295 Neb. 15 | Neb. | 2016
Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/ 10/21/2016 09:08 AM CDT
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C lareNCe W. d evNey , appellee , v . e lizabeth a. d evNey , appellaNt .
___ N.W.2d ___ Filed October 21, 2016. No. S-15-937. 1. Statutes: Appeal and Error. To the extent an appeal calls for statutory interpretation or presents questions of law, an appellate court must reach an independent conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the court below.
2. Divorce: Appeal and Error. In actions for dissolution of marriage, an appellate court reviews the case de novo on the record to determine whether there has been an abuse of discretion by the trial judge. This standard of review applies to the trial court’s determinations regarding division of property.
3. Judges: Words and Phrases. A judicial abuse of discretion exists if the reasons or rulings of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly depriv- ing a litigant of a substantial right and denying just results in matters submitted for disposition.
4. Statutes. Statutes which effect a change in the common law are to be strictly construed. 5. Contracts: Marriage. All postnuptial agreements were void at com- mon law. 6. Estates: Divorce: Property Settlement Agreements: Waiver. The lan- guage of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2316(d) (Reissue 2008) contemplates the waiving of the spouse’s rights of inheritance only. It makes no reference to agreements allocating property rights upon separation or divorce.
7. Divorce: Property Settlement Agreements. An agreement between a husband and wife concerning the disposition of their property, not made in connection with the separation of the parties or the dissolution of their marriage, is not binding upon the courts during a later dissolution proceeding under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-366 (Reissue 2008).
8. Marriage: Property Settlement Agreements: Public Policy. Post- nuptial property agreements are against the public policy of Nebraska because of the deleterious effect such agreements have on marriages.
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9. Marriage: Property Settlement Agreements: Statutes. Nebraska has no statutory authority supporting property agreements postnuptially. 10. Marriage: Property Settlement Agreements: Public Policy. Post- nuptial property agreements are void as statutorily unauthorized, and such agreements both were prohibited under common law and violate the public policy of Nebraska.
11. Contracts: Public Policy. Any contract which is clearly contrary to public policy is void. 12. Courts: Divorce: Property Settlement Agreements: Appeal and Error. A district court abuses its discretion by relying exclusively on void portions of an agreement to make property distributions in a dis- solution proceeding, such reliance being clearly untenable.
Appeal from the District Court for Saunders County: m ary C. G ilbride , Judge. Vacated in part, and in part reversed and remanded with direction.
Michael B. Lustgarten, of Lustgarten & Roberts, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant. Frederick D. Stehlik and Zachary W. Lutz-Priefert, of Gross & Welch, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee. h eaviCaN , C.J., W riGht , m iller -l ermaN , C assel , s taCy , k elCh , and F uNke , JJ. F uNke , J.
NATURE OF CASE
This matter commenced as a petition for dissolution of mar- riage between Clarence W. Devney and Elizabeth A. Devney. The district court dissolved the marriage between the parties and divided the parties’ assets and debts. In doing so, the dis- trict court found that a postnuptial property agreement entered into by the parties was valid and enforceable and that the divi- sion of the marital estate was fair and reasonable. Elizabeth appeals from both of these findings.
The main issue presented is whether a property agree- ment in a postnuptial agreement that was not attendant upon the spouses’ separation or divorce is valid in Nebraska.
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We conclude that such property agreements remain void in Nebraska. Accordingly, the district court erred in enforcing the property agreement provision of the parties’ postnuptial agree- ment. For the reasons set forth herein, we reverse in part, and vacate in part, the judgment of the trial court and remand the cause with direction.
BACKGROUND
Clarence and Elizabeth were married in August 1998. No children were born of their marriage, but each party had chil- dren from previous marriages, all of whom have reached the age of majority. Clarence commenced a marital dissolution proceeding in April 2014. After a trial, the court issued its decree in September 2015.
At trial, Clarence sought to enforce the parties’ postnuptial agreement. Clarence and Elizabeth executed the postnuptial agreement in January 1999, 5 months after their marriage. The parties had discussed a prenuptial agreement with Clarence’s attorney to protect the interests of their children from previ- ous marriages but failed to execute one before the marriage. Instead, the parties included a clause in the postnuptial agree- ment stating that the agreement was effective as of August 1998 and enforceable as if it were a prenuptial agreement.
The parties created the postnuptial agreement to address “the disposition of their respective assets upon the death of either party or in the event that the parties should terminate their marriage.” In the event of Clarence’s death, Elizabeth waived her statutory rights in his estate, such as homestead allowances, exempt property, family allowances, and the right of election of her statutory share of Clarence’s augmented estate; but she was entitled to receive the marital residence and the residuary of Clarence’s estate, excluding specific legacies in his will. In the event of Elizabeth’s death, Clarence waived his statutory rights in her estate as well, but was entitled to receive the residuary of her estate, excluding specific legacies in her will.
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If the marriage were dissolved, each party waived and relin- quished all interest in the other spouse’s premarital property, identified in exhibits A and B of the postnuptial agreement. Elizabeth was entitled to 50 percent of the assets acquired by the parties after the marriage. Exhibits A and B were purported to be lists of the parties’ premarital assets and debts and the values of the same.
Clarence’s attorney, Ronald L. Eggers, drafted the post- nuptial agreement and represented him through the execu- tion. Elizabeth was not represented by an attorney. Eggers testified that he would have clearly explained the agreement’s “Representation by Counsel” section to Elizabeth, informing her that he did not represent her and that she was free to obtain her own counsel.
Clarence purchased the marital residence 7 years before the parties married, for $130,000. Prior to the marriage, few improvements were made to the marital residence, and the residence had an assessed tax value of just over $103,000. Elizabeth moved into the marital residence after the parties married. During the marriage, the parties made substantial improvements throughout the residence. At trial, Clarence esti- mated the home to be worth about $310,000; Elizabeth had the home appraised at $330,000. When the parties married, the debt against the marital residence was $90,000; it had been reduced to $18,000 by the time of trial.
Exhibit A of the postnuptial agreement listed the premarital value of the marital residence as $250,000. Clarence signed a deed transferring the marital residence into both parties’ names after the postnuptial agreement was executed, under the belief it was required by the agreement. The language of the agree- ment stated, “The transfer of title of any asset by Clarence to [the parties] shall not affect the terms and provisions of this Agreement, notwithstanding the creation of a joint tenancy or other relationship by such transfer.”
The parties’ trial testimony is in contradiction on four fac- tual circumstances regarding the execution of the postnuptial - 19 - N ebraska s upreme C ourt a dvaNCe s heets 295 N ebraska r eports DEVNEY v . DEVNEY Cite as 295 Neb. 15
agreement. Eggers also testified about the circumstances sur- rounding the execution of the postnuptial agreement, but he lacked a strong recollection of the events and testified mostly from the exhibits he provided.
First, Clarence stated the parties decided that $250,000 was a fair assessment of the marital residence’s value at the time of their marriage, after taking the county assessment into consid- eration. However, Elizabeth denied being involved in any of the valuations in exhibit A or B. Eggers stated he would not have prepared exhibit B, the valuation of Elizabeth’s separate property, without consulting Elizabeth.
Second, Clarence testified that Eggers went over the post- nuptial agreement “word for word” with Elizabeth the day it was signed, but Eggers could confirm only that he discussed the agreement with Elizabeth in May 1998 for “8/10ths of an hour.” He could not confirm that he explained it to her in January 1999 or that she ever saw the final postnuptial agree- ment. Elizabeth stated that she was presented with only the signature page and never saw the contents of the postnuptial agreement or the exhibits, but that she signed the agreement pursuant to Clarence’s demand.
Third, Clarence stated that the parties signed the postnuptial agreement in Eggers’ office, but Elizabeth testified that she signed it at her kitchen table without the presence of a notary public. Eggers believed that he did not travel out of his office for the signing because he billed only 0.3 hours on that date and that he would have billed more time if travel had been involved. Eggers identified the notary public as a deceased for- mer secretary at his law firm. Eggers stated that he would have never asked a secretary to notarize a document unless she had seen the document and witnessed its execution.
Fourth, Clarence testified that the parties also executed wills, essentially mirroring the terms of the postnuptial agreement, on the same day the parties signed the agreement. Elizabeth confirmed her signature on her will, but she stated that she would not have consented to its terms and could not recall ever
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having read it or recall the circumstances behind her signing it. Eggers testified that he represented Elizabeth in executing her will and that he would not have prepared it without Elizabeth’s direction on the contents. Elizabeth’s will does not contain a valuation of the marital residence or any of the other items present in the exhibits.
The trial court determined that the postnuptial agreement should be enforced as written. Accordingly, the court con- cluded that $250,000, the agreed-upon premarital value of the marital residence, should be set off from the marital estate for Clarence. Additionally, the court found that the marital resi- dence increased in value by $80,000 during the marriage, and the court equally divided the increase because it had resulted from the parties’ joint efforts and expenditures on the property after the postnuptial agreement was signed. The district court then ordered the division of other assets and ordered Clarence to pay Elizabeth an equalization payment of $116,747 within 90 days from the date of the decree.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Elizabeth assigns that the district court erred as follows: (1) in not finding the postnuptial agreement void and
unenforceable; (2) in determining that the value of the marital residence was $250,000 at the time of the marriage; and (3) in finding that Clarence was entitled to a setoff, as a nonmarital asset, of the first $250,000 in equity in the mari- tal residence.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] To the extent an appeal calls for statutory interpretation or presents questions of law, an appellate court must reach an independent conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the court below. [1] [1] SID No. 1 v. Adamy , 289 Neb. 913, 858 N.W.2d 168 (2015).
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[2,3] In actions for dissolution of marriage, an appellate court reviews the case de novo on the record to determine whether there has been an abuse of discretion by the trial judge. [2] This standard of review applies to the trial court’s determinations regarding division of property. [3] A judicial abuse of discretion exists if the reasons or rulings of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a sub- stantial right and denying just results in matters submitted for disposition. [4]
ANALYSIS
p roperty a GreemeNts iN p ostNuptial a GreemeNts
a re v oid Elizabeth contends that postnuptial property agreements are neither permitted by statute nor Nebraska’s public pol- icy. Historically, this court has held that postnuptial property agreements were invalid because of a common-law prohibition and on the grounds of public policy. [5]
In contrast, we have long accepted postnuptial separation agreements to divide the parties’ property. In 1921, this court described a separation agreement as one
where husband and wife find it impossible to dwell together in harmony, because of the misconduct of one which would warrant a legal separation, decide to enter into a contract adjusting all the property rights, and each [2] Sellers v. Sellers , 294 Neb. 346, 882 N.W.2d 705 (2016); Coufal v. Coufal , 291 Neb. 378, 866 N.W.2d 74 (2015). [3] See Sellers, supra note 2. [4] Stanosheck v. Jeanette , 294 Neb. 138, 881 N.W.2d 599 (2016). [5] Chambers v. Chambers , 155 Neb. 160, 51 N.W.2d 310 (1952); Focht v.
Wakefield , 145 Neb. 568, 17 N.W.2d 627 (1945); Smith v. Johnson , 144 Neb. 769, 14 N.W.2d 424 (1944).
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relinquish any rights in the property of the other, and provid[e] for the immediate separation of the parties. [6]
In In re Estate of Lauderback , [7] we held that such agreements are valid and enforceable. In Smith v. Johnson , [8] we affirmed that holding: “Separation agreements founded on this broad, equitable doctrine do not contravene public policy.”
However, Smith also clarified that In re Estate of Lauderback did not recognize the right of husband and wife to “enter into a postnuptial agreement barring their respective rights in the other’s real property while the complete marriage relation exists.” [9] We held that such contracts are void under common law and that the Legislature had not abrogated that rule. [10]
In Focht v. Wakefield , [11] we reiterated the holding of Smith : “‘Postnuptial contracts entered into between husband and wife while residents of [Nebraska] in which they settle their prop- erty rights, including their respective rights of inheritance in the property of the other, are not authorized by express statute and are invalid and unenforceable.’” We reasoned that inher- itance rights are controlled by statute and that the Legislature had authorized prenuptial agreements only as a vehicle to waive a right to inherit from his or her spouse’s estate. [12] We interpreted this specific authorization to preclude such agree- ments postnuptially. [13] [6] In re Estate of Lauderback , 106 Neb. 461, 465, 184 N.W. 128, 130 (1921).
Accord, Smith, supra note 5 (distinguishing cases that are commonly called separation agreement cases); Ladman v. Ladman , 130 Neb. 913, 267
N.W. 188 (1936).
[7] In re Estate of Lauderback, supra note 6. [8] Smith, supra note 5, 144 Neb. at 772, 14 N.W.2d at 425. [9] Id. at 771, 14 N.W.2d at 425. [10] Id. [11] Focht, supra note 5, 145 Neb. at 573, 17 N.W.2d at 630. See, also, Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 30-106 (1943). [12] Focht, supra note 5. [13] Id.
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Clarence relies heavily upon the Nebraska Court of Appeals’ decision In re Estate of Kopecky , [14] where the court held that by amending § 30-106—permitting spouses to also waive inheritance rights in their spouses’ estate postnuptially—the Legislature authorized all postnuptial agreements. The In re Estate of Kopecky court concluded that the amendment of § 30-106 nullified the holdings of this court in Chambers v. Chambers [15] and Focht and Smith , all of which had held post- nuptial agreements void against public policy.
At the time the agreement at issue in In re Estate of Kopecky was executed, § 30-106 (Cum. Supp. 1969) was in effect and provided:
A man or woman may also bar his or her right to inherit part or all of the lands of his or her husband or wife by a contract made in lieu thereof before marriage or after a second or subsequent marriage where one or both of the parties have children of a previous marriage, or where either spouse has been married previously and the other spouse has not been previously married. Such contract shall be in writing signed by both of the parties to such marriage and acknowledged in the man- ner required by law for the conveyance of real estate, or executed in conformity with the laws of the place where made.
In 1974, the Legislature simultaneously repealed § 30-106 and adopted the Uniform Probate Code, including Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2316 (Cum. Supp. 1974). [16] Section 30-2316 (Reissue 2008) currently states:
(a) The right of election of a surviving spouse and the rights of the surviving spouse to homestead allow- ance, exempt property, and family allowance, or any of them, may be waived, wholly or partially, before or after [14] In re Estate of Kopecky , 6 Neb. App. 500, 574 N.W.2d 549 (1998). [15] Chambers, supra note 5. [16] See 1974 Neb. Laws, L.B. 354, § 38.
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marriage, by a written contract, agreement, or waiver signed by the surviving spouse.
. . . . (d) Unless it provides to the contrary, a waiver of “all
rights”, or equivalent language, in the property or estate of a present or prospective spouse or a complete property settlement entered into after or in anticipation of separa- tion, divorce, or annulment is a waiver of all rights to elective share, homestead allowance, exempt property, and family allowance by each spouse in the property of the other and a renunciation by each of all benefits that would otherwise pass to him or her from the other by intestate succession or by virtue of any will executed before the waiver or property settlement.
While the amendment to § 30-106, and the subsequently adopted § 30-2316, overruled the language of Focht inter- preting previous statutes to prohibit postnuptial estate agree- ments, the holdings of Chambers , Focht , and Smith were much broader than the issue of estate agreements in postnuptial agreements. [17] Furthermore, in In re Estate of Kopecky , the Court of Appeals was concerned only with determining the applicability of an estate agreement. [18] Accordingly, any state- ments in In re Estate of Kopecky that could be interpreted as broadly upholding postnuptial property agreements are not applicable here.
[4,5] We have consistently held that statutes which effect a change in the common law are to be strictly construed. [19] We have also held that all postnuptial agreements were void at common law. [20] So to determine if postnuptial property agree- ments are statutorily permitted or the public policy against [17] See cases cited supra note 5. [18] In re Estate of Kopecky, supra note 14. [19] Alisha C. v. Jeremy C. , 283 Neb. 340, 808 N.W.2d 875 (2012). See, also,
Blaser v. County of Madison , 285 Neb. 290, 826 N.W.2d 554 (2013). [20] Smith, supra note 5. - 25 - N ebraska s upreme C ourt a dvaNCe s heets 295 N ebraska r eports DEVNEY v . DEVNEY Cite as 295 Neb. 15
such agreements has been superseded by statute, we look to the statutes permitting other types of nuptial property agree- ments. We conclude that Nebraska statutes do not authorize postnuptial agreements to allocate the parties’ property rights upon separation or divorce unless such agreements are concur- rent with a separation or divorce.
[6] First, the language of § 30-2316(d) contemplates the waiving of a spouse’s rights of inheritance only. It makes no reference to agreements allocating property rights upon separa- tion or divorce.
Second, the Legislature statutorily approved of premarital agreements through the adoption of the Uniform Premarital Agreement Act, [21] which defines a “premarital agreement” as an agreement between prospective spouses made in contem- plation of marriage and to be effective upon marriage. [22] The act further sets forth authorized content of a premarital agree- ment and the enforcement standards for such agreements. [23] We find it informative that our Legislature has not adopted the Uniform Premarital and Marital Agreements Act, [24] created in 2012, which authorizes property agreements when separation or divorce is not imminent. The Legislature has enacted each of the previous uniform acts on the subject of prenuptial and postnuptial agreements but has not yet seen fit to adopt the Uniform Premarital and Marital Agreements Act.
Third, in 1972, the Legislature adopted the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act’s provision permitting separation agree- ments. [25] The language of § 42-366 essentially incorporates [21] Neb. Rev. Stat . §§ 42-1001 through 42-1011 (Reissue 2008). See Unif.
Premarital Agreement Act, 9C U.L.A. 39 (2001). [22] § 42-1002(1). [23] §§ 42-1004 and 42-1006. [24] Unif. Premarital & Marital Agreements Act, 9C U.L.A. 13 (Supp. 2016). [25] Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-366 (Reissue 2008). See Unif. Marriage & Divorce
Act § 306, 9A (part II) U.L.A. 11 (1998). - 26 - N ebraska s upreme C ourt a dvaNCe s heets 295 N ebraska r eports DEVNEY v . DEVNEY Cite as 295 Neb. 15
the definition of a separation agreement in Smith [26] and our earlier cases:
(1) To promote the amicable settlement of disputes between the parties to a marriage attendant upon their separation or the dissolution of their marriage, the parties may enter into a written property settlement agreement containing provisions for the maintenance of either of them, the disposition of any property owned by either of them, and the support and custody of minor children.
(2) In a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or for legal separation, the terms of the agreement, except terms providing for the support and custody of minor children, shall be binding upon the court unless it finds, after considering the economic circumstances of the parties and any other relevant evidence produced by the parties, on their own motion or on request of the court, that the agreement is unconscionable.
(Emphasis supplied.) However, § 42-366 makes no references to using postnuptial agreements to promote amicable settle- ments when separation or divorce is not imminent, as is the case currently before us.
[7,8] In Snyder v. Snyder , [27] we considered an agreement between a husband and wife concerning the disposition of their property, not made in connection with the separation of the parties or the dissolution of their marriage. We reiterated our earlier holding from Smith that such property agreements “are not binding upon the courts during a later dissolution proceed- ing, as not being within the intendment of section 42-366.” [28] Additionally, we affirmed Nebraska’s public policy against postnuptial property agreements because of the deleterious effect such agreements have on marriages. [29] [26] Smith, supra note 5. [27] Snyder v. Snyder , 196 Neb. 383, 243 N.W.2d 159 (1976). [28] Id. at 387, 243 N.W.2d at 161. [29] Id.
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[9-11] Therefore, we find no statutory support for uphold- ing postnuptial property agreements. We find it outside the province of this court to read into Nebraska’s current statutory authority the effectiveness of postnuptial property agreements when such agreements both were prohibited under common law and violate the public policy of Nebraska. Accordingly, the parties’ property agreement in their postnuptial agreement is void. [30]
We recognize that in 1999, when the postnuptial agree- ment in this case was created, the majority of states had abandoned the public policy prohibition against postnuptial property agreements. [31] However, about half of those states had done so through legislative action. [32] Based on our decision in Snyder [33] and our Legislature’s acquiescence to that decision, we decide that Nebraska’s public policy against postnuptial property agreements has not been abrogated by statute.
Here, the postnuptial agreement was entered into 5 months after the parties married. There is nothing in the record to indicate that when the parties executed the agreement they [30] Johnson v. Nelson , 290 Neb. 703, 711, 861 N.W.2d 705, 712 (2015) (any
“contract which is clearly contrary to public policy is void”). [31] See, e.g., Tibbs v. Anderson , 580 So. 2d 1337 (Ala. 1991); Casto v. Casto , 508 So. 2d 330 (Fla. 1987); Matter of Estate of Gab , 364 N.W.2d 924 (S.D. 1985); Sanders v. Colwell , 248 Ga. 376, 283 S.E.2d 461 (1981); In re Estate of Harber , 104 Ariz. 79, 449 P.2d 7 (1969); Sims v. Roberts , 188 Ark. 1030, 68 S.W.2d 1001 (1934); D’Aston v. D’Aston , 808 P.2d 111 (Utah App. 1990); Lurie v. Lurie , 246 Pa. Super. 307, 370 A.2d 739 (1976). [32] See, e.g., Del. Code Ann. tit. 13, § 1513 (2009); 750 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 5/503 (LexisNexis Cum. Supp. 2009); La. Civ. Code Ann . art. 2331 (West 2009); Minn. Stat. § 519.11 (2014); N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 40-2-4 and 40-2-8 (2006); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20 (2007); Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 4.102 (West 2006); Va. Code Ann. § 20-155 (2008); Wis. Stat. Ann. § 766.58 (West 2009); Epp v. Epp , 80 Haw. 79, 905 P.2d 54 (Haw. App. 1995) (interpreting Haw. Rev. Stat. § 580-47 (West 1993)). [33] Snyder, supra note 26. - 28 - N ebraska s upreme C ourt a dvaNCe s heets 295 N ebraska r eports DEVNEY v . DEVNEY Cite as 295 Neb. 15
were contemplating separation or divorce or that either was imminent. Therefore, the district court erred in finding that those portions of the agreement settling the parties’ property rights upon divorce but not attendant upon an immediate sepa- ration or divorce were void and unenforceable.
d istriCt C ourt e rred iN d etermiNiNG p remarital v alue aNd s etoFF a mouNt
oF m arital r esideNCe [12] Our holding that the postnuptial property agreement was void to the extent it settled the parties’ property rights upon unanticipated separation or divorce means that the agree- ment’s valuation of Clarence’s premarital interest in the marital residence is void accordingly. The trial court’s valuation of the marital residence, at $250,000, is untenable because it relies exclusively on the void postnuptial property agreement. We therefore hold that the district court abused its discretion in its determinations of the marital residence’s value, the setoff owed to Clarence from the marital residence, and its division of the marital debts and assets. The district court’s decree is vacated in each of these regards.
We leave the determination of the premarital value of the marital residence, and whether Elizabeth shared Clarence’s opinion as to the premarital valuation of the marital residence independent of the property agreement and the weight given to any such opinion, to the district court. Further, we advise the district court to consider the mortgage debt on the marital property in determining the appropriate setoff value.
CONCLUSION
We find merit in Elizabeth’s assignments of error that the trial court improperly relied on the postnuptial agreement to determine the value of the marital residence and to set- off the first $250,000 in equity from the marital residence to Clarence.
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The decree of the trial court is reversed to the extent it enforced the postnuptial agreement and otherwise is vacated as to the premarital value of the marital residence, the appropri- ate setoff for the marital residence, and the related division of marital debts and assets. Accordingly, we remand the cause to the district court with directions to determine the premarital value of the marital residence for setoff to Clarence and divide the marital property independent of the terms of the postnup- tial agreement.
v aCated iN part , aNd iN part reversed aNd remaNded With direCtioN .