Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v Flagstar Capital Mkts. (
| Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v Flagstar Capital Mkts. |
| October 16, 2018 |
| Fahey, J. |
| Court of Appeals |
| Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431. |
| As corrected through Wednesday, December 26, 2018 |
[*1]
| Deutsche Bank National Trust Company, Solely in its Capacity as Trustee for the Harborview Mortgage Loan Trust Series 2007-7, Appellant, v Flagstar Capital Markets Corporation, Defendant, and Quicken Loans, Inc., Respondent. |
Argued September 6, 2018; decided October 16, 2018
Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v Flagstar Capital Mkts. Corp.,
This case steps into an area of subtle interplay that exists between the freedom to contract and New York public policy. In ACE Sec. Corp., Home Equity Loan Trust, Series 2006-SL2 v DB Structured Prods., Inc. (
Defendant Quicken Loans, Inc. was the originator of certain mortgage loans that it sold to nonparty Morgan Stanley Mortgage Capital, Inc. pursuant to a contract entitled "Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Purchase and Warranties Agreement" (MLPWA), dated June 1, 2006. Pursuant to a series of subsequent agreements, the loans were eventually sold to the HarborView Mortgage Loan Trust 2007-7 (the Trust) for the purpose of issuing residential mortgage-backed securities. Plaintiff Deutsche Bank National Trust Company serves as trustee of the Trust. It is undisputed that defendant's obligations and the rights of Morgan Stanley Mortgage Capital, Inc. under the MLPWA are enforceable by plaintiff as trustee on behalf of the Trust.
In sections 9.01 and 9.02 of the MLPWA, defendant made a series of representations and warranties concerning itself, the{**
In 2013, a certificateholder engaged an underwriting firm to review a sample of the mortgage loans and determine whether they complied with defendant's representations and warranties. According to the complaint, many of the loans reviewed did not conform to the representations and warranties, such as those concerning borrower income, debt-to-income ratios, and occupancy status.
Plaintiff commenced this action against defendant on August 30, 2013, by filing a summons with notice.[FN1] Plaintiff's complaint was filed on February 3, 2014. As relevant here, plaintiff alleged that defendant breached the MLPWA by selling defective mortgage loans that did not comply with the representations and warranties. Defendant subsequently moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing, inter alia, that plaintiff's action was time-barred by the six-year statute of limitations applicable to breach of contract actions because it was commenced more than six years after the closing date for the sale of each package of mortgage loans, the most recent of which occurred on May 31, 2007 (see CPLR 213 [2]).
In opposition to the motion, plaintiff did not dispute that the representations and warranties made by defendant in the MLPWA were effective as of the closing date. Instead, plaintiff argued that the statute of limitations had yet to lapse, relying upon a provision in the MLPWA that it refers to as the "accrual clause," which states as follows:
"Any cause of action against the Seller relating to or arising out of the breach of any representations and warranties made in Subsections 9.01 and 9.02{**32 NY3d at 145} shall accrue as to any Mortgage Loan upon (i) discovery of such breach by the Purchaser or notice thereof by the Seller to the Purchaser, (ii) failure by the Seller to cure such breach, substitute a Qualified Substitute Mortgage Loan or repurchase such Mortgage Loan as specified above and (iii) demand upon the Seller by the Purchaser for compliance with this Agreement."
Supreme Court, among other things, granted defendant's motion to dismiss the breach of contract claim as untimely (
On appeal, the Appellate Division affirmed insofar as appealed from (
The Appellate Division granted plaintiff leave to appeal to this Court (
In New York, the default accrual rule for breach of contract causes of action is that the cause of action accrues when the contract is breached (see ACE,
We applied these rules in ACE to reject the plaintiff's contention that its breach of contract claims, which were also based on a breach of the representations and warranties in a residential mortgage-backed securities contract, did not accrue until the defendant failed to cure or repurchase the non-conforming loans. We concluded that the cure or repurchase protocol did not constitute a "separate promise of future performance" that could be breached at some later date because the cure or repurchase protocol was merely "the Trust's remedy for a breach of [the] representations and warranties, not a promise of the loans' future performance" (ACE,
"[i]f the cure or repurchase obligation did not exist, the Trust's only recourse would have been to bring an action against [the defendant] for breach of the representations and warranties. That action could only have been brought within six years of the date of contract execution. The cure or repurchase obligation is an alternative remedy, or recourse, for the Trust, but the underlying act the Trust complains of is the same: the quality of the loans and their conformity with the representations and warranties" (id. at 596).
We further rejected the plaintiff's argument that the cure or repurchase obligation "was a substantive condition precedent to suit that delayed accrual of the cause of action," observing that the plaintiff had "ignore[d] the difference between a demand that is a condition to a party's performance, and a demand that seeks a remedy for a preexisting wrong" (id. at 597). We explained that the defendant "breached the representations and warranties in the parties' agreement, if at all, the moment the [relevant contract] was executed," and therefore "[t]he Trust suffered a legal wrong at [that] moment" {**
If ACE is controlling here, plaintiff's cause of action based on a breach of the representations and warranties would have accrued on the "Closing Date" of the loans, i.e., the date that the representations and warranties concerning the underlying mortgage loans became effective. The six-year statutory limitations period therefore would begin to run, at the latest, on May 31, 2007, the closing date for the last group of loans. Plaintiff contends, however, that ACE does not control because the contract at issue in ACE did not contain an "accrual clause," which makes the present case distinguishable from ACE in two ways. First, plaintiff asserts that the accrual clause created a substantive condition precedent to suit. Second, plaintiff argues that the accrual clause expresses the clear intent of [*3]the parties to delay accrual of a breach of contract cause of action until the specified events had occurred, and that this Court should honor the intent of the parties, consistent with our public policy supporting freedom to contract. We address each argument in turn.
Plaintiff does not dispute that, absent the language of the accrual clause, a breach of contract cause of action based on a breach of the representations and warranties would have accrued at the moment those representations and warranties were violated, i.e., on the closing date of the loans. Plaintiff contends, however, that because the accrual clause states that a cause of action against defendant arising from a breach of the representations and warranties "shall accrue" when, among other things, a demand upon defendant for compliance with the MLPWA is made, the demand is therefore by definition "part of the cause of action" (ACE,
[1] We disagree with plaintiff's position that by using the phrase "shall accrue," the parties intended to define a breach of contract as defendant's failure to comply with the remedial provisions after discovery or notice of a violation of the representations and warranties and plaintiff's demand for compliance. Indeed, the accrual clause states that "[a]ny cause of action against the Seller relating to or arising out of the breach of any representations and warranties . . . shall accrue as to any Mortgage Loan upon" the events specified (emphasis added). The accrual clause itself refers to a "breach" of the representations and warranties, and the contract nowhere suggests that defendant's transfer of loans that do not comply with the representations and warranties is not a "breach" of the MLPWA. Rather, the MLPWA states that defendant's obligations to cure or repurchase a defective mortgage loan constitute plaintiff's "sole remedies" for "a breach of the foregoing representations and warranties." Thus, according to the MLPWA—including the accrual clause—the failure of the loans to comply with the representations and warranties on the date of transfer is a breach of the MLPWA, and defendant's obligation to cure or repurchase defective loans constitutes plaintiff's sole remedy for such a breach.
Plaintiff's argument that the accrual clause creates a substantive condition precedent therefore fails for the same reason as in ACE: plaintiff "ignores the difference between a demand that is a condition to a party's performance, and a demand that seeks a remedy for a preexisting wrong" (ACE,
The accrual clause does not create a substantive condition precedent because no provision of the accrual clause creates a condition to defendant's performance under the contract: delivery of mortgage loans that comply with the representations and warranties. Defendant was obligated to deliver loans that complied with the representations and warranties at the moment the MLPWA was executed. Defendant therefore breached the representations and warranties, "if at all," on the {**
For these reasons, plaintiff's reliance on John J. Kassner & Co. v City of New York (
Stated another way, the Kassner Court reasoned that the city had no obligation to pay, and the plaintiff therefore had no cause of action for breach of contract for failure to pay, until the comptroller's audit was complete (see id.). Audit by the comptroller was therefore a condition to the city's performance and constituted a substantive condition precedent. The plaintiff's cause of action for breach of contract "accrue[d] only when the condition ha[d] been fulfilled" (id.). Here, by contrast, nothing in the accrual clause created a condition to defendant's obligation to deliver loans that complied with the representations and warranties (see Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v Quicken Loans Inc.,
This conclusion does not end our inquiry. A substantive condition precedent impacts accrual of a breach of contract cause of action because no obligation to perform arises and no breach therefore occurs until the "condition has been fulfilled" (Kassner,
Initially, defendant contends that despite the "shall accrue" language in the accrual clause, the contracting parties did not intend to delay accrual of a breach of contract cause of action arising from a breach of the representations and warranties. Rather, defendant asserts that the parties merely intended to create procedural conditions precedent to suit. Defendant contends that the breach of contract cause of action for breach of the representations and warranties accrued on the closing date of the loans, and the limitations period therefore began to run on that date, but that before plaintiff could commence suit for that breach, (i) plaintiff must discover the breach or defendant must provide notice of the breach; (ii) defendant must fail to cure or repurchase; and (iii) plaintiff must demand defendant's compliance with the MLPWA. According to defendant, the accrual clause merely sets forth the protocol for plaintiff's "remedy for a preexisting wrong" (ACE,
Plaintiff, by contrast, contends that the accrual clause manifests the clear intent of the parties that a cause of action for a breach of the representations and warranties "comes into existence (accrues)—only after the conditions of the Accrual Clause are complete," meaning that the statute of limitations is not triggered until that time. We need not resolve this dispute regarding the meaning of the accrual clause, however, because assuming for the sake of argument that plaintiff's alternative interpretation is correct, the accrual clause cannot be enforced in that manner because it conflicts with New York law and public policy.
In Kassner, a different provision of the parties' contract provided that " '[n]o action shall be . . . maintained against the City upon any claim based upon this contract or arising out of this contract . . . unless such action shall be commenced within six (6) months after the date of filing in the office of the Comptroller of the City of the certificate for the final payment hereunder,' " and that " '[n]one of the provisions of Article 2 of the Civil Practice Laws and Rules shall apply to any action{**
Supreme Court and the Appellate Division accepted the plaintiff's argument, but this Court reversed (see id.). The Court observed that the statute of limitations is not only a personal defense but also "expresses a societal interest or public policy 'of giving repose to human affairs' " (id. at 550, quoting Flanagan v Mount Eden Gen. Hosp.,
The Court acknowledged that the contract provision stating that the suit must be commenced within six months of the filing of the certificate of final payment likely was included to "shorten the Statute of Limitations," not lengthen it (id. at 552). Nevertheless, the Court held that to the extent the plaintiff sought to use the provision to postpone accrual of the{**
Kassner is controlling here. As in Kassner, absent the language of the accrual clause insofar as plaintiff interprets it, the breach of contract cause of action would have accrued, and the limitations period would have started to run, at an earlier date. Like the plaintiff in Kassner, plaintiff here argues that certain contract language delayed accrual of the breach of contract cause of action for statute of limitations purposes to a later date, until specified events chosen by the parties have occurred. If, as plaintiff suggests, that was the intent of the parties, the accrual clause "may not serve to extend the Statute of Limitations" in this manner (id.).
[2] Plaintiff asserts that the accrual clause is valid because it does not "extend" the statute of limitations, inasmuch as the statutory period remains at six years from the contractually-chosen accrual date and no more. That assertion cannot be reconciled with our holding in Kassner. The plaintiff there argued that the accrual date was postponed until the specified event—there, filing of the certificate of final payment—had occurred (id. at 549). This Court framed the issue as whether "a contractual limitations clause, which begins to run at a later date than the time of accrual under the statute, [can] effectively extend the Statute of Limitations in an action on the contract" (id. at 549-550). The Kassner Court unequivocally held that it could not, explaining that " '[t]he public policy represented by the statute of limitations becomes pertinent where the contract not to plead the statute is in form or effect a contract to extend the period as provided by statute or to postpone the time from which the period of limitation is to be computed' " (id. at 551, quoting 1961 Rep of NY Law Rev Commn at 97-98, reprinted in 1961 McKinney's Session Laws of NY at 1871).
Plaintiff further contends that its interpretation of the accrual clause does not violate General Obligations Law § 17-103 because that statute does not expressly prohibit contract provisions defining an accrual date. We disagree. General Obligations Law § 17-103 (1) provides:
"A promise to waive, to extend, or not to plead the statute of limitation applicable to an action arising out of a contract express or implied in fact or in law, if made after the accrual of the cause of action{**32 NY3d at 153} and made, either with or without consideration, in a writing signed by the promisor or his agent is effective, according to its terms, to prevent interposition of the defense of the statute of limitation in an action or proceeding commenced within the time that would be applicable if the cause of action had arisen at the date of the promise, or within such shorter time as may be provided in the promise."
Stated another way, the statute requires an agreement to extend the statute of limitations to be made "after the accrual of the cause of action," and it allows extension of the limitations period only for, at most, the time period that would [*6]apply if the cause of action had accrued on the date of the agreement, i.e., six years from the date that the agreement was made if the limitations period is six years (id.; see Bayridge Air Rights v Blitman Constr. Corp.,
Absent the language of the accrual clause, a cause of action based on a breach of the representations and warranties would have been time-barred after May 31, 2013, six years from the last date that the representations and warranties could have been violated. The accrual clause therefore contravenes General Obligations Law § 17-103 in two ways, if the clause is interpreted as plaintiff suggests: (1) it is an agreement to effectively extend the limitations period that was made before a breach of contract cause of action had accrued; and (2) it would extend the limitations period to a future date uncertain, inasmuch as plaintiff's discovery of the breach or defendant's notice of the breach might occur decades into the future, for the life of the mortgage loans (see Bayridge,
Plaintiff is correct that freedom to contract is an important public policy in New York, and it undoubtedly remains so after this decision (see 2138747 Ontario, Inc. v Samsung C&T Corp.,
We respectfully disagree with our dissenting colleagues that a breach of the representations and warranties was only a "technical" breach of the MLPWA and that defendant's obligation to cure or repurchase non-conforming loans constituted a separate obligation of future performance (see Rivera, J., dissenting op at
160-161), or that defendant agreed to a warranty against future default of non-conforming loans, i.e., a guarantee of future performance of defective loans, that persisted for the life of each underlying loan (see Wilson, J., dissenting op at
167-172). Plaintiff expressly conceded that it "is not asserting here that the Accrual Clause is a guarantee of the loans' future performance," and plaintiff did not argue that we should overturn ACE or that its cure or repurchase obligations constituted a separate obligation of future performance. Rather, plaintiff contended that the accrual clause created a substantive condition precedent and did not violate public policy. "This Court generally refrains from addressing issues not argued by{**
In addition, these interpretations of the MLPWA are not supported by the plain language of that agreement, or by the accrual clause itself. As we have explained, the MLPWA provides that defendant's cure or repurchase obligations are plaintiff's "sole remedies . . . respecting a breach of the foregoing representations and warranties," and the accrual clause applies to "[a]ny cause of action . . . relating to or arising out of the breach of any representations [*7]and warranties." We decide this appeal based solely on the contract language before us and the arguments the parties have made regarding that contract language.
[3] With that understanding, our holding today has no impact on contracts creating true substantive conditions precedent to a party's performance (see ACE,
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs, and the certified question answered in the affirmative.
Rivera, J. (dissenting). This appeal is yet another in the vast litigation fallout from the financial crisis, and again requires this Court to explain the import of language contained in an agreement essential to the marketing and sale of residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) (see e.g. Ambac Assur. Corp. v Countrywide Home Loans, Inc.,
[*8]Defendant Quicken Loans, Inc., as seller of various residential mortgage loans, voluntarily entered the Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Purchase and Warranties Agreement (MLPWA). The MLPWA includes defendant's representations and warranties concerning its quality assessment of the loans, effective as of the mortgage loan closing date. No sale agreement for the mortgage loans, or structured financing based on the loans, would have been possible absent these defendant quality-control assurances (see Miguel Segoviano et al., Securitization: Lessons Learned and the Road Ahead at 18 [Nov. 2013], International Monetary Fund Working Paper 13/255, available at https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13255.pdf, cached at http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/webdocs/WP13255.pdf).
The MLPWA also provides, in relevant part, that
"[a]ny cause of action against the Seller relating to or arising out of the breach of any representations and warranties made in Subsections 9.01 and 9.02 shall accrue as to any Mortgage Loan upon (i) discovery of such breach by the Purchaser or notice thereof by the Seller to the Purchaser, (ii) failure by the Seller to cure such breach, substitute a Qualified Substitute Mortgage Loan or repurchase such Mortgage Loan as specified above and (iii) demand upon the Seller by the Purchaser for compliance with this [MLPWA]."
{**
In its capacity as trustee for the securities backed by these mortgage loans, plaintiff Deutsche Bank National Trust Company sued defendant for failure to address, in accordance with the requirements of the MLPWA, violations of its various representations and warranties.[FN1] This action was filed six years and three months after the closing date of the last mortgage loan sold. Defendant moved to dismiss the complaint, in part on timeliness grounds. The Appellate Division affirmed dismissal, concluding that ACE Sec. Corp., Home Equity Loan Trust, Series 2006-SL2 v DB Structured Prods., Inc. (
The parties agree that a cause of action arising from violations of the MLPWA representations and warranties is subject to the six-year statute of limitations in CPLR 213 (2) and disagree whether plaintiff commenced this litigation outside the limitations period. Plaintiff maintains that ACE does not apply and its action is timely as it was commenced in accordance with the MLPWA and the CPLR, i.e., plaintiff sued within six years from the date that defendant failed to comply with a proper demand to cure or repurchase the defective mortgage loans. Defendant counters that ACE controls and the parties may not agree to a different accrual date, meaning that in all RMBS cases the statutory limitation on a cause of action for breach of the mortgage loan representations and warranties{**
Defendant's argument is based on a faulty legal premise as ACE did not set a hard and fast rule that cannot be replaced by agreement of the parties. Instead, as the majority acknowledges, ACE announced a default accrual rule for a certain type of RMBS breach of contract action (majority op at 146). Where the parties agree to a different obligation, with a different accrual date, we apply our usual rules of contract and interpret the agreement as the parties [*9]intended. Here, defendant bargained for an accrual date effective upon the breach of a specified promise to perform upon demand that takes its agreement outside the default rule announced in ACE.
In Stonehill Capital Mgt. LLC v Bank of the W. (
"[A] condition precedent is an act or event, other than a lapse of time, which, unless the condition is excused, must occur before a duty to perform a promise in the agreement arises. Most conditions precedent describe acts or events which must occur before a party is obliged to perform a promise made pursuant to an existing contract, a situation to be distinguished conceptually from a condition precedent to the formation or existence of the contract itself" (id., quoting IDT Corp. v Tyco Group, S.A.R.L.,13 NY3d 209 , 214 [2009]).
Plaintiff argues the demand to substitute or repurchase a defective loan, as set forth in the accrual clause, is a substantive condition precedent because no cause of action exists until the repurchase protocol is complete. In other words, plaintiff has no viable claim against defendant until the occurrence of each event set forth in the accrual provision—including a demand for defendant's performance of its obligation to substitute or repurchase—because once the demand is made defendant is obliged to perform, and its failure to do so is the last element of plaintiff's cause of action.
As the language of the accrual clause establishes, the demand requirement is a condition precedent to defendant's{**
The commercial rationale for the accrual clause becomes clear when considered in light of the financial structure made possible by defendant's representations and warranties. An RMBS securitization is a complex process through which multiple home mortgage loans are transferred into a trust that issues debt securities to investors. As the respective borrowers repay the underlying mortgages, the securityholders receive payments in accordance with a priority scheme provided for in the securitization documents. By pooling loans, securitization enables financial diversification and shifts risk from mortgage issuers to investors (see Segoviano et al. at 6-7). Investors would be reticent to purchase without defendant's quality assurances about the underlying mortgage loans.
Notably, a securitization involves hundreds of mortgages rendering it unlikely that any single defective mortgage would require repurchase by defendant to ensure the value (and profits) of the securitized loan pool. In the context of this securitized agreement the seller and buyer are concerned with those misrepresentations which affect the value of the securitized loan pool. As to those misrepresentations, defendant expressly agreed that upon notice and demand it would substitute or repurchase defective loans, and its failure to do so would expose it to litigation and start running the limitations period. Thus, the accrual provision adopted here encourages investors to purchase, while at the same time reducing potential liability of defendant as the seller.
Defendant's reliance on ACE to avoid enforcement of the accrual clause is misplaced. In ACE, an RMBS trustee sued an RMBS transaction sponsor, alleging that the underlying mortgage loans in the securitized pool did not comply with the sponsor's representations and warranties (
ACE thus announced a default accrual rule for the promises at issue in that case, and did not adopt a per se rule for all RMBS claims that trace back to the representations and warranties. What matters is the defendant's obligations as expressed in the agreement. In that vein, ACE made clear that until occurrence of a substantive condition to a party's performance, there can be no cause of action against the party for failure to perform its obligations under the contract.
The accrual clause here is not rendered unenforceable by ACE because ACE does not apply. Indeed, the agreement in ACE did not contain language similar to that found in the accrual clause and so the Court had no occasion to consider the import of this different language. Yet, the Court could not have been clearer in emphasizing that a different accrual rule and different outcome holds where parties agree to a separate obligation, one that includes a condition precedent. While a violation of the representations and warranties would be a technical breach of the MLPWA, defendant committed to a separate obligation, one that it breached later than the effective date of the representations and warranties because it promised to substitute or repurchase upon the buyer's demand. Failure to comply with that obligation—cure upon demand—completes the elements of the cause of action, which then subjects defendant to liability and starts the six-year statute of limitations running against the buyer. Thus, defendant agreed to the{**
Enforcement of the accrual provision is wholly aligned with the public policies animating both the freedom to contract and our statute of limitations. There is no dissonance between enforcement of the accrual clause and societal goals, no weighing of competing interests as the majority posits (majority op at 143, 154), and no reason to allow defendant to escape the consequences of its arm's length bargain.
The freedom to contract "is deeply rooted in public policy" and encourages "transactions freely entered into" (New England Mut. Life Ins. Co. v Caruso,
Notably, our solicitude of the parties' agreement has been shaped by New York's unique status as a global center of finance and commercial transactions. As the Court has recognized, "[i]n order to maintain [New York's] pre-eminent financial position, it is important that the justified expectations of the parties to the contract be protected" (J. Zeevi & Sons v Grindlays Bank [Uganda],
Still, contracts are subject to statutes of limitations. Oliver Wendell Holmes posited, "What is the justification for depriving a [person] of . . . rights, a pure evil as far as it goes, in consequence of the lapse of time? . . . Sometimes the desirability of peace [is offered], but why is peace more desirable after twenty years than before?" (Oliver W. Holmes, Jr., The Path of the Law, 10 Harv L Rev 457, 476 [1897]). Like other jurisdictions, we have justified statutes of limitations on breach of contract claims because they protect a party from defending against stale claims and promote society's interest in closure (John J. Kassner & Co. v City of New York,
The potential for litigation of stale claims is minimal as the information regarding the defective loans is archived and documented. Moreover, the contracting parties have set the accrual date and thus can take steps to avoid the deterioration of evidence which is another reason to avoid stale claims.
Similarly, the concern for repose is no concern at all under the circumstances presented by this agreement. It is not uncommon for contractual obligations to extend well beyond the maximum 30-year life of the mortgage loans at issue here{**
Nor, as the majority concludes, does the accrual clause violate General Obligations Law § 17-103 (majority op at 152-154). That section provides, in pertinent part:
"A promise to waive, to extend, or not to plead the statute of limitation applicable to an action arising out of a contract express or implied in fact or in law, if made after the accrual of the cause of action and made, either with or without consideration, in a writing signed by the promisor or his agent is effective, according to its terms, to prevent interposition of the defense of the statute of limitation in an action or [*12]proceeding commenced within the time that would be applicable if the cause of action had arisen at the date of the promise, or within such shorter time as may be provided in the promise. . . .
"A promise to waive, to extend, or not to plead the statute of limitation has no effect to extend the time limited by statute for commencement of an action or proceeding for any greater time or in any other manner than that provided in this section, or unless made as provided in this section." (General Obligations Law § 17-103 [1], [3].)
As the language reveals, it has no application here. The accrual clause does not waive or extend the statute of limitations, nor does it prohibit defendant from pleading an affirmative limitations defense. Instead, the accrual clause sets forth the elements of the cause of action and the condition precedent that must occur before the commencement of the limitations{**
In Kassner, this Court explained that the section 17-103 prohibition against pre-accrual waivers and extensions of the statute of limitations avoids coerced or ill-considered promises. That is the case because "there is a greater likelihood that a 'waiver' or extension of the defense, as part of the initial contract or obligation, was the result of ignorance, improvidence, an unequal bargaining position or was simply unintended" (Kassner,
Defendant made representations and warranties as to its quality assessment of the residential mortgage loans that are the subject of the MLPWA. It sought to profit from the sale of the securitized pool populated by those same loans and made possible by its representations. Defendant also promised that upon demand it would substitute or repurchase defective mortgage loans, and that a cause of action would accrue upon{**
Wilson, J. (dissenting). Both here and in our prior decision in ACE Sec. Corp., Home Equity Loan Trust, Series 2006-SL2 v DB Structured Prods., Inc. (
It helps to begin with the residential mortgage business as it existed at the time George Bailey was running the building and loan association in Bedford Falls (see It's a Wonderful Life, Frank Capra Dir. [RKO Radio Pictures 1946]). Bank customers deposited their savings in savings and loan institutions and earned a passbook rate of interest. The savings and loans, in turn, loaned money to homebuyers at a higher rate of interest, allowing the savings and loan to pay interest to its depositors and retain the difference for operations and to pay dividends to shareholders of the institutions. The savings and loans carefully evaluated the creditworthiness of the borrower and the value of the mortgaged property, because the institution's livelihood depended on making safe loans. (This was not true of George Bailey, but was true of his more traditional nemesis, Mr. Potter.) The above made for a fairly tight credit market.
Flash forward half a century. Some creative financial types concluded that much more credit could be made available to{**
Those requirements for qualifying borrowers are styled as representations and warranties. RMBS sponsors guarantee that, upon issuance, each mortgage in the pool satisfies a large number of criteria regarding the quality and characteristics of each loan. Those commonly include the appraised property value, the home occupancy status, and the mortgagor's income, assets, existing debt obligations, debt-to-income ratio, and total mortgage debt obligations as compared to the value of the mortgaged property. Those characteristics provide information about the likelihood that a mortgagor will be able to make his or her mortgage loan payments. That allows ratings agencies to assign a credit rating to each certificate, which in turn enables investors to assess the risk of each RMBS pool. Investors purchase [*13]the loans based on the representations and warranties from the seller that the loans meet specified characteristics and, therefore, that they have a specified risk profile.
The great innovation was contractual allocation of risk between the depositor and the trustee (on behalf of the investors), whereby the depositor could assure investors that, in purchasing the securitized loans, the investors would bear market risk (e.g., the risk that unemployment would rise and some homeowners would default) but not the issuance risk (e.g., the risk that the appraised value of a home or the borrower's income or credit history had been inflated). A simple 2x2 table illustrates this arrangement:{**
Homeowner pays mortgage | Homeowner defaults | |
Homeowner qualified | Everyone happy | Market risk accepted by investors |
Homeowner unqualified | Everyone happy | Issuance risk accepted by depositor |
Because the depositor assumed the issuance risk, the depositor could choose to avoid loan-level examination of the underlying mortgages, and the trustee and investors could rely on the warranty provided by the depositor, without any need to examine whether each of the underlying mortgages had been issued properly or improperly. To make the market work without the loan-by-loan inspection on which Mr. Potter would have insisted if assuming mortgages issued by George Bailey, the parties make a deal: the repurchase protocol. The investor will still invest, even though the representations and warranties have not been verified loan-by-loan and even though its trustee will not be able to sue simply because the representations and warrantees were false when made; for the seller, this investment provides necessary cash flow to pay principal and interest on the loans. The seller, in exchange, promises that it will repurchase, cure, or substitute any loan falling into the bottom right-hand box; for the investors, this provides essential reassurance that their investment bears only the market risk for which they bargained.
The repurchase protocol superficially appears to create two distinct contractual agreements between the parties:[FN*] first, that the representations and warranties are true at the time each mortgage is issued, and second, that the seller will follow the repurchase protocol if: (a) the borrower defaults; (b) one or more of the representations and warranties was not true when the loan was issued; and (c) the trustee thereafter requests repurchase or replacement of the loan in question. Investors{**
Without immense cost, neither party can feasibly verify the characteristics set forth in the representations and warranties as to each of the thousands of loans in the pool. Investigating the accuracy of the closing characteristics for mortgages that never go into default is a waste of time; the RMBS structure depends, in substantial part, on the efficiency involved in eliminating that waste. It would thus undermine that structure to allow a party to sue for breach of those terms themselves.
Our recent decisions hold as much. In Nomura, we held that where a "sole remedy" provision designates a repurchase protocol as the remedy for breach of representations and warranties, the parties are precluded from seeking general contract damages for breaches of representations and warranties that involve the underlying mortgages (Nomura Home Equity Loan, Inc., Series 2006-FM2 v Nomura Credit & Capital, Inc.,
The import of our decisions in Nomura and Ambac is that, by agreement of the parties, the first "breach" for falsity of the representations and warranties concerning the mortgages does not exist. Only the warranty, good for the life of each underlying mortgage, exists. That is, there is no cause of action until a party fails to comply with the repurchase protocol; it is for this breach that Deutsche Bank sues. Tying a party's ability to bring suit to the date of closing links the cause of action to a "breach" that, pursuant to the parties' agreement, is not a breach at all.{**
The majority misconstrues the overall structure and purposes of RMBS securitization, which calls the loan conditions "representations and warranties" while simultaneously removing the ability to sue for breaches of those representations and warranties via the sole remedy provision. Here, the contract is even more explicit than the contract in ACE, which did not contain an accrual provision. But in all cases, the repurchase protocol is central to the structure of an RMBS agreement: both parties intend that the sole remedy cannot be invoked until a loan defaults; the trustee demands the sole remedy; the depositor fails to repurchase or replace the loan; and investigation shows that the loan, when issued, did not meet one or more of the representations and warranties. Having correctly barred trustees from suing for naked breaches of the representations and warranties, imposing a six-year limitations period for breach of the repurchase protocol defeats the efficiencies created by the RMBS structure, contradicts the clear terms of the parties' agreement, and leaves the trustee with no viable recourse—including the one it bargained for.
ACE is wrong. We should abandon it, whether judicially or legislatively. The sole remedy provision in RMBS agreements is best thought of as a plain vanilla warranty, good for the life of each underlying mortgage. The economic reality—understood by depositor, trustee and investors alike—is that before securitizing the loans, the depositor did not examine each loan file to determine compliance with the representations and warranties. Instead, the depositor has warranted that when any loan goes bad, it will make the investors whole by substituting a good loan or repurchasing the loan. That is the essence of the agreement.
In ACE, we held:
"The Trust . . . seeks to persuade us that its claim did not arise until DBSP refused to cure or repurchase, at which point the Trust . . . had six years to bring suit. Thus, the Trust views the repurchase obligation as a distinct and continuing obligation that DBSP breached each time it refused to cure or repurchase a non-conforming loan. . . .
"Although parties may contractually agree to undertake a separate obligation, the breach of{**[*15]32 NY3d at 170} which does not arise until some future date, the repurchase obligation undertaken by DBSP does not fit this description" (ACE Sec. Corp., Home Equity Loan Trust, Series 2006-SL2 v DB Structured Prods., Inc.,25 NY3d 581 , 594 [2015]).
That portion of our holding errs by concluding that the parties intended that the trustee could sue when either of the lower boxes of my simple table pertained. Instead, the parties to an RMBS transaction understand that suit is permitted only when the lower right-hand box does.
When we understand the standard RMBS agreement as a warranty springing upon future default as to only those loans improperly issued, it becomes still clearer why ACE is wrong. If I enter into a contract to sell you a toaster and give you a 10-year warranty, no one would argue that, if the toaster fails in year eight, the six-year statute of limitations bars you from enforcing the warranty—even if you knew in year one that the toaster had a latent defect and might fail for that reason.
Our decision in Bulova Watch Co. v Celotex Corp. (
Furthermore, ACE contends that "the remedial clause in Bulova Watch expressly guaranteed future performance of the roof . . . . DBSP, by contrast, never guaranteed the future performance of the mortgage loans" (
Last, ACE observed, "it makes sense that DBSP, as sponsor and seller, would not guarantee future performance of the mortgage loans, which might default 10 or 20 years after issuance for reasons entirely unrelated to the sponsor's representations and warranties" (id. at 595-596). That statement exposes the Court's misunderstanding of the fundamentals of RMBS securitization. The sponsor does not guarantee the performance of all the loans; instead, to induce investors to purchase the securities backed by the loan pool, it guarantees the performance of only those as to which the representations and warranties were not true as of the date of issuance. That gives the depositor some incentive to satisfy itself that the representations and warranties are true, but more importantly assures investors that their exposure will be limited to market risk, not any risk that might arise from improperly issued loans. The depositor holds the bag for all defaulting loans that were improperly issued, but the bag it holds is limited to replacing or repurchasing the loans. For all loans as to which the representations and warranties are true as of the closing date, the issuer guarantees nothing. Additionally, even though the issuer guarantees the performance—perhaps 30 years down {**
ACE—and today's majority—conflate the representations and warranties with the separate, bargained-for obligation to cure or repurchase loans that did not meet the specified qualifications. Failure to comply with a [*16]repurchase protocol is properly understood as the latter, a simple warranty as to the subset of defaulting loans, whose identity could not be known as of the date of issuance.
Perhaps troubled by the clearly-expressed intent of the parties, the majority concludes that it "need not resolve this dispute regarding the meaning of the accrual clause" because it is unenforceable as against public policy (majority op at 150). But the majority fails to identify any substantive policy that this contract violates. It is not enough to say that there is a public policy against extending statutes of limitations without some explanation of what that policy is intended to do and why it matters here. As Judge Rivera explains, New York's public policy of repose serves to ensure that private parties can organize their affairs and are protected from having to defend stale claims. To the extent that any broader societal interest in repose exists, it does not apply here; there is no purpose in preventing parties who contract for a long warranty from doing so. Instead, the majority's decision imposes repose on parties that expressly agreed they did not have that concern.
In contrast, by understanding the RMBS agreements as warranties, in which breach occurs only upon the depositor's refusal to comply with the repurchase protocol, the Second Amended and Restated Mortgage Loan Purchase and Warranties Agreement provides a mutual benefit to the parties. The agreement benefits the trustee by ensuring its risk, and it benefits the depositor by guaranteeing a 60-day period to investigate and cure or substitute a defective loan. Kassner, in contrast, expresses our concern that an agreement to "postpone the time from which the period of limitation is to be computed" unduly benefits the non-breaching party (John J. Kassner & Co. v City of New York,
Relatedly, as Judge Rivera observes, the rule agreed to by the parties here does not implicate the policy concerns that drive prohibition of a traditional discovery rule. The parties have contractually agreed that default is a necessary condition for suit, and they know that default may occur at any point during the life of a loan. Additionally, the cause of action for that default does not accrue until the trustee makes a demand of the depositor, and the depositor fails to repurchase or replace within 60 days of that demand. That structure eliminates from the process the subjectivity and uncertainty that generally clouds the inquiry as to when or whether a party knew or should have known of a breach.
Although neither the parties nor the majority mentions it, there might be a public policy concern that judicial decisions not be made on the basis of stale evidence: 30 years later, witnesses may be dead or unavailable, their memories will have faded, and documents may have been lost. That concern does not pertain here, because the parties were on notice—through their own agreement—that they were required to keep the relevant documents throughout the life of the loan. The parties placed on the depositor the risk of loss, incompleteness or initial nonexistence of the proof that any particular loan complied with the representations and warranties. (For obvious reasons, mortgage origination files and related documentation are preserved at least until the mortgage is satisfied or otherwise terminated, which may be 30 years from origination.) Where sophisticated parties have notice that they are responsible for maintaining those records for as long as a claim may arise and bargain for the placement of liability when records prove incomplete, no public staleness concern is present.
What is unclear from the majority's use of public policy to void the clear intent of the parties is how far that public policy would carry. Suppose, instead of wording their agreement to defer accrual of the cause of action, the parties here instead crafted an agreement along the following lines: (1) as to any loans that did not, at the time of issuance, meet all of the following 79 criteria, the depositor guarantees them against default for the life of the loan; (2) if any such loan defaults, the trustee may demand, as its sole remedy, that the depositor replace or repurchase the loan; (3) as to all loans that conform{**
In contrast to the claimed public policy whose purpose is vacant here, New York has a long-standing and robust public policy to maintain its status as the nation's center for sophisticated commercial activity. As Judge Rivera has detailed, this Court and the legislature have reaffirmed that policy time and again (see Rivera, J., dissenting op at 162).
Where ACE and today's decision needlessly bar the parties' clearly expressed intent, Delaware understands the commercial reality of RMBS transactions. Faced with the issue in ACE, the Delaware Chancery Court concluded: "the Accrual Provision operated as a condition precedent to when a claim arose and the statute of limitations began to run. That condition could not have been met until the Trust demanded in December 2011 that EMC comply with the Repurchase Provision and then EMC failed to repurchase loans" (Bear Stearns Mtge. Funding Trust 2006—SL1 v EMC Mtge. LLC,
If we knew whether the claimed public policy here could be avoided by different language, that would be one thing. But were I advising a party to a prospective RMBS agreement today, I would tell my client that the law of Delaware is clear (subject, I suppose, to the possibility that the Delaware Supreme Court might someday reject the Chancery Court's holding), and the law of New York is not. Here, the parties chose New York law—the common choice of sophisticated commercial parties—based on the expectation that New York courts are commercially sophisticated and will enforce their bargained-for agreements (see Theodore Eisenberg & Geoffrey P. Miller, The Flight to New York: An Empirical Study of Choice of Law and Choice of Forum Clauses in Publicly-Held Companies' Contracts, 30 Cardozo L Rev 1475, 1490 [2009] [finding that in the United States, 46% of commercial parties select New York law to govern contractual agreements]). By contradicting the parties' unambiguous agreement for amorphous{**
For the above reasons, I dissent.
Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Stein and Feinman concur; Judge Rivera dissents in an opinion, in which Judge Wilson concurs in a separate dissenting opinion; Judge Garcia taking no part.
Order affirmed, with costs, and certified question answered in the affirmative.
Footnote 1:The summons with notice also named Flagstar Capital Markets Corporation as a defendant, but plaintiff later voluntarily discontinued its claims against Flagstar, and Flagstar is not a party to this appeal.
Footnote 2:Supreme Court also addressed several additional issues that are not raised by the parties before this Court.
Footnote 1:In its complaint, plaintiff alleges that defendant misrepresented borrowers' debts and debt-to-income ratios, income, and property values, among other things.
Footnote 2:The majority appears to misunderstand this point. As explained above (supra at 158-159), refusal to cure or repurchase non-compliant loans was a condition precedent to any claim alleging breach of the representations and warranties. The majority further contends that plaintiff "did not argue . . . that its cure or repurchase obligations constituted a separate obligation of future performance" (majority op at 154). Not so. Plaintiff expressly argued that defendant undertook "to investigate the loans" upon demand and "cure or repurchase" any non-compliant loans (brief for appellant at 26). It is difficult to see how defendant could investigate allegedly non-compliant loans and cure or repurchase such loans without acting after the date on which the representations and warranties became effective, i.e., in the future.
Footnote *:The parties have styled their agreement as two separate promises: first, the promise that the representations and warranties are true at the time the mortgage is deposited into the pool, and second, the promise that if: (a) the mortgage is in default; (b) one or more representations and warranties as to that loan was untrue at the time of deposit; (c) the trustee demands the repurchase protocol; and (d) the depositor refuses, then the "sole remedy" may be pursued by the trustee. As I discuss below, the first promise is not actionable as between the contracting parties and is therefore only superficially a separate contractual promise—one as to which, if breached, the parties have agreed there is no remedy.