Lead Opinion
1 Appellant Diamante, a Private Membership Golf Club, LLC (Club), appeals the November 14, 2012 order of the Saline County Circuit Court denying its motion to compel arbitration. The Club argues that it did not waive its right to compel arbitration; that its transaction with appellees Gary and Linda Dye did involve interstate commerce and required the application of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA); and that there was an agreement to arbitrate between the parties. Although we hold that there was a valid arbitration clause contained in an agreement between the parties, we affirm the circuit court’s denial of the Club’s motion to compel arbitration under the specific facts of this case.
Appellees own Lot 5, Block 20 in the Diamante Subdivision of Hot Springs Village, Saline County, Arkansas. On February 2, 2012, appellees filed a petition for declaratory judgment asking the circuit court to declare unenforceable the membership-and-dues requirement contained in the Corrected Supplemental Declaration of Covenants and | ¡¡Restrictions (Supplemental Declaration) filed on December 18, 1997, in connection with their lot in Hot Springs Village.
Appellees signed a contract when they purchased their lot that indicated that their membership and obligation to pay dues would be subject to the articles, bylaws, if any, and rules and regulations of the Club as revised or amended by the Club or any owner of the Club in its sole discretion. Furthermore, the Supplemental Declaration, which is the subject of appellees’ petition for declaratory judgment, states that they shall pay dues and that the membership shall be subject to the provisions and limitations in the Supplemental Declaration and in accordance with the articles, by-laws, if any, and rules and regulations of the Club. Under the Supplemental Declaration, appellees are required to be members of the Club and to pay monthly membership dues to the Club. If appellees fail to pay the monthly dues, the Club may file a lien against their lot and subsequently foreclose on that lien to collect the unpaid dues.
At the time appellees purchased their lot, there were no by-laws in existence for the Club, but by-laws were adopted by the Club in the summer of 2006,
|sThe by-laws state that any controversy, other than nonpayment of dues, charges, and accounts by a member, arising out of, or relating to the by-laws or the rules and regulations, or any member’s membership, or a breach, which is not within the jurisdiction of the small-claims court, shall be settled by binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its rules.
Appellees amended their petition for declaratory relief on September 10, 2012, which added a new allegation against the Club. Appellees alleged for the first time in the amended petition that the Club was breaching the Supplemental Declaration by allowing non-full golf members to play golf on the course.
Our rules of appellate procedure allow for interlocutory appeals from orders denying a motion to compel arbitration. Ark. R.App. P.-Civ. 2(a)(12) (2012). We review the denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo on the record. IIPD, LLC v. TETRA Techs., Inc.,
I. Agreement to Arbitrate Between the Parties
Arbitration is strongly favored in Arkansas as a matter of public policy and is looked upon "with approval by courts as a less expensive and more expeditious means of settling litigation and relieving docket congestion. Hot Spring Cnty. Med. Ctr. v. Ark. Radiology Affiliates, P.A.,
Arkansas statutes concerning arbitration make it plain that a clear agreement to submit to arbitration is essential:
(a) This subchapter governs an agreement to arbitrate made on or after the effective date of this subchapter.
(b) This subchapter governs an agreement to arbitrate made before the effective date of this subchapter if all the parties to the agreement or to the arbitration proceeding so agree in a record.
Ark.Code Ann. § 16-108-203 (Supp.2011) (emphasis added). The court shall decide whether an agreement to arbitrate exists or a controversy is subject to an agreement to arbitrate. Ark.Code Ann. § 16-108-206(b) (Supp.2011) (emphasis added). Additionally,
[o]n motion of a person, showing an agreement to arbitrate and alleging another person’s refusal to arbitrate pursuant to the agreement: ... (2) If the refusing party opposes the | ^motion, the court shall proceed summarily to decide the issue and order the parties to arbitrate unless it finds that there is no enforceable agreement to arbitrate.
Ark.Code Ann. § 16-108-207(a) (Supp. 2011) (emphasis added).
Arbitration is a matter of contract between the parties. Hot Spring Cnty. Med. Ctr., supra. The question of whether a lawsuit should be submitted to arbitration is a matter of contract construction. Id. The elements of a contract are (1) competent parties, (2) subject matter, (3) legal consideration, (4) mutual agreement, and (5) mutual obligations. Sumner, supra.
It is undisputed that the parties in this case are competent. We hold that the subject matter is clear from the arbitration provision in the by-laws, the contract signed by appellees, the Supplemental Declaration, and additional documents such as an Addendum to the original contract signed by appellees and a representative for the Club and a 2007 Membership Change of Status Request document signed by Mr. Dye in which the by-laws were acknowledged. The consideration of appellees is the payment of dues and the purchase of the lot, and the consideration on the part of the Club is allowing appel-lees to use the Club — through their membership — and the sale of the lot. There is a mutual obligation because both sides must arbitrate all controversies other than collection cases and small claims, with both parties treated the same under the arbitration provision. See Hamilton v. Ford Motor Credit Co.,
We also hold that there is mutual agreement, with both parties assenting to the agreement and having a meeting of the minds when the objective indicators are reviewed. See Sumner, supra. Appellees signed an agreement that their membership and obligation to |fipay dues would be subject to the by-laws, if any. After bylaws were adopted in 2006, appellees continued to pay their dues and continued to be members of the Club, as they still are today. Also, in 2007, Mr. Dye signed a Membership Change of Status Request document with the Club in which he acknowledged the by-laws of the Club and agreed to pay certain fees in accordance with the by-laws.
Amended terms to a contract, here the arbitration provisions, can be enforced when there is notice. Tinder v. Pinkerton Sec.,
II. Interstate Commerce and Application of the FAA
Our supreme court has held that the FAA applies if a transaction involves interstate commerce even if the parties did not contemplate an interstate-commerce connection. Pest Mgmt., Inc. v. Langer,
Appellees cite Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Archer,
A written provision in any maritime transaction or a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy ... shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of a contract.
Appellees argue that the FAA does not apply because this case involves an Arkansas lot, an Arkansas seller, an Arkansas buyer, a contract signed in Arkansas, and by-laws adopted solely by the Club in Arkansas at a time when an agreement to arbitrate in this state had to be in writing. See former Ark.Code Ann. § 16-108-201 (Repl.2006), repealed by Act 695 of 2011, which requires a “written agreement” to arbitrate.
Appellees attempt to distinguish Langer, supra, noting that there was a contract signed by both parties, and the contract contained a written arbitration agreement stating that it |swould be governed by the FAA. Langer, supra. They also challenge appellant’s reliance on Tinder, supra, not1 ing that the case dealt with a specific arbitration clause contained in a pamphlet released by the employer a year later and applied specifically to an at-will employee situation in Wisconsin.
Based on Langer, supra, and Carroll, supra, we hold that the FAA applies. The Club’s sale of lots to both in-state and out-of-state members and the continuing membership benefit of the ability to play other ClubCorp courses nationwide is sufficient to trigger the application of the FAA in this ease.
III. Waiver of Right to Compel Arbitration
As stated in Heide, supra, we review the denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo on the record. Although we are not bound by the circuit court’s decision, in the absence of a showing that the circuit court erred in its interpretation of the law, the circuit court’s decision will be accepted as correct on appeal. Id.
Our supreme court recently reiterated that when a court is asked to compel arbitration, it is limited to deciding two threshold questions: (1) whether there is a valid agreement to arbitrate between the parties, and if there is, (2) whether the dispute falls within the scope of the agreement. LegalZoom.com, Inc. v. McIllwain,
The Club filed its motion to compel arbitration approximately seven months after the appellees had filed their original petition for declaratory judgment. The motion was filed in conjunction with a response to the amended petition for declaratory judgment. The Club asserts that, in this case, seven months is not too long of a period before filing a motion to compel arbitration. The parties had not begun merit discovery, only class discovery, and the Club’s motion was filed with a response to an amended pleading that raised new allegations and claims against the Club.
Additionally, the Club submits that ap-pellees have not been prejudiced by the filing of the motion to compel arbitration seven months after the beginning of the litigation, noting that Mr. Dye expressly testified that he had not been harmed by the motion to compel being filed in September 2012. It is undisputed that appel-lees want to continue to be members of the Club and to pay their dues. Lastly, the contract signed by appellees was not in the Club’s file but was found through discovery, and only after it had been discovered was the motion to compel arbitration filed. For these reasons, the Club claims that it did not waive its right to compel arbitration.
The evidence before us indicates that during the seven-and-a-half months after appellees had filed their original case on February 3, 2012, but before the Club first raised the issue of arbitration on September 19, 2012, the Club filed a motion to dismiss, a motion for | inrecusal, two “withdrawals,” a motion for continuance, as well as responses to several motions filed by appellees. A hearing was held on May 10, 2012, before Judge Arnold, at which rulings on many, if not all, of these motions were obtained.
In Heide, this court noted that
[ojther courts have found waiver when a defendant has taken affirmative steps in an action involving a claim which was allegedly covered by an arbitration agreement. Determining whether a waiver has occurred requires a factually specific inquiry and is “not susceptible to bright line rules.” Generally, “waiver is more likely to be found the longer the litigation goes on, the more a party avails itself of the opportunity to litigate, and the more that party’s litigation results in prejudice to the opposing party.”
Heide,
Affirmed.
Notes
. The by-laws were executed during the first week of August 2006, but state that they were deemed effective as of June 1, 2006.
. The Club claims that this is a matter involving appellees' membership and should be decided by arbitration just as the other issues raised in the petition should be decided by arbitration — and that appellees should not be allowed to raise new allegations against the Club without it being allowed to at least assert its right to arbitrate the issues.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
I join the majority opinion without reservation. I write separately to further emphasize the fact-specific nature of our decision affirming the circuit court’s decision that the appellant had waived the right to enforce the arbitration agreement.
As the majority decision explains, we review the denial of a motion to compel arbitration de novo on the record. Advocat, Inc. v. Heide,
It is well-settled law that even utilizing a de novo standard of review, the reviewing court will not reverse absent a showing that the circuit court erred. Clemenson v. Rebsamen,
Our affirmation of the circuit court’s opinion does not draw a line in the sand that seven months will always be too long to assert a right to enforce an agreement to arbitrate a claim. The particulars of each case matter, and clearly the appellant’s participation in discovery, filing of motions, responding to motions, and participation in hearings over seven months were sufficient for us to find that the circuit court did not err in its application of the factors announced in Heide.