Dickerman v. Gelsthorpe

| Mont. | Mar 1, 1897

Buck, J.

Counsel for respondent construe section 1361 in connection with section 1354 of the Political Code, as follows :

‘ ‘How to Prepare Ballots. The law does not allow a voter in any case to erase any names on his ballot. The law requires voting to be by the X-mark. First, on receipt of his ballot, the elector must forthwith and alone retire to one of the compartments, and prepare his ballot as follows :

“How to Vote a Straight Ticket. (1)' If the voter shall desire to vote a straight party ticket, he may do so by making a cross in the circle at the head of the list representing his political party. No other marks are necessary in such a case. Or (2) he may omit the cross in the circle at the head of the ticket, and make a cross opposite the name of each and every person on his party list for whom he desires to vote.

“How to Vote a Mixed Ticket. Omit the cross in the circle at the head of any list, and make a cross opposite the name of each and every person on any list for whom the voter desires to vote.

“How to Vote Where no Candidate’s Name is Printed. If no name of a candidate appears on his political list, — as, for instance, if no candidate for congressman is printed on a party list, — the voter may vote for a person for any such office as follows : (1) He may paste the name of the person for whom he desires to vote in the blank space left for the candidate’s name in such list, and always in such case must make a cross opposite such pasted name; or (2) he may write the name of the person for whom he desires to vote in the blank space left for the candidate’s name in such list, and always in such case must make a cross opposite such written name. ’ ’

The foregoing interpretation of the manner in which a voter should prepare the form of his ballot under said sections 1854 and 1361 is substantially correct. It is insisted, however, in behalf of respondent, that the provisions of section 1361 as to the manner in which a voter shall mark his ballot are mandatory, and that section 1403 does not justify or contemplate any other construction. Counsel for respondent ask, “What was the true purpose of section 1403? ” and, answering, say : “It was this : When a voter has made an honest attempt to comply with the law, and has gone far enough to show his intention to comply with the law, in marking his ballot, then the aid of section 1403 may be invoked; as, for example, when the voter attempts to make a cross, and makes not a perfect one, * * * and when the voter does not get his cross directly opposite the name of the candidate, but a little above or below. * * * An intent expressed in a way not authorized by the law is not expressed at all. * * * Section 1408 does not impose any additional duty upon judges of election or courts. If that section was entirely stricken from the statute books, the same duty rests upon those officers of the law (judges of election). It would still be their duty to count any part of the ballot which expresses the intention of the voter in the way and manner the law directs it to be expressed, and no less a duty to refuse to count it when such intention is not so expressed. ’ ’

All this line of argument is controverted by counsel for appellant, who insist that section 1403 serves a much broader purpose, and that the provisions as to how ballots should be marked contained in section 1361 (however explicit and literally imperative the language considered by itself) are not mandatory when due weight is given to the general object of the statute, and particularly to section 1403 aforesaid.

It is a general rule that election laws must be liberally construed. This court, in Stackpole v. Hallahan, 16 Mont. 40" court="Mont." date_filed="1895-04-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/stackpole-v-hallahan-6638650?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6638650">16 Mont. 40, 40 Pac. 80, (on page 57, 16 Mont., and page 85, 40 Pac.,) announces that “in the construction of election laws the whole tendency of American authority is towards liberality, to the end of sustaining the honest choice of the electors. ” The reason for this rule is that the paramount and ultimate object of all election laws under our system of government is to obtain an honest and fair expression from the voters upon all questions submitted to them. Underlying the Australian ballot system — embodied in the present election laws of this state— is the same principle. This new system was adopted because it was considered an improvement as to details on the old system adhered to in the preceding election laws of the territory. The primary object of both systems was to obtain an expression of the will of the people. The new system furnishes the latest and most modern safeguards evolved from practical experience to secure the individual volition and independence of the voter, and prevent fraud and coercion in any form. It is apparent that any form of voting prescribed by election statutes, while a natural and necessary incident, is still only an incident to the main object in the enactment of the same. In considering the details of any and all means by which an end is to be accomplished, the end itself must never be overlooked. Hence, it is our duty in this controversy — if we can, under the law — to count all ballots honestly cast; for, if the voter substantially complies with the prescribed statutory method for preparing and casting his ballot, the main purpose of the election law is complied with.

The distinctive feature of the Australian ballot system is the use of the mark in connection with the names of the candidates and questions to be voted on; and, of course, unless the mark is employed to indicate the choice of the voter in his ballot, the ballot he casts is a nullity, however clearly that choice might otherwise be expressed. (See Martin v. Miles, 46 Neb. 772" court="Neb." date_filed="1896-01-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/martin-v-miles-6650178?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6650178">46 Neb. 772, 65 N. W. 889.) But if, from the marking of the ballot in substantial compliance with the law, the intent and choice of the voter clearly appear, then his ballot should be counted, unless the statute expressly or by clear inference forbids it; otherwise the true spirit of the election law might be violated by subordinating the essence to a mere element of detail, and substance might be sacrificed to form. The elective franchise is not conferred upon the citizen by the legislature, or by virtue of legislative enactments. The right to vote is a constitutional right, and is one of the bulwarks of our form of government and system of civil liberty.

In State v. Russell, 34 Neb. 116" court="Neb." date_filed="1892-03-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-ex-rel-waggoner-v-russell-6647572?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6647572">34 Neb. 116, 51 N. W. 465, the question of when statutory provisions as to the manner of voting are mandatory and when directory, is clearly discussed. The opinion by Post, J., quotes first section 190 of the last edition of McCrary on the Law of Elections. That section is as follows : ' ‘If the statute expressly declares any particular act to be essential to the validity of the election, or that its omission shall render the election void, all courts whose duty it is to enforce such statute must so hold, whether the particular act in question goes to the merits or affects the result of the election or not. Such a statute is imperative, and all consideration touching its policy or impolicy must be addressed to the legislature. But if, as in most cases, the statute simply provides that certain acts or things shall be done within a particular time, or in a particular manner and does not declare that their performance is essential to the validity of the election, then they will be regarded as mandatory if they do, and directory if they do not, affect the actual merits of the election. ’ ’

Section 448 of Paine on Elections is also quoted. The opinion then states : ‘ ‘The view expressed by these authors has the support of the great majority of cases in this country and England. In fact, we are not aware that there is to be found in the reports any diversity of opinion on the subject, ” — citing numerous authorities. In the dissenting opinion of Chief Justice Andrews and one of the associate justices in Talcott v. Philbrick (Conn.) 20 A. 436" court="Conn." date_filed="1890-10-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/talcott-v-philbrick-6582831?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6582831">20 Atl. 436, on page 439, we find this language : ‘ ‘Doubtless the legislature has the constitutional power to place any and all restrictions about a ballot, or about the act of voting, which, in its judgment, are necessary or proper to secure independent action by the voter, or to make intimidation, cheating or bribery at the polls impossible, or as nearly so as can be done by legislative enactment; and when the legislature has in clear and explicit words said that a ballot shall be void for any cause, the courts must so declare, even though the cause seems to them unreasonable. But on the other hand, no voter is to be disfranchised, and no ballot is to be declared void, on doubtful construction. All statutes tending to limit the the exercise of the elective franchise by the citizen should be liberally construed in his favor; and, unless a ballot comes within the letter of the prohibition against a particular kind of a ballot, it should be counted. A great constitutional privilege, the highest under the government, is not to be taken away on a mere technicality, but the most liberal intendment should be made in support of the elector’s action whenever the application of the common-sense rules which are applied in other cases will enable the courts to understand and render it effective,” — citing authorities.

In a recent opinion of the New York Court of Appeals (People v. Wood, 42 N.E. 536" court="NY" date_filed="1895-12-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/people-ex-rel-hirsh-v--wood-3597675?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3597675">42 N. E. 536) Andrews, C. J., says : “The object of elections is to ascertain the popular will, and not to thwart it. The object of election laws is to secure the rights of duly-qualified electors, and not to defeat them. Statutory regulations are enacted to secure freedom of choice and to prevent fraud, and not by technical obstruction to make the right of voting insecure and difficult. ’ ’

Wigmore on Australian Ballot System (2d Ed. p. 193) says: “Whenever our statutes do not expressly declare that particular informalities avoid the ballot, it would seem best to consider their requirements as directory only. The whole purpose of the ballot as an institution is to obtain a correct expression of intention; and if, in a given case, the intention is clear, it is an entire misconception of the purpose of the requirements to treat them as essentials, — that is, as objects in themselves, and not merely as means. ’ ’ The general rule is clear, then, that unless statutory provisions as to voting are expressly declared to be mandatory, or by clear inference were necessarily intended to be so, the courts should regard them as directory only.

Counsel for respondent urge that the previsions of section 1361 are so clear and plain that they cannot be misunderstood. We cannot agree with this statement. They are not so free from ambiguity that even an intelligent voter may not readily be misled by them. Nowhere in the election statutes of ■ this state is there any express declaration that the said provisions of section 1361 are mandatory. The following cases have been cited as holding that 1 £the provisions of the statute as to voting are mandatory: ” Taylor v. Bleakley (Kan. Sup.) 39 Pac. 1045; Lay v. Parsons (Cal.) 38 P. 447" court="Cal." date_filed="1894-12-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/lay-v-parsons-5447341?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5447341">38 Pac. 447; Parvin v. Wimberg (Ind. Sup.) 30 N.E. 790" court="Ind." date_filed="1892-03-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/parvin-v-wimberg-7051272?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7051272">30 N. E. 790. The Kansas decision, supra, was rendered under an election statute which directly declared that a vote not marked in the manner prescribed should not be counted. The California opinion, above, enunciates the doctrine more by way of dictum than decision. In the Indiana case, supra, the court cites as one of the reasons for its decision a section of the state’s statutes which declared that when a stamp was placed upon a ballot so as not to touch 'a square thereon, the stamp should be held to be a distinguishing mark, and the ballot,' in consequence, should not be counted. The decision, in Curran v. Clayton, 86 Me. 42" court="Me." date_filed="1893-11-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/curran-v-clayton-4935487?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="4935487">86 Me. 42, 29 Atl. 930, does not impress us as correctly stating the law. But it is unnecessary to comment upon the decisions of other courts, for most or all of them were rendered under statutes differing from the one before us. If we construe section 1403 as appellant claims it- should be construed, then the question of whether the provisions of section 1361 are mandatory or not is readily answered. In State v. Russell, supra, the supreme court of Nebraska directly passed upon section 20 of the election laws of Nebraska; and said section 20 is almost identical with section 1103 of the Montana statute. It was contended by counsel in the Nebraska case that the scope of section 20 was of the same limited nature that respondent’s counsel claim for section 1103. But the Nebraska court held otherwise, and construed it in a much broader sense. The decision in Parker v. Orr (Ill. Sup.) 41 N. E. 1002, is also directly in point. We are of opinion that section 1103 was clearly intended to modify sections 1351 and 1361, and that the provisions of these two last-named sections must be construed in connection with section 1103. From the language of the last-named section it is clear to us that the provisions of section 1361 as to the manner of preparing a ballot are mandatory as to the use by the voter of the cross-mark to indicate his choice, but in other respects (so far as this appeal is concerned) are merely directory. Even if the ballot is not correct in form under the requirements of section 1361, if from the cross-marks placed upon it the intent of the voter as to the whole ballot, or any part thereof, clearly appears, then the whole ballot or such part thereof, as the case may lie, should be counted.

In this view of the law, can it be said that it is impossible to determine from their ballots the choice of the 72 electors whose votes were rejected by the lower court ? They were marked with- a cross in the circle at the head of the Democratic or People’s party list, and in each a cross was placed opposite Hartman’s name in the Silver Republican list or column. The name of no candidate for congress appeared on the Democratic or People’s party list. We think it is clear that the in-, tent of these voters was to cast a ballot for their own straight party ticket and also for Hartman. These voters, counsel for respondent claim, by the use of a cross opposite Hartman’s name, must be held, in the eye of the law, to have intended to vote only for a congressman. Upon this theory their votes by crosses in the circle for all the other candidates listed on the straight party tickets, even for presidential electors, were nullified. On the same principle, if a voter marks a cross opposite the name of an independent candidate for constable, standing alone in another list, his whole straight party vote would have to be sacrificed to his vote for constable. In our opinion, the cross in the circle at the top of the list is, under the statute, so far as the legal intent is concerned, equivalent to placing a cross opposite the name of each and every candidate in the list under said circle. The legal intent from the cross in the circle is not subordinate to the intent manifested by marking crosses opposite the names of particular candidates in other lists. If these 72 voters had omitted a cross in the circle, and had marked a cross opposite the name of each candidate in the list thereunder, no question would have arisen as to counting these ballots. By marking their ballots as they did, the same result was accomplished. Whittam v. Zahorik (Ia.) 59 N.W. 57" court="Iowa" date_filed="1894-05-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/whittam-v-zahorik-7106235?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7106235">59 N. W. 57, sustains this view. We do not agree with the doctrine in Young v. Simpson (Col. Sup.) 42 Pac. 666, to the effect that a cross-mark opposite the name- of a candidate evinces a particular intent which controls any general intent manifested by marking a cross at the top of the party list. It follows, therefore, that the lower court committed no error in counting for appellant the 66 ballots which were marked in the circle at the top of the list, and also contained marks opposite the names of certain candidates other than appellant’s in the same list. No objection, or even suggestion, is made that these 66 ballots were marked for the purpose of distinguishing them. The court rejected eight ballots marked with a cross in the circle at the top of the list in which respondent’s name appeared. On these eight ballots marks also had been placed opposite the names of certain candidates other than appellant Gelsthorpe in. another -list: This was error. These votes should have been counted for respondent. If on these ballots appellant’s name had been marked, then it would have been impossible to determine whether the voter intended to vote for respondent or appellant, and a mark in the circle at the top in favor of respondent would have neutralized the mark opposite appellant’s name.

There is one other question discussed in the briefs of counsel. Testimony was offered by 'Contestant for the purpose of showing that the respondent had not been properly nominated on the Silver Republican ticket, and for the purpose of throwing out votes which had been cast for him under that party list. It is unnecessary for us to pass upon that point here, as a similar question in another election contest is now pending before us. The judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to render judgment in favor of appellant in accordance with the views herein expressed. Remittitur forthwith.

Reversed.

Hunt, J., concurs.