329 Mass. 695 | Mass. | 1953
The plaintiffs, partners doing business as Electro Products Company (hereinafter called Electro), sue
The question whether the evidence in an action at law-warrants a general finding made by a judge on conflicting oral testimony is not raised by an exception to that finding. Sreda v. Kessel, 310 Mass. 588, 589. Matter of Loeb, 315 Mass. 191, 194. Robinson v. Trustees of New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 318 Mass. 121, 134. Barton v. Cambridge, 318 Mass. 420, 423 -424. The exceptions to the findings must be overruled. Nothing turns on this here, however, as the rulings on the requests present the issues.
The function of a collating machine, which is about the size of a standard desk, is to deposit small dots of glue on separate sheets of paper, thereby facilitating the production of custom made business forms. Electro, which builds machine parts and assemblies, began making the “Paddy carbon interleaving machine,” concerned in these cases, in the spring of 1949. One Herbits, president of Graphic, which held a patent on a collating machine, went to Roger DiCicco, one of three brothers constituting the partnership known as Electro, to have a machine built. He told Roger where a sample machine might be seen. Roger looked it over and copied down its specifications.
On July 26,1949, after Electro had produced one machine, Electro and Graphic entered into a written contract whereby Graphic granted to Electro an exclusive license to manufacture for Graphic machines covered by the patent. Electro was to manufacture “in accordance with the quality of material, workmanship and construction of the model Paddy
By July, 1950, Electro had produced 30 machines under the contract upon order of Graphic. These were in two lots, the first of 10 and the second of 20. During the course of their production many changes in specifications were made at Graphic’s request. On July 13, 1950, there was a conversation about costs, at which were present Herbits, Roger, the plaintiff Tripoli DiCicco, and one Pratt, the treasurer of New England Duplicating Co., Inc., a distributor for Graphic. The DiCiccos brought out the fact that the many changes had added appreciably to the costs, and that “it would be necessary to review the cost of this machine” if the new machine, rather than the original machine, was to be built. Herbits and Pratt stated that they wanted the new machine. Roger said that the new machine would cost $1,248.20, and that Electro would build a minimum of 10 units. Herbits said that Graphic would pay $1,248.20 for 15 machines. This conversation was purportedly confirmed in a letter of July 17, 1950, from Electro to Graphic, asking for a written acceptance on “a minimum quantity of ten units” and a deposit of $100 on each machine ordered. On July 25, 1950, Graphic wrote Electro as
There was evidence from which the judge would have been warranted in finding the foregoing facts. It cannot be soundly contended that the evidence as a whole required a finding for Graphic in each case, and Graphic’s requests for rulings to that effect were rightly denied. In the action by Electro the judge could have found that there was a simple situation of goods sold and delivered and not paid for. In the action by Graphic he could have found that there was no breach of contract.
In an extensive brief Graphic seems to ignore altogether the effect of the provision in the written contract which qualifies the $700 limit on price: “The total . . . cost . . . shall in no event exceed the sum of $700 unless otherwise mutually agreed upon between Graphic and Electro in writing.” The letters of July 17 and 25, 1950, if not constituting, as matter of law, such a mutual agreement, at least could have been found to be one. This is in effect what the judge did. He made no general statement of his findings. But his action upon requests and his findings made in ruling upon some of them show this to be the view he took of these cases. He granted Electro’s fourth request,
Graphic contends that Electro repudiated the original contract by refusing to manufacture machines at $700 each. But the judge was not obliged to make such a finding. The judge could have accepted Roger’s testimony that Electro was willing to build in accordance with the original model at $700 each. Graphic takes the position that, no matter what changes had been made in the machine and no matter what the increased cost of manufacture, Electro had to make the revised machine for $700. Such a contention cannot be accepted. To do so upon evidence upon which Graphic relies in this respect, such as the form of the invoices for the first 30 machines, or additional amortization payments made on the second 20 machines, would be tantamount to making the unusual ruling that there was waiver as matter of law. MacDonald & Payne Machine Co. Inc. v. Metallic Arts of New England, Inc. 324 Mass. 353, 356. Nor is this a situation where the parties placed a construction upon an ambiguous contract, as in Atwood v. Boston, 310 Mass. 70.
What has been said disposes of many of the questions argued. In this category are Graphic’s requests 7 and 8,
Graphic’s fourteenth request was, “If the plaintiff paid the additional amount for the last 15 machines under compulsion, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover the excess.” The fifteenth request was, “Upon all the evidence the plaintiff’s payment of the excess was the result of r duress of goods.’” Both requests were denied with the statement, “Facts not so found.” There was no error. The case of Murphy v. Brilliant Co. 323 Mass. 526, on which Graphic relies, is quite distinguishable. There the defendant could have been found to have threatened an unlawful detention of the plaintiff’s boat unless more than the agreed price for repairs was paid. Here nothing was withheld; and the contract contemplated a change in price by mutual agreement, which could be found to have been made. Graphic lays great store by the final sentence of its letter of July 25, 1950, in substance to the effect that the payment of $1,248.20 each for 15 machines did not affect “the agreement between us now in existence.” The argument goes to the extent of claiming that at the same time Graphic was promising to pay $1,248.20 for a machine an unequivocal term of its promise was that it would sue to recover back all in excess of $700, and that this term was accepted by Electro. We are not surprised that the judge was not impressed by this contention. There were more reasonable explanations of the arrangement open on the evidence. As we have herein-
Graphic argues that it was induced to pay $1,248.20 by fraud of Electro, which represented this sum to be the cost, and that there is evidence the cost was $1,193. It is not clear to what requests this argument is intended to apply. Indeed, we are not sure that this question was raised in the court below. There is no suggestion of fraud in the pleadings. There was, of course, no such finding. Fraud is never presumed. Kerrigan v. Fortunato, 304 Mass. 617, 620. The judge, to say the very least, was not required to find that the cost was intentionally misrepresented.
The other requests of Graphic which were denied, and which relate to damages or to pleading or to burden of proof, do not merit discussion.
The judge allowed Electro’s requests 5, 6, and 7.
Exceptions overruled.
The requests hereinafter referred to by number are in the case in which Graphic is plaintiff.
7. “If the defendants refused to go on with the manufacture of the machine without any legal excuse, then they repudiated the contract.” 8. “The plaintiff is excused from tendering written orders, and the deposits, for more machines, if the defendants definitely refused to manufacture them for the plaintiff for less than $1,248.20. (This request applies to the machines other than the first 45).”
16. “Upon all the evidence the defendants renounced the agreement of July 26, 1949.” 17. “Upon all the evidence the fact that the first 30 machines differed from the original model made by Electro does not give the defendants a legal right to refuse to make further machines like the said 30 for $700 each.” 18. “Upon all the evidence the plaintiff had the right to insist that the defendants make further machines (after the 45) like the said 30 or the said 15 at $700 each.” 19. “In that regard the agreement of July 26, 1949, still controls.”
3. “If the machine that was referred to in the letters of July 17 and July 25, 1950, differed materially from the model machine referred to in the contract of July 26, 1949, then there was consideration to support the contract of July 25, 1950.”
5. “If the agreement of July 26, 1949, provides that ‘Electro manufacture . . . upon the written orders of Graphic, all such Paddy Machines and parts thereof as Graphic may need to enable it to meet the demands of its business,’ then the defendant cannot be said to have breached the said agreement on the grounds of refusal to manufacture additional machines unless it is shown that the order for the additional machines was in writing.” 6. “ If the contract of July 26,1949, provides that orders for Paddy Machines shall be ‘in multiples of 10 or more,’ then an order for 15 machines is not one given in accordance with the terms of the original contract but is in breach thereof.” 7. “If the defendant manufactured and delivered machines in accordance with its contract and was not paid therefor by the plaintiff, then such a failure to make payment was a material breach of contract which would excuse the defendant from further performance of the said contract.”