32 P.2d 832 | Colo. | 1934
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
Antokio Gagliardi and Mike Gagliardi, copartners doing business under the firm name of Gagliardi Brothers, brought action on a fire insurance policy against Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company. The cause was tried to a jury and verdict and judgment resulted in favor of plaintiffs. The insurance company prosecutes error.
The partners conducted a general merchandise business in the city of Trinidad, Colorado. Their property, covered by a policy issued by the Detroit company and by other policies in other companies, was destroyed by fire. The policy in question contains the following’ clause: “This entire policy shall be void if the insured has concealed or misrepresented, in writing or otherwise, any material fact or circumstance concerning this insurance or the subject thereof; or if the interest of the insured in the property be not truly stated herein; or in case of any fraud or false swearing by the insured touching any matter relating to this insurance or the subject thereof, whether before or after a loss.”
The actual loss at first seemed to be difficult of ascertainment, due to the fact that important' firm records were then supposed to have been lost in the fire. The parties therefore adopted the best method they could to ascertain the extent of the property loss as nearly as possible. One plan followed was to procure duplicate invoices from wholesale houses, and deduct therefrom the amount of goods sold as shown by such records as were available. The result, with due allowances for ordinary profits and losses, or as otherwise agreed upon, was considered to approximately represent the actual value of the goods injured or destroyed by the fire. The ascertainment of the. volume of sales was greatly aided by the eventual discovery of pads containing sales slips, being duplicates of originals given to customers, such as are commonly used over the counter in ordinary business transactions. The parties proceeded harmoniously in an effort to adjust the loss until events hereinafter related brought a sudden end to the negotiations and the insurer refused to pay anything whatever.
The maelstrom of the dispute centers around Exhibit A, known as “the big red book.” Counsel for the insurer, both by brief and oral argument, denounce it unsparingly as a palpable fraud. Many pages of their briefs are devoted to arguments why its delivery by Mike G-agliardi, one of the partners, to the insurance adjusters, renders the policy of insurance void. Exhibit A is a battered and thumbworn book, printed as a ledger, but used generally as a combined ledger and journal. It contains entries extending back for many years prior to the fire. Exhibits 5 and B are also ancient documents; Exhibit 5 is known as “the little red book,” and Exhibit B as “the big black book”; both contain ledger and journal entries. The last two named books contribute
The evidence shows that Exhibit A was an individual record belonging to Antonio and that Mike did not know its contents; that Exhibit 5 was an individual record belonging to Mike, and Exhibit B a record of the firm. The adjusters testified that all of the books were delivered to them on their first visit, but the evidence is conflicting as to when they first saw Exhibit B.
In Exhibit A, “the big red book,” Antonio’s individual record, the sales are materially exaggerated; this was done before the fire for a purpose foreign to the present inquiry. The record of sales as shown in Exhibit B is more conservative and is claimed by the insured to be in accordance with the facts. Antonio was the bookkeeper of the firm, and Mike, unaware, as he says, of the contents of any book except Exhibit 5 (his own individual record), delivered Exhibit A to the adjusters. Thereafter the adjusters submitted an offer in compromise, but when Mike examined it, it showed what seemed to him to be an excessive amount of sales; he discovered that the sales items were obtained from Exhibit A, refused to be bound by it and declined the offer of compromise. This provoked a controversy whereby Exhibit A became objectionable, not only to the insurer, but also to the insured, which resulted in the withdrawal by the insurer of its offer of compromise, on the ground of alleged fraud. The insurer raises this issue in its answer, wherein it alleges, inter alia, that the insured submitted to the insurer a false and fraudulent sales record, showing a larger amount of daily and monthly sales than the real amount thereof, for the purpose of obtaining more money on the insurance policy than the insured were entitled to recover.
We quote in full (omitting reference to folio numbers) the assignments of error as abbreviated and stated in the abstract by counsel for the insurer: “These as
Disregarding technical objections that might be raised to the assignments, we shall treat the first, fourth, fifth and sixth thereof as one, with particular reference to alleged fraud, and follow with mention of the second and third assignments.
Distorted though the entries in Exhibit A are, we see little merit in the objection to this book from the standpoint of the insurer. Its counsel refer to the volume as a sales record, and we treat it as such, but the evidence is clear that it was rescued from the debris and delivered to the adjusters inadvertently, by one of the partners without knowledge of its contents, before more accurate records were discovered. The partners took the initiative in seeking to withdraw it from consideration in the computation of the fire loss. Even if this were not so, the book itself in essential particulars seems to be wholly innocuous as far as the rights of the insurer are concerned. Indeed, it would have been decidedly more to the advantage of the insurance company than to the partners to have accepted Exhibit A as a true sales record, for the more the sales account was exaggerated, the greater would be the reduction of goods on hand at the time of the fire. It would not magnify the loss, but would minimize it.
From the above it is manifest that Exhibit A favored
It is naively suggested that the unwarranted exaggeration of sales by the firm, as shown in the “big red book,” was made for the purpose of misleading an Assyrian, another merchant and prospective purchaser of the store, to impress the latter with the belief that the partners were enjoying a large and prosperous trade. The swollen record of sales, if credence had been given to it and if acted upon, would have been meat to the insurance company but poison to the Assyrian. The latter did not
The court did not refuse to allow the witness Hugh L. Morris to testify, as might be supposed from a casual reading of the second assignment. Morris was an accountant of experience; the insurer claims that he was an expert, which the insured denies. He was examined and cross-examined at length, and was given wide latitude. He was permitted to testify as to alterations in records when the alterations were obvious and not disputed. Speaking of some of them, the court finally said: “Well, as far as his examination is concerned, it doesn’t show he is any better qualified than the jury is, as far as that is concerned.” We cannot tell from the assignments of error what is meant by a “major portion of the exhibits” without counting them and could not tell then which exhibits are meant. If it relates to seven invoices contained in Exhibit Gr, the witness was asked this question: “In your judgment, are they acceptable as evidence of purchases during the period in question?” The court properly sustained an objection to this question. It was the exclusive province of the court to determine whether the documents were acceptable or admissible in evidence. Furthermore, the exhibits spoke for themselves, they were admitted in evidence and the court told counsel that they could call the attention of the jury to any part of them. We question if the witness was at all familiar with the “major portion of the exhibits. ’ ’ They did not consist of the purchase invoices, concerning which the witness was interrogated, but of
As to the third assignment. Henkel was state agent of the Underwriters Salvage Company of New York. He and Mike estimated the salvage and it was agreed upon by the insurer and insured. It was covered by a salvage inventory admitted in evidence. The insured asked that the witness be allowed to make comparisons from “a careful personal inspection of the debris, and the property that was left from the fire” with the stock of merchandise on hand at the time of the fire, and to give his opinion of the loss from his deductions. The court declined to permit him to testify as to such matters on the ground that it was “pure guess work,” which was right. It does not appear that the witness knew or could have known what stock was on hand at the time of the fire and “the debris” if it had any value was covered by the salvage about which there was no question. Such testimony was properly excluded.
The insurer charges the partners with other fraudulent manipulations and alterations of books and records with intention to deceive, all of which the partners deny. Every question of fact argued in this court was found adversely to the contentions of the insurer on conflicting evidence. The instructions were so eminently fair that no error is assigned thereon; if faulty in any respect, they favored the insurer; they were unnecessarily repetitious on the question of fraud; they were in part worded from the langnage of the insurance policy and in part from what the parties seem to agree is the law on the subject. The well known rule applies; we shall not disturb the verdict.
This case has had more than ordinary attention at our hands; all points presented in able and exhaustive briefs
Judgment affirmed.
Mr. Justice Bouck and Mr. Justice Holland dissent.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
From the judgment of affirmance I respectfully dissent for the reasons I now proceed to give.
On the surface this case may well seem to come under the rule that calls for noninterference with a verdict rendered by a jury on conflicting evidence. As a matter of fact, however, it is one of the most striking exceptions to that rule.
On January 18, 1931, a fire swept over the stock of merchandise belonging to Antonio and Mike Gagliardi, who constituted the firm of Gagliardi Brothers, at Trinidad, Colorado. Insurance adjusters arrived on the scene a few days after the fire. They made demand upon the partners for production of the partnership books. Mike accordingly handed them at least two books. One of these was Exhibit A, called “the big red book”; another was Exhibit 5, “the little red book.” Exhibit A is now claimed to be a private record of Antonio, whereof Mike says he had no knowledge at all. (Abstract, folio 217.) Exhibit 5 is now claimed to be Mike’s private record, kept for Mike’s “protection” (folio 222), and of this “little red book” Antonio in turn professes utter ignorance (folio 387). Antonio “was the bookkeeper” (folio 221). “We had so many figures,” says Mike, “sometimes he make a mistake, and I put these different pages to see how we come out.” (Transcript, original bill of exceptions, page 48, folios 221, 222.)
Due settlement was made under another policy, through
"When the company offered a settlement for the merchandise loss on the basis of the books delivered by Mike in behalf of the partnership as aforesaid, Mike realized, he says, that he had innocently made a mistake in handing it over to the adjusters, and counsel argues that Exhibit A must be ignored on that account. The figures representing partnership sales, he states, were considerably inflated in Exhibit A, which had the effect of reducing the supposed value of the unsold goods and thus threatened to reduce the amount of any recovery. So Mike hunted up another book. He produced one similar to Exhibit A. in size, but quite different in appearance. This third book was Exhibit B, “the big black book,” which both partners firmly declare to be the only official partnership record among the three books. These three books are now before this court as a part of the court record herein. Beyond all doubt, the partnership transactions were deliberately distorted in Exhibit A so as to constitute an astounding wholesale misrepresentation of the business in numberless items and in many totals as well, partly by way of inflation, but in various other ways also. Antonio blandly confesses the crookedness and tries to render it harmless in this case by taking full responsibility and saying- that it was perpetrated for his own private purposes. The evidence discloses that he showed it to those who were or might be considering the purchase of the partnership business. Among these prospective buyers were an alleged Assyrian late in 1928 or early in 1929, and one Martini in September of 1930. It is obvious that, in the opinion of Antonio, Exhibit A would impress them with the great value of the business and with the salability of the merchandise. (Exhibit A will be further discussed later on as we endeavor to disentangle the troubled web of the story.)
Assuming for the sake of the immediate discussion
In brief the issues presented by the insurance company involved two main propositions.
One of these, which if established necessarily bars the partners from any and all recovery, is that they were guilty of fraud and false swearing under a provision of the policy saying: “This entire policy shall be void * * * in case of any fraud or false swearing by the insured touching any matter relating to this insurance or the subject thereof * * * after a loss.”
The other main proposition relied upon for reversal is that the lower court erroneously excluded certain testimony offered by the witness Morris, an expert public accountant, and certain testimony offered by the witness Henkel, an expert fire insurance adjuster.
The verdict is also assailed as being excessive. This point will be considered below, but first I shall deal with the two main propositions above stated, and I shall do so in inverse order.
1. As to whether the trial court erred in rejecting certain of Morris’s and Henkel’s testimony. The fire that consumed the merchandise in question is claimed to have burned up also all the then and there existing records relating to the partnership business, except the above mentioned Exhibits A (“the big red book”), B (“the big black book”), and 5 (“the little red book”), and Exhibit C (which consists of 60 sales pads, hereinafter described), and a small number of miscellaneous and fragmentary bills, invoices, and receipts. No inventory or other record of the contents or value of the stock, nor any origina] record of purchases or sales by the partners, is in the court record, except as the exhibits named might
2. Coming to the question of fraud and false swearing within the meaning of the provision in the policy, one finds several matters deserving mention. First I revert to the positions taken in arguing’ for affirmance. It is contended by counsel for the partners that Exhibit A, which is now admitted by everybody to be fraudulent, was handed to the adjusters by mistake, and consequently should not be deemed evidence of wilful misrepresentation; that Exhibit B is the official partnership record submitted to the adjusters as containing truthful entries and representations, and is substantially correct when tested by Exhibit C (the 60 sales pads). This, of course, assumes that Exhibit C is itself correct. It is a broad and basic statement. It therefore behooves us to examine this and other phases of the case with special care in order to find the truth in a disgusting maze of falsehood. Our search reveals nothing but additional fraud.
(a) The Sales Pads (Exhibit C). These are the sort often used by grocers and other merchants. In each new
It must be remembered that this is not the usual case of conflicting* testimony. It involves evidence which is physically before us, offering an independent and unassailable touchstone of truth.
The sales pads (Exhibit C) together with the aforesaid Exhibits A, B and 5, and the numerous other original exhibits are here for our direct and careful inspection, permitting a more thorough examination than could have been accomplished by the respective attorneys, the
(b) Exhibit B (“The Big Black Book”). This fails in the supreme test. Instead of being authenticated and supported by the sales pads, as is so earnestly contended on behalf of the partners, it is thoroughly inconsistent therewith. As already shown, the sales pads have no slips at all to correspond with any of the cash-sales entries listed on the inside back covers. We have, however, the evidence palpably before our eyes that what purport to be such “cash sales” entries (compare sales pads 721, 723 and 725) are fraudulent. Corroboration hereof is not lacking. It is now admitted, for instance, that the year dates in Exhibit A have been altered from ■“1924” to “1926,” and so down to “1928,” which has
(c) Mike’s Innocence as to Exhibit A and Exhibit B.
(d) Antonio’s Good Faith in Exhibit B. Inspection of this exhibit at pages 344 to 351, inclusive, and at pages 355 to 366, inclusive, leaves no doubt in one’s mind that these entries purporting to give for each month, among other things, the day of the month, with weekday and the cash sales on that particular day, were not made as contended in the regular course of business, each day or every few days; they manifestly were turned out by the penman as a unit and obviously as one operation having at most only a few interruptions. The falsity of it all is easily inferable from this fact, with the further fact that many entries in Exhibit B coincide exactly with entries in Exhibit A bearing the same ostensible dates which are proved and conceded to have originally been dated just two years earlier.
(e) Mike’s Little Red Book (Exhibit 5). The erasures and alterations in this book, made for his “protection, ’ ’ are palpably fabricated in certain respects. It is easily seen that the purported figures here entered indicate also a greater familiarity with the partnership records and affairs than Mike admitted. It contains the figures $11,500.00 as the supposed value of the stock on December 30, 1930, being $2,500.00 less than was claimed
(f) The Inventories {Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2). Not to speak of self-evident inconsistencies, these inventories are notable as stating the claimed value of the stock on September 15, 1930, as $11,605.83, whereas the sworn proof of loss exceeds these figures by about $2,400.00.
(g) The Sioorn Value of the Stock. In Exhibit 4 (proof of loss in this case) and again in Exhibit 3 (proof of loss in the companion case, No. 13,103), Mike, in the name of the partnership, stated the value of the entire stock to have been $14,000. In view of the fraud already shown, this difference of about $2,500 has, I think, established for the company the defense of fraud and false swearing, and disentitles the partnership to any recovery whatever.
(h) The Actual Figures. So much by way of mere suggestion as to the widespread nature of the fraud and false swearing. Something has been said about the alleged failure of the figures to show that the loss was not less than the amount of the verdict. I call attention to the fact that this is beside the question, as I shall attempt to show briefly under (i) below. When fraud or false swearing is sufficiently proved, there may have been a total loss, yet no rig'ht to recover anything whatever would then exist. As a matter of fact, however, the figures in Exhibit B, taken for what they are, do show a substantial shortage in the amounts of the sales, both cash and credit, as measured by the figures in the sales pads (Exhibit C). This improperly magnifies the true value of the stock, thus inflating the loss. By way of illustration, in January, 1931, during the sixteen days recorded in Exhibit B, just preceding the fire, sales pad 356, as checked by the tape of the adding machine, produces the totals of $76.28 for cash sales, and $340.68 for credit sales, or together $416.96, as against the $73.28
(i) The Law as to “Fraud or False Swearing” in Fire Insurance Policies. “A false answer to any material matter, knowingly and wilfully made, with intent to deceive the insurer, would be fraudulent. And if the matter were material and the statement false, to the knowledge of the party making it, and were wilfully made, the intention to deceive the insurer will be conclusively presumed. "Where one has made a false representation or statement knowing it to be false, the law infers that he did it with the intention to deceive.” Kerr on Ins., page 532; Claflin v. Commonwealth Ins. Co., 110 U. S. 81, 3 Sup. Ct. 507; Ostrander on Fire Ins. (2d Ed.), page 451, §178; 5 Joyce on Ins. (2d Ed.), page 5548, §3339; Meyer v. Home Ins. Co., 127 Wis. 293, 106
(j) Erasures and Alterations in Documents. It is a well-known and time-honored rule that a document disclosing erasures or alterations is not entitled to be considered as of any probative force until such erasures or alterations are explained by him who offers it. Only then does a question of conflicting evidence arise on that issue. The unexplained changes made in the exhibits before us are legion. "When in relation to relevant documents in this case it had appeared that deliberate fraud was attempted even though only against third persons, it became the special care of the court to be alert to see that the fraud did not injure others.
I am convinced that the majority opinion herein is based upon a misapprehension of the proper effect to be given to irrefutable physical evidence such as is before us in this case. The judgment should, in my opinion, be reversed, and I therefore respectfully dissent.
Mr. Justice Holland concurs in this opinion.
Lead Opinion
ANTONIO Gagliardi and Mike Gagliardi, copartners doing business under the firm name of Gagliardi Brothers, brought action on a fire insurance policy against Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company. The cause was tried to a jury and verdict and judgment resulted in favor of plaintiffs. The insurance company prosecutes error.
The partners conducted a general merchandise business in the city of Trinidad, Colorado. Their property, covered by a policy issued by the Detroit company and by other policies in other companies, was destroyed by fire. The policy in question contains the following clause: "This entire policy shall be void if the insured has concealed or misrepresented, in writing or otherwise, any material fact or circumstance concerning this insurance or the subject thereof; or if the interest of the insured in the property be not truly stated herein; or in case of any fraud or false swearing by the insured touching any matter relating to this insurance or the subject thereof, whether before or after a loss." *455
The insurer claims that after the fire occurred, the insured fraudulently misrepresented the extent of the loss, and that by reason thereof the entire policy is void.
The actual loss at first seemed to be difficult of ascertainment, due to the fact that important firm records were then supposed to have been lost in the fire. The parties therefore adopted the best method they could to ascertain the extent of the property loss as nearly as possible. One plan followed was to procure duplicate invoices from wholesale houses, and deduct therefrom the amount of goods sold as shown by such records as were available. The result, with due allowances for ordinary profits and losses, or as otherwise agreed upon, was considered to approximately represent the actual value of the goods injured or destroyed by the fire. The ascertainment of the volume of sales was greatly aided by the eventual discovery of pads containing sales slips, being duplicates of originals given to customers, such as are commonly used over the counter in ordinary business transactions. The parties proceeded harmoniously in an effort to adjust the loss until events hereinafter related brought a sudden end to the negotiations and the insurer refused to pay anything whatever.
The maelstrom of the dispute centers around Exhibit A, known as "the big red book." Counsel for the insurer, both by brief and oral argument, denounce it unsparingly as a palpable fraud. Many pages of their briefs are devoted to arguments why its delivery by Mike Gagliardi, one of the partners, to the insurance adjusters, renders the policy of insurance void. Exhibit A is a battered and thumbworn book, printed as a ledger, but used generally as a combined ledger and journal. It contains entries extending back for many years prior to the fire. Exhibits 5 and B are also ancient documents; Exhibit 5 is known as "the little red book," and Exhibit B as "the big black book"; both contain ledger and journal entries. The last two named books contribute *456 to the disagreement of the parties on the merits of the cause, but not to the extent of Exhibit A.
The evidence shows that Exhibit A was an individual record belonging to Antonio and that Mike did not know its contents; that Exhibit 5 was and individual record belonging to Mike, and Exhibit B a record of the firm. The adjusters testified that all of the books were delivered to them on their first visit, but the evidence is conflicting as to when they first saw Exhibit B.
In Exhibit A, "the big red book," Antonio's individual record, the sales are materially exaggerated; this was done before the fire for a purpose foreign to the present inquiry. The record of sales as shown in Exhibit B is more conservative and is claimed by the insured to be in accordance with the facts. Antonio was the bookkeeper of the firm, and Mike, unaware, as he says, of the contents of any book except Exhibit 5 (his own individual record), delivered Exhibit A to the adjusters. Thereafter the adjusters submitted an offer in compromise, but when Mike examined it, it showed what seemed to him to be an excessive amount of sales; he discovered that the sales items were obtained from Exhibit A, refused to be bound by it and declined the offer of compromise. This provoked a controversy whereby Exhibit A became objectionable, not only to the insurer, but also to the insured, which resulted in the withdrawal by the insurer of its offer of compromise, on the ground of alleged fraud. The insurer raises this issue in its answer, wherein it alleges, inter alia, that the insured submitted to the insurer a false and fraudulent sales record, showing a larger amount of daily and monthly sales than the real amount thereof, for the purpose of obtaining more money on the insurance policy than the insured were entitled to recover.
We quote in full (omitting reference to folio numbers) the assignments of error as abbreviated and stated in the abstract by counsel for the insurer: "These *457 assignments in substance are that the trial court erred as follows: 1. In denying the motion for directed verdict made at the conclusion of the evidence in chief; 2. In refusing to permit witness Hugh L. Morris to testify as to the reasons why a major portion of the records submitted by Gagliardi Bros. were insufficient or improper as a basis of the alleged claim; 3. In refusing to permit witness Fred L. Henkel to testify as to his opinion of the probable value of the merchandise destroyed by fire; 4. In denying motion for directed verdict made at the conclusion of the evidence; 5. In denying motion for new trial; 6. In giving judgment."
Disregarding technical objections that might be raised to the assignments, we shall treat the first, fourth, fifth and sixth thereof as one, with particular reference to alleged fraud, and follow with mention of the second and third assignments.
[1] Distorted though the entries in Exhibit A are, we see little merit in the objection to this book from the standpoint of the insurer. Its counsel refer to the volume as a sales record, and we treat it as such, but the evidence is clear that it was rescued from the debris and delivered to the adjusters inadvertently, by one of the partners without knowledge of its contents, before more accurate records were discovered. The partners took the initiative in seeking to withdraw it from consideration in the computation of the fire loss. Even if this were not so, the book itself in essential particulars seems to be wholly innocuous as far as the rights of the insurer are concerned. Indeed, it would have been decidedly more to the advantage of the insurance company than to the partners to have accepted Exhibit A as a true sales record, for the more the sales account was exaggerated, the greater would be the reduction of goods on hand at the time of the fire. It would not magnify the loss, but would minimize it.
From the above it is manifest that Exhibit A favored *458
the company; that the partners did not defraud nor attempt to defraud the insurer, either expressly or impliedly, but that at first they came close to injuring themselves by unintentionally representing larger sales and consequently a far less loss than they actually suffered. This cannot defeat their recovery in an action on the policy. It would be a red letter day for insurance companies if more people would underestimate their losses. If a mistake occurs, it is subject to correction and the correction was made. Western Assurance Company v. Bronstein,
[2] It is naively suggested that the unwarranted exaggeration of sales by the firm, as shown in the "big red book," was made for the purpose of misleading an Assyrian, another merchant and prospective purchaser of the store, to impress the latter with the belief that the partners were enjoying a large and prosperous trade. The swollen record of sales, if credence had been given to it and if acted upon, would have been meat to the insurance company but poison to the Assyrian. The latter did not *459 buy the business, nor do we know that he ever saw Exhibit A, and even if he did, this is not the insurer's responsibility. The third party is not before the court, his interests are not involved, and we need not speculate over his rights. All that this defense amounts to is that a third party had a narrow escape from Antonio's designs in another transaction which was never put into execution. This is wholly remote from the issues and does not absolve the insurer from its liability to the insured.
[3] The court did not refuse to allow the witness Hugh L. Morris to testify, as might be supposed from a casual reading of the second assignment. Morris was an accountant of experience; the insurer claims that he was an expert, which the insured denies. He was examined and cross-examined at length, and was given wide latitude. He was permitted to testify as to alterations in records when the alterations were obvious and not disputed. Speaking of some of them, the court finally said: "Well, as far as his examination is concerned, it doesn't show he is any better qualified than the jury is, as far as that is concerned." We cannot tell from the assignments of error what is meant by a "major portion of the exhibits" without counting them and could not tell then which exhibits are meant. If it relates to seven invoices contained in Exhibit G, the witness was asked this question: "In your judgment, are they acceptable as evidence of purchases during the period in question?" The court properly sustained an objection to this question. It was the exclusive province of the court to determine whether the documents were acceptable or admissible in evidence. Furthermore, the exhibits spoke for themselves, they were admitted in evidence and the court told counsel that they could call the attention of the jury to any part of them. We question if the witness was at all familiar with the "major portion of the exhibits." They did not consist of the purchase invoices, concerning which the witness was interrogated, but of *460 numerous pads containing the sales slips above mentioned. What the testimony of the witness might have been with respect to them is not apparent from the record. For this reason and the other reasons as above stated, the second assignment of error is not well taken.
[4] As to the third assignment. Henkel was state agent of the Underwriters Salvage Company of New York. He and Mike estimated the salvage and it was agreed upon by the insurer and insured. It was covered by a salvage inventory admitted in evidence. The insured asked that the witness be allowed to make comparisons from "a careful personal inspection of the debris, and the property that was left from the fire" with the stock of merchandise on hand at the time of the fire, and to give his opinion of the loss from his deductions. The court declined to permit him to testify as to such matters on the ground that it was "pure guess work," which was right. It does not appear that the witness knew or could have known what stock was on hand at the time of the fire and "the debris" if it had any value was covered by the salvage about which there was no question. Such testimony was properly excluded.
[5] The insurer charges the partners with other fraudulent manipulations and alterations of books and records with intention to deceive, all of which the partners deny. Every question of fact argued in this court was found adversely to the contentions of the insurer, on conflicting evidence. The instructions were so eminently fair that no error is assigned thereon; if faulty in any respect, they favored the insurer; they were unnecessarily repetitious on the question of fraud; they were in part worded from the language of the insurance policy and in part from what the parties seem to agree is the law on the subject. The well known rule applies; we shall not disturb the verdict.
This case has had more than ordinary attention at our hands; all points presented in able and exhaustive briefs *461 of counsel have been fully considered; the case was argued to this court twice, first in department and afterwards en banc. It is not successfully contended that the verdict of the jury is disproportionate to the actual loss sustained, and we find no error in the record.
Judgment affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE BOUCK and MR. JUSTICE HOLLAND dissent.