the part of a police officer arising from conduct in the performance of his duties is that care which a reasonably prudent man would exercise in the discharge of official duties of like nature under like circumstances.
There is no immunity from tort liability for the negligent performance of a ministerial-operational activity by a police officer.
Dice, Sweeney, Sullivan, Feikens, Hurbis & Foster, P.C. (by Lee A. Stevens), for plaintiff.
Lampert, Fried & Levitt, P.C. (by David M. Fried and Dennis Watson), for defendants.
Before: T. M. BURNS, P.J., and J. H. GILLIS and J. P. SWALLOW,* JJ.
J. P. SWALLOW, J. Plaintiff, Clifford Dickey, appeals as of right from a judgment and from certain orders as rendered in an Oakland County Circuit Court bench trial as to the defendant police officers and their city employer. The defendant police officers, Fluhart and Jelly, and the City of Novi cross-appeal. Consideration of only a partial transcript on appeal has been stipulated to and defendant Guardian Alarm Company is not a party to this appeal.
Factually, it appears from the findings of the trial judge that the injuries complained of were inflicted upon plaintiff during the course of a lawful arrest as made by City of Novi Police Officers Fluhart and Jelly. Plaintiff became the subject of the arrest when, in the course of his employment but after normal business hours, he entered his employer‘s place of business and either accidentally activated the burglar alarm or the subject alarm malfunctioned. In any case, the officers, under the mistaken belief that they were responding to a breaking and entering in progress, were confronted with a situation termed “excitable” by the trial judge, and thereupon ordered
* Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
Upon the close of plaintiff‘s proofs, the court directed a verdict of no cause of action as to Officer Jelly and Guardian Alarm Company. Upon submission of all proofs, the court found that Officer Fluhart was liable to plaintiff in the amount of $5,452 and also that plaintiff was without a cause of action as against the City of Novi.
Plaintiff‘s first assignment of error is that the trial court erred in not granting him a jury trial. The record is clear that plaintiff failed to file a demand for a jury trial within 30 days after the filing of the answer to his initial complaint as required by GCR 1963, 508.2(1), and, therefore, by operation of the court rule waived his right to same.
Plaintiff argues that notwithstanding GCR 1963, 508.2(1), the allowing of an amended complaint by the trial court entitles him to a right to a jury trial, at least as to those matters introduced by the amended complaint.
GCR 1963, 508.4 provides in pertinent part that:
“* * * A waiver of trial by jury is not revoked by an amendment of a pleading asserting only a claim or defense arising out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading. * * *”
Plaintiff‘s original complaint and plaintiff‘s amended complaint both allege several causes of action arising out of his arrest of February 27, 1978, by police officers of the City of Novi. The amended complaint does nothing more than add new theories of liability based on the same set of circumstances. The amended complaint adds a claim that plaintiff‘s constitutional rights had been violated and that the City of Novi negligently trained its police officers. These additional counts could have been included in the original complaint. The additional counts do not introduce new matters into the case, and, therefore, the trial judge was correct in finding that plaintiff‘s right to demand a jury trial was not revived.
Plaintiff next claims that the trial judge committed error by not disqualifying himself when, prior to trial, he became aware of the mediation evaluation. See GCR 1963, 316.6(h)(2). The trial judge learned of the specific evaluation as part of the proceedings surrounding plaintiff‘s unsuccessful motion to remand to the district court for the reason that the mediation evaluation did not exceed that court‘s jurisdictional limitations. See GCR 1963, 316.6(h)(3). The thrust of plaintiff‘s claim is that the trial judge, by knowing the amount of the mediation award, is tainted under GCR 1963, 316.6(h)(2) and thus should be considered prejudiced and ineligible to sit as the trier of fact under GCR 1963, 912.2.
The next several issues raised on both appeal and cross-appeal are controlled by the application of the governmental immunity statute to the facts of this case.
First, we concur that the trial judge was correct in granting judgment in favor of the City of Novi on the basis of governmental immunity as the city is immune from tort liability for injuries arising out of the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich 567; 363 NW2d 641 (1984).
Novi, a home rule city by virtue of constitution and statute,
Further, we concur with the trial court‘s holding that activity during the execution of even a lawful arrest is a ministerial-operational activity which does not confer immunity from tort liability upon the arresting officers, Sherbutte v Marine City, 374 Mich 48; 130 NW2d 920 (1964); see also Ross, supra, p 625.
We are now squarely faced with the question of what degree of care must be exercised by police officers in the making of an arrest so as to avoid tort liability. Ross instructs that, once the decision to arrest has been made by a police officer, the execution thereof must be performed in a proper manner.
“The determination of what type of action to take * * * make an immediate arrest, to pursue a suspect, issue a warning, await backup assistance, etc., is a discretionary-decisional act entitled to immunity. Once that decision has been made, however, the execution thereof must be performed in a proper manner, e.g., the arrest must be made without excessive force * * *.” (Emphasis added.) Ross, supra, pp 659-660.
Firestone v Rice, 71 Mich 377; 38 NW 885 (1888), an early Michigan case, establishes the standard of care required of a police officer in executing an arrest. An action may lie only if the officer has utilized wanton or malicious conduct or demonstrated a reckless indifference to the common dictates of humanity.
“There must be some discretion reposed in a sheriff or other officer, making an arrest for felony, as to the
means taken to apprehend the supposed offender, and to keep him safe and secure after such apprehension. And this discretion cannot be passed upon by a court or jury unless it has been abused through malice or wantonness or a reckless indifference to the common dictates of humanity. “The sheriff cannot stop, when the man is unknown to him, at the moment of arrest, to inquire into his character, or his intentions as to escape, or his guilt or innocence of the offense charged against him. His duty is to take him, to safely keep him, and to bring his body before a magistrate. If he does this without wantonness or malice, it is not for a jury to find that his precautions were useless and unnecessary in the light of after-acquired knowledge of the true character and intent of the accused, and to punish the sheriff in damages for what honestly appeared to him at the time to be reasonable and right.” Firestone, supra, pp 384, 387.
We resolve the apparent inconsistencies by noting that the issue of the standard of care required of a police officer when making an arrest was not before the Court in Ross. The language of Ross on that issue is thus not decisional and we hold that Firestone is controlling precedent in this state.
Since the trial judge found that conduct exercised by Officer Fluhart in arresting plaintiff was only negligent, liability cannot attach. The trial court‘s dismissal of plaintiff‘s action as to Police Officer Jelly is sustained and the finding of liability as to Officer Fluhart is reversed.
We also find plaintiff‘s claim that the police officers violated his civil rights and that he is therefore entitled to damages under the appropriate federal statute,
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Costs to defendants.
J. H. GILLIS, J., concurred.
T. M. BURNS, P.J., (concurring in part and dissenting in part). I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion in regard to the liability of Officer Fluhart. I concur on all other issues.
The trial court found that the search procedure conducted by Officer Fluhart was a ministerial act which was executed negligently. The trial court further found that plaintiff‘s injuries resulted from force exerted by the officer in placing plaintiff against the wall. The trial court, however, found that the officer did not commit an intentional tort.
Plaintiff‘s injuries occurred during the execution of a temporary detention and search. I agree with the majority‘s conclusion that the execution of the search procedure is a ministerial-operational activity and that the officer is not immune from tort liability arising from the performance of that activity. See Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich 567, 592, 659-660; 363 NW2d 641 (1984).
The question before us is whether the trial court properly concluded that a tort was committed. The existence of a tort will generally be determined with reference to common-law tort principles. In the present case, two different theories of liability were advanced, i.e., battery and negligence.
In order to recover on a claim of battery, a plaintiff must prove every element of the cause of action. Moreover, a plaintiff‘s claim may fail if a
However, I believe that the trial court properly concluded that the officer was liable for the injury resulting from his negligence. In order to prevail on a claim of negligence, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant owes a duty of care to plaintiff. The plaintiff must also show that defendant breached that duty and that such breach was a proximate cause of plaintiff‘s injuries. The dispute in this case is in regard to the duty of care. It is clear in this case that, because of the relationship between the parties, Officer Fluhart owed plaintiff a duty. The problem arises in regard to the extent of that duty. I believe that the proper standard of care in this situation is “that care which a reasonably prudent man would exercise in the discharge of official duties of like nature under like circumstances“.
This jurisdiction has returned to the common-law rule of one standard of due care. Laney v Consumers Power Co, 418 Mich 180, 186; 341 NW2d 106 (1983). See also Moning v Alfono, 400 Mich 425, 443; 254 NW2d 759 (1977). The Supreme Court has stated the standard by which to determine a claim of negligence on the part of a police officer: the officer‘s conduct should be compared to that care which a reasonably prudent man would exercise in the discharge of official duties of like nature under like circumstances. Fiser v Ann Arbor, 417 Mich 461, 470; 339 NW2d 413 (1983).
The majority apparently feels that a police officer must be held to some lesser standard of care than the general standard of care that is applicable to other persons in this state. The majority apparently believes that a police officer has a duty to act only in an “unwanton” or “unmalicious” manner. I cannot subscribe to a rule of law which would relieve a police officer from liability for unreasonable conduct in the performance of his duties. There is no less need for the use of reason in performing the job of a police officer than there is in any other activity. In fact, due to the nature of the job, there is probably a larger need to take rational action because of the recurring need for the use of weapons and physical force. Police officers are trained to remain calm and rational. On the other hand, police officers obviously encounter many stressful and unpredictable situations. However, the duty imposed on the officer is a duty of reasonable care under the circumstances of the case. I believe that this standard and the immunity granted for discretionary acts performed by police officers will adequately shield them from liability so that they may proficiently carry out the duties placed on them.
The trial court in this case did not state which standard of care was applied. The trial court simply found that the defendant negligently per-