85 Mich. 634 | Mich. | 1891
Lead Opinion
The complainant was organized in May, 1863, under chapter 94, How. Stat. It has from time to time extended its tracks, under the direction of the common council, upon the streets of the city, until it now has many miles of road and large amounts of money invested. It has, during the 27 years of its existence, been engaged in the business of carrying passengers to and from different parts of the city.
January 3, 1889, the common council authorized the complainant to lay, construct, use, and operate a single street-railway track in, along, and through Mack street,
The defendants answered, admitting their action, and claiming their legal right thus to prevent the construction of an electric street railway on the street. They allege that street-railway cars, propelled by electricity, cannot lawfully be used on the street in the manner intended by complainant. They deny the power of the common council to permit the erection and maintenance of this electrical apparatus without the consent of abutting property-owners, or without condemnation proceed
The case was heard upon pleadings and proofs, and decree entered in favor of the complainant, the railway company.
“Any number of persons, not less than three, may be formed into a corporation for the purpose of constructing and owning a train railway or road, to be operated by horse or other animal power, by complying with the following requirements.”
The first twelve sections provided for the details of the organization, and for the obtaining of lands, by purchase or condemnation, for its road-way, gates, toll-houses, etc. The next two sections provided 'for the use of the road by any person, by paying certain tolls for every coal car, ore-car, or other vehicle drawn over it. It is unnecessary to mention the provisions of the other sections of the original act. Nothing is said in the act about the carriage of passengers.
This act was amended in 1861 by adding two new sections, providing for the organization of companies under the act to construct and operate railways in and through the streets of any town or city, upon obtaining consent of the municipal authorities, and under such regulations
Street railways have existed under this act for nearly 30 years. Millions of money have been invested in them. They have been extensively used by the people. This complainant has, during its existence, been engaged exclusively in the carriage of passengers. It has become not only a convenience, but a necessity, to the people. In the many cases brought to this Court involving the various provisions of the act, its constitutionality was-never raised, and is now for the first time doubted. If its constitutionality were doubtful, courts might well be justified in upholding the practical construction which has thus been adopted by the people. The people have acted and invested upon the faith of its validity for the last 27 years, not only in the city of Detroit, but in many other cities of the State, and the State authorities have never questioned it.
In construing the constitutionality of a statute, as well as in interpreting a provision of the Constitution itself, the practical construction which the people have - placed upon it during a series of years will be adopted by the courts, unless there is a clear infraction of some constitutional provision. In such cases the argument rib inconvenimti will be allowed to have great weight. Cooley, Const. Lim. (6th ed.) 81; Stuart v. Laird, 1 Cranch, 299;
But upon its merits we see no force in the position. The general purpose of the act is to provide for local railway transportation. Its title is “An act to provide for the construction of train railways.” Whatever may be included under the title of an act when passed may also be included by subsequent amendment. The general railroad law is silent in its title as to what may be transported under it, yet no one ever thought to question its validity upon the ground that it provided for the carrying of both freight and passengers. If the provisions of the amendment are germane to the object expressed in the title, this is all that the Constitution requires. In determining this question the law must be considered as-a whole, as amended. The amendment is incorporated into the original act, and becomes a part of it. The same-rule of construction will be applied to the amended act as to the original act. The word “train,” as used in this law, is defined to be a “continuous or connected line-of cars or carriages on a railroad.” Certainly the carriage-of passengers is as germane to the object expressed in the-title- as is the carriage of freight. Either could be incorporated into the law by amendment without violating the constitutional provision. Counsel for the defendants are in error in interpreting the original act to be limited to the carrying of “ore, mineral, copper, and iron.” The corporations therein provided for had the right to, carry any and all binds of freight.
The general railroad law enacted in 1855 provides for the use of the force and power of steam, of animals, or any mechanical power, or any combination of them. If some new motor (such as a storage battery, which counsel for the defendants in their brief say will no doubt be discovered in the immediate future) should be found to take the place of steam, and thereby dispense with the noise incident thereto, and the discomforts of dirt and smoke, would it be contended that railroad companies could not use it, under the provisions of this law, because it was not known at the time.the law was passed? These laws were enacted in times of rapid advancement in the mechanical arts. This advancement is nowhere more forcible shown than in the discovery and use of devices and motors to facilitate travel and transportation. It cannot, in my judgment, be held that the Legislature intended to limit these corporations to the use of things that were then known. This rule would be too rigid and technical to merit approval. The common law is more elastic and progressive. It adapts itself to meet the
As well might it be contended that when land is dedicated to or condemned for the public use for highways its use must be limited to the then known methods of travel and transportation. Engines now travel over nearly every public highway in the agricultural portion of the country, propelled by steam, drawing large machines, and stopping at nearly every farm to facilitate the work of the farmers; yet upon this innovation of the use of the highway this same principle was invoked as is now invoked to prevent it. Macomber v. Nichols, 34 Mich. 212. In this case the defendant was held liable in the circuit court for running such an engine along the highway. In his opinion, Chief Justice Cooley says:
“ Persons making use of horses, as the means of travel or traffic by the highways, have no rights therein superior to those who make use of the ways in other modes. It is true that locomotion upon the public roads has hitherto been chiefly by means of horses and similar animals, but persons using them have no prescriptive rights, and are entitled only to the same reasonable use of the ways which they must accord to all others. Improved methods of locomotion are perfectly admissible, if any shall be discovered, and they cannot be excluded from the existing public roads, provided their use is consistent with the present methods.”
Steam has been used as a motor in the public streets, and its use sustained. Moses v. Railroad Co., 21 Ill. 516. The court in that case say:
“ A street is made for the passage of persons and property, and the law cannot define what exclusive means of transportation shall be used. * * * To say that a new mode of passage shall be banished from the streets, no matter how much the general good may require it, simply because the streets were not so used in the days of Blackstone would hardly comport with the advancement and*651 enlightenment of the present age.” See, also, Fulton v. Railway Co., 85 Ky. 640 (4 S. W. Rep. 332); Stanley v. City of Davenport, 54 Iowa, 463 (2 N. W. Rep. 1064).
The use of electricity causes no greater obstruction or hindrance, and imposes no greater burden, upon the streets than does the ordinary horse railway, except it be by placing posts along the streets, — a matter to be hereafter discussed. The electric car does not occupy as much space upon the street as does the car with the horses attached. It is not more noisy, is cleaner, is started and stopped quicker, moves faster, is more readily controlled^ and, by its more rapid carriage of passengers, relieves the street, to some extent, at least, of travel. These are matters of common observation. Its advantages over horsepower are apparent. But it is most severely attacked because it is dangerous, and evidence of accidents, caused by it in this and other states, was introduced by the defendants. Some of this evidence, it appears, was used in the courts of other states, w-here the use of this power was sustained. It has not, however, been shown in this suit to be so dangerous as to justify the court in enjoining its use. The electric railway is now in use in nearly all the large cities and many of the smaller ones of the country. I am not aware that any court has yet enjoined its use on the ground of danger. Steam annually causes the loss of many lives and great destruction of property; yet no one has ever sought for that reason to enjoin its use as a motive power in - transportation. This matter may be safely left where the Legislature has left it, to the municipal authorities, who presumably will not permit the use of those things which, cause unnecessary danger. The Legislature has expressly conferred upon the cities of this State the right to authorize the use of any motive power whatever upon their street railways. Under this power exists the right to authorize the use of
Defendants’ counsel cite as an authority Omaha Horse Ry. Co. v. Cable Tramway Co., 30 Fed. Rep. 324. The language then used by Judge Brewer must be considered in connection with the facts. The question there involved was not whether a horse-railway company might use any other motive power, but whether, being by its charter limited to the use of horse-power, it might restrain another company from using any other power. The com. plainant in that case was given the exclusive right to build, erect, and operate horse-railways within the city of Omaha, and five miles adjacent thereto. This was under a special charter from the legislature of the territory of Nebraska. The defendant was proceeding to construct a cable road, and the complainant sought to enjoin its construction and use on the ground that the defendant’s road was included in the term “horse railways.” In the opinion is this language:
“ Is it probable that it [the legislature] intended to foreclose the public in advance from all the benefits of possible inventions and discoveries in the matter of street-railway travel, and give them to this grantee? or did it not rather intend that its grantee should take that complete and single thing known as a * horse railway,’ with all of which it was familiar, and retain for the public all of the unknown possibilities of invention and discovery in reference to modes of street-railiuay travel9”
In the present case, under the authority of the Legislature, the people are reaping the benefit of just such inventions, the use of which is authorized by the broad and comprehensive language of the act, as was evidently intended.
1. As one of the general public.
2. As owner of the reversionary interest to the center of the street.
3. As owner of a lot, possessed of the right of ingress and egress to and from the street.
In the first relation he has the right, in common with every other member of the public, to the use of the street. The fact that vehicles pass along the street upon tracks level with the bed nf the street, and leaving sufficient room for him to pass on foot or with his vehicle, does not interfere with this right. The fact that he is compelled to turn aside, when meeting or passing a car upon the track, is an incident to the use of the street, but no infringement of any right- possessed by him. He is not thereby hindered, delayed, or obstructed in his passage. Free passage is all the law gives him.
In condemning land for the use of streets and highways, the owner receives as damages the full market value of his land. After it has been condemned or dedicated, there is no such thing as damage to his reversionaryinterest, caused by any use which is a public one. Whatever may have been the ancient adjudications limiting the rights of the public in the streets to passage and repassage, and whatever may now be the rule with regard to highways in the country, with the growth of population in our cities have come increased needs for heating, lighting, draining, sewerage, water, etc., and with these has come also a corresponding extension of the public rights in the streets. Immense sewers and water mains may be dug, aad the soil removed, culverts and drains
So far, then, as these defendants are concerned, it is immaterial whether they or the city own the fee in the street. Their rights are the same in either case. So long as they are unobstructed in the use and enjoyment of their property, having convenient ingress and egress, and the use of the street is an authorized and proper public use, they have no legal cause for complaint. It is evident that street railways, when constructed so as not to interfere with the rights of others upon the street, form no obstruction to such use and enjoyment. They make no more noise than the omnibus or other heavy vehicles, are -not more dangerous, and no more interfere with access to the abutting lots. They constitute a modern and improved use only of the street as a public way. These improved methods become necessary in populous cities. The use is the same; the methods only diiferent. Without them, clerks and working men and women could not be provided with cheap and rapid transit from their working places to the suburbs of the city, where they may have cheap and comfortable homes. These views are in accord with the clear weight of authority. People v. Kerr, 27 N. Y. 188; Kellinger v. Railroad Co., 50 Id. 206; Mahady v. Railroad Co., 91 Id. 148; Pierce, R. R. 234; Elliott v. Railroad Co., 32 Conn. 579, Hinchman v. Railroad Co., 17 N. J. Eq. 75; Attorney General v. Railroad Co., 125 Mass. 515; Eichels v. Railway Co., 78 Ind. 261;
We are cited by defendants’ counsel to Taylor v. Bay City Street Ry. Co., 80 Mich. 77. The distinction between that case • and the present one is too clear to require comment. The former was decided upon the express terms of the charter of Bay City. The charter of the city of Detroit contains no such provisions. The question here involved was not there even discussed.
It has frequently been held that telegraph and telephone poles are not necessarily erected to facilitate the use of the streets, and consequently that they create an additional servitude. But the authorities are by no means uniform. To the contrary are Julia Bldg. Ass’n v. Bell Tel. Co., 88 Mo. 258; Pierce v. Drew, 136 Mass. 75. These decisions are based upon the doctrine that the whole beneficial use of the land has been taken and appropriated to the public, and that one of the original uses of a highway was the transmission of intelligence. One of the first cases to make this distinction was Taggart v. Railway Co., supra (decided in January, 1890). Referring to this case, Judge Dillon says:
“The distinction * * * is so fine as to be almost impalpable, and it suggests serious doubts whether both conclusions are sound and reconcilable. The general subject awaits further development and settlement.” 2 Mun. Oorp. (éth ed.) p. 893, note.
The learned author does not state which he believes to be the correct principle. -Since then the question as to whether the erection of poles, for electric street railways constitutes an additional servitude has been several times before the courts, and thus far they have been held to be ancillary to a proper use of the street, and to create
These poles usec\ by the complainant are *a necessary part of its system. When they d.o not interfere with the owner’s access to and the use of his land, we see no reason why they should be held to constitute an additional servitude. Certainly they constitute no injury to his reversionary interest. To constitute an additional servitude, therefore, they must be an injury to the present use and enjoyment of his land. But they do not obstruct his light or his vision, as do the structures of an elevated railroad. Neither they nor the cars they assist in moving cause the noise, steam, smoke, and dirt which are produced by steam-cars. They do not interfere with his going and coming at his pleasure when placed as they can and must be, so as to give him free access. Wherein, then, is he injured? If it be said that they are unsightly, and therefore offend his taste, it can well be replied that they are no more so than the lamp-post or the electric toAver. It is as necessary that rapid transit be furnished to a crowded city as it is that light should be furnished to its streets. Public convenience and necessity must control in all such cases.
Under this record we can only announce some general principles, leaving the defendants without prejudice to pursue such remedy as they may have when they can establish a violation of their legal rights.
1. The complainant cannot lawfully construct and operate its road in a street too narrow to admit the passage of its cars and other vehicles at the same time, nor so
2. Nor in a street, though of sufficient width, if its condition be such that the operation of the railway will result in the practical exclusion of others from the use of the street. A railway so constructed and operated would be a public nuisance, and the courts would abate it.
3. The complainant’s road-bed" and track must be built substantially with the level of the street, so as to permit vehicles to cross without difficulty.
4. The poles must be so placed as not to interfere with the right of ingress and egress to abutting property.
It is insisted that the court was in error in excluding testimony as to the dangers and actual perils witnessed by persons from the use of the new method of transit, for the reason that this testimony had a bearing upon the interference with the customary use of the street. This question arose three times upon the hearing. On the first two occasions the testimony ruled out referred entirely to the tendency of these cars to frighten horses. The court made its third ruling at the close of the testimony of one Mrs. Eascher, who had testified to the decrease of travel upon the street, to the frightening of horses, and the decrease in rents. The court then announced that eight or ten witnesses had testified to the condition of the road, and no more testimony would be allowed on that point. Defendants’ counsel announced that they had a large number of witnesses to the same effect, and asked permission to call two or three more. The court said that five or six witnesses to any particular fact was sufficient, and that it was clearly within its discretion to limit the number of witnesses: that as to the points already covered defendants would not be permitted to call more witnesses, but as to any new facts they might call more. The circuit judge was clearly
The decree of the court below is affirmed, with the costs of both courts.
I am not prepared to say that the construction of a street-railroad track in a street is of itself no additional burden or servitude upon the street. I think it is, but to what extent depends upon all the facts and circumstances under which it is imposed. If the circumstances are such that in a narrow street, or in the mode of construction, it becomes a nuisance to the property-owners or the public, as pointed out by my Brother Grant, I think the additional servitude would be quite apparent. If in any case it is such an invasion of private rights as to cause damage to the owner of the fee of the soil or abutting proprietors, I think they have a legal remedy to recover such damage in a suit at law. And so with regard, to the setting of poles to aid the propulsion of cars by electricity. I do not think, ordinarily, it is such a taking of private property as requires condemnation and 'compensation before the poles can be set, but, I think, if the owner suffers damage on account of the erection of poles, he should seek his remedy at law for such damage.
I concur in the result reached by my Brother Grant for the reasons—
1. That the complainant was proceeding under color of legal authority to construct its railroad.
2. I think the defendants have a complete legal remedy for all injuries complained of in their cross-bill.
Act No. 148, Laws of 1855.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I cannot concur either in
The case hinges upon the question as to whether or not the construction and operation of a street railway in a street, and, as incident thereto, the placing of poles therein upon which are to be stretched electric wires, is a new servitude; and I am .clearly of opinion that a street railway, whether operated by animal power, electricity, or steam, is ‘an additional burden; and it seems to me that the exemption of any street, whether narrow or not, is a practical concession to this view. If it is or can be an added servitude in any street, however narrow, it must be in any street, however wide, the only difference being one of degree. If the width of the street is to determine, just what width shall determine the question? If the right exists to grant a franchise in one street, and the exercise of that right concludes the abutting owner, why not in any street? Any fixed right of way in a street is a new burden upon that street. Any use of a street, a like use of which is not common to all, is a new servitude. Any use of a street, which narrows the street, or which interferes with the use-of any part of the street by the public, or confines the public to a use of but a part of the street, is an added burden. Any use of a street which increases the danger of a common use of that street is an additional servitude. Any use of a street which interferes with its use by the public is a use affecting the abutting owners.
The value of property upon a. street is materially affected by its width, by the portion thereof devoted to public travel, by the facilities afforded for ingress and egress, and by anything and everything that interferes with a common use of the street, or the abutting owner’s access to it, or which obstructs his view, or interferes with the utility or beauty of his premises. He is entitled
Streets are laid out not only with reference to roadway, but to sidewalks and margins for ornamentation. A street is laid out 50. feet wide, with a 25-foot road-way, and 12-g- feet on each side for sidewalks and ornamentation. A street-car track is laid through the center of the road-way, leaving practically but less than 10 feet each side of the track, insufficient for two teams to pass each other, and insufficient for one team to pass on that side of the street, if there should be a street-car approaching, and a team hitched at the curb. Cars moving along these tracks have practically the right of way. They turn out for no one’s convenience, and are practically moving obstructions in the street, discommoding other vehicles, and adding materially to the hazard of travel. The abutting owner cannot unload a load of freight or hitch a horse in front of his own door without increased risk. Because of the existence of these
Mr. Lewis, in his recent work on Eminent Domain, says:
c‘ That a difference exists between the ordinary horse railway and the ordinary steam railway is obvious; but is the difference anything more than one of degree? The essential characteristic of both kinds of roads is that there is granted to a private corporation or individual an exclusive franchise, right, or easement in the soil of the street. * * * If the principle- of the horse railroad cases is sound, then a street may be so filled with tracks, with cars running so frequently, as practically to exclude all other travel and traffic from the street.” Chapter 5, §124.
If a lot-owner has a frontage of 30 feet, he is entitled to 30 feet of unobstructed approach. If the council may grant the right to erect poles 100 feet apart, why not 50 or 25 or 12 feet apart? And then, why not the right to place cross-trees on the top of these poles, and ties upon the cross-trees, and stringers upon the ties, and all the incidents of an elevated railway? If the increased needs of the municipality is to be the test, then the legal rights, of the abutting owners must vary with place and varying population. An elevated railway in one of the populous streets of New York is as much a necessity there as is a surface railway on the street in question. A public highway is one over which all the people of the State have a common and equal right "to travel. It is a way in which no one has the exclusive right to travel, nor the. exclusive right to use it in a particular manner.
What is said by Dillon, regarding the use of a street by a steam railway company, is true in a sense of a street railway company:
*664 “A different use of the land from that for which it was intended cannot be justified on the ground that a railway is an improved highway. Railway companies are only public corporations in a limited sense. The right of way, the road-bed, and the carriages propelled thereon are owned by private individuals, and not by the public. Fares are charged for travel thereon, for the exclusive benefit of the parties owning the road. They are constructed and equipped in the interest of private speculation, but at the same time they are intended to subserve the public good. The travel on them bears no analogy to our notions of travel on an ordinary street or highway, where every one travels at pleasure, in his own conveyance, without paying tolls or fares. The uses are totally different, and even inconsistent. The one is exclusive, in favor of private interest, and the other is open and free to all." 2 Dill. Mun. Corp. (3d ed.) § 704.
The defendants here are protesting against the occupancy of that street by the railway company with its tracks, poles, and wires, and it is notorious that, in a. number of instances in the city of Detroit, the residents of streets have vigorously opposed construction of lines of street railway in front.of their property. At the present time a petition is before the common council of that city for a franchise to construct an electric railway on Howard street, and the residents of that street have presented to the council the following reasons why the franchise should not be granted:
<fl. That the street is too narrow of its present width bo warrant the erection of such without' placing in jeopardy the lives of every resident along said street.
“2. That, in the event of a street railway along said street, the property from commencement to terminus will be depreciated in value.
“3. That to undertake to widen said street, as has been suggested by some of the petitioners, would not only depreciate property along the street, but would destroy the shade-trees upon both sides, which are not only a benefit, comfort, and luxury, but have taken years of care and attention to cultivate.
*665 “4. That Howard street is the only street which we have to drive up from the center to the western portion of the city with any degree of comfort, on the western side of city, south of Grand Eiver avenue.
“5. That, in the event of an ordinance being granted for a street railway along said street, the street would be absolutely destroyed for residence purposes, as has been shown by improvements along such street compared with the portion already burdened with a street-railway track between Seventh street and Trumbull avenue.
“6. That the erection of a street railway, as contemplated by petitioners, would be endangering the lives of every child along said 'street, who feels more or less free at present to step outside its /place of abode.
“ 7. That the voluminous remonstrance against the same, presented to and now before. your honorable body and committee, is a sufficient indication that the residents of said street have no desire for such.
“ 8. That not a single individual has as yet petitioned for a line along said street, which is of itself a sufficient warrant that our present street-railway accommodations are very satisfactory to all who live on said street.
“ 9. That the recent decision of our Supreme Court pertaining to the erection of electric street-railways, through and along streets similarly situated as Howard street, is not justifiable, and cannot be done by the mere asking for and granting of the same.
“10. That, above all, it is not of a public necessity:
“ Thefore be it resolved that these resolutions be adopted, and a copy be presented by a committee of three, to be appointed at this meeting, to the common council, and the committee on streets and ordinances.”
Is it within the province of this Court to say to these property-owners, “ You do not know what you do not want?” to say to them that, as a matter of law, the railway will not be a new servitude? to suggest that this occupancy and use will not depreciate their property, will not bring a new danger to their doors, but will be an • advantage to them? to declare, as a matter of law, that this occupation of this street is a public necessity, whereas the public have not asked for it?
ffNo legislation can be maintained which does not plainly require this question to be left to a jury.”
The street itself is the major necessity, yet the land taken for streets in a majority of cases is just what must ultimately be given in order to the beneficial use of the remainder; yet, if the public demands it before the owner chooses to give it, the public must pay for it, and those who have dedicated their own land for street purposes are assessed to pay for the taking. Nor is it true that rapid transit or street-railway transit is as necessary as light or sewerage or water, for these are actual necessities, while these methods of transit are simply conveniences. The common council has a right to provide that sewerage shall be directed to and through the public sewers, but it has no right to determine that transportation shall be confined to street-railway cars. The lighting of the streets is necessary for the protection of the public and municipality as well. The public and the city are interested in having water for convenient use, whether used by abutting owners or not.
But it is said that this is not a taking of property,
“It is a transparent fallacy to say that this is not a taking of his property, because the land itself is not taken, and he utterly excluded from it, and because the title, nominally, still remains in him, and he is merely deprived of its beneficial use, which is not the property, but simply an incident of property. Such a proposition, though in some instances something very like it has been sanctioned by courts, cannot be rendered sound, nor even respectable, by the authority of great .names. Of what does property practically consist, but of the incidents which the law has recognized as attached to the title or right of property? Is not the idea of property in or title to lands, apart from and stripped of all its incidents, a purely metaphysical abstraction, as immaterial and useless, to the owner as 'the stuff that dreams are made of?’ Is it not a much less injury to him, if it can injure him at all, to deprive him of this abstraction, than of the incidents of property, which alone render.it practically valuable to him? And among the incidents of property in land, or anything else, is not the right to enjoy its .beneficial use, and so far to control it as to exclude others from that use, the most beneficial, the one most real and practicable idea pf‘ property, of which it is a much greater wrong to deprive a man than of the mere abstract idea of property without incidents? This use, or the right to control it with reference to its use, constitutes in fact all that is beneficial in ownership, except the right to dispose of it; and this latter right or incident would be rendered barren and worthless, stripped of the right to the use. Property does not consist merely of the right to the ultimate particles of matter of which it may be composed, — of which we know nothing, — but of those properties of matter which can be rendered manifest to our senses, and made to contribute to our*668 wants oi’ our enjoyments.” See Eaton v. Railroad Co., 51 N. H. 504.
The same cases which hold that a horse railway is a proper use of a street declare that a steam railroad is not, and that the occupation of a street by a steam railroad is a new servitude; yet the use by the steam railroad is within the same limits as that of the horse railroad. The burden may not be as' great in the one case as in the other, but there is no difference in the principle. In this State the fee is in the abutter, and he has, in addition, a greater interest in the easement in front of his own property than- the public generally; but, whether he has the fee or but an easement, a burden upon either affects a property right.
It is urged that this use of streets “must be supposed to have been contemplated.” Is it possible that a use of a street which is not common to all streets, and which depends upon the desire of a street-car company or the will of a common council, must be supposed to have been 'contemplated? Can this special use, depending upon the question of profit to its promoters, be deemed to be one of the ordinary purposes for which property for a street was taken? Can it be that the use of a street as a mere outlet for a traffic which, in the absence of that use, would be distributed over several streets, can be said to be a use contemplated at the opening of that street? Is it true that all the traffic of a given territory embracing a number of streets may be directed upon a given street, and a system of transportation adopted which interferes with the other and' ordinary modes of travel upon that street, and the other streets relieved at the expense of that street, and yet that this system of transportion is not a new burden?
In a street-opening proceeding, the measure of damages is the value of the property taken, and the physical
I am unable to reconcile the opinion of Mr. Justice Grant with the case of Taylor v. Bay City Street Ry. Co., 80 Mich. 77. That was a bill filed by abutting owners to enjoin the construction of a street railway. The court below dismissed the bill, but this Court made a decree restraining the defendant from the use of the road in front of .complainants5 premises. The decision was put upon the ground that1 the charter of Bay City empowered the council of that city to authorize the running of street railways in the streets of said city upon condition that the owners of lots adjoining, and persons interested therein, should receive compensation therefor,
This is not a question of whether or not the public shall have street railways or rapid transit, but it is one as to whether the owners of property shall be divested of its beneficial use and enjoyment without compensation, because a private corporation is attracted by the prospective revenue there is in the enterprise, and, upon the plea that it will be a great public convenience, has obtained a franchise to appropriate a portion of the street to its use. It is upon this same plea that the public, through its legislatures, has parted with about all it had that was of value, except its interests in the public highways, and it remains to be seen whether they, too, will be surrendered to monopolistic control, to the detriment, not only of the public, but of abutting land-owners as well. These owners have special interests in these ways which courts, at least, are bound to respect.
Concurrence Opinion
In this case I concur most emphatically in all that has been said by Mr. Justice McGrath in his dissenting opinion.
I am satisfied that the system of railway in operation upon Mack street does fasten a new burden upon the land of the abutting owners on that street. It introduces a new and dangerous element of locomotion, certainly not known, or even thought of, when the street was dedicated to public use, and for the purposes of public travel.
I know that the current of authority, what little there is of adjudication upon the subject, is to the contrary; but in every single case the reasoning of the opinion, to me, rests upon a false and dangerous foundation. It is that the rights of the individual must give way to the needs of the public, in the use of new discoveries and inventions to facilitate travel and' rapid transit in the
The system of propelling street-cars by electricity, known as the “trolley system,” burdens the street, in the first place, with a track wider than a wagon track, which is practically taken out of the street, away from the use of other travelers, and made the “ right of way ” of the street-car company. Poles are planted in front of the property of abutting owners, and upon these are strung wires, charged with a dangerous, and not entirely certain, force, the full nature of which is known to but a few, if any, and the full control of which has, as yet, not been given to man.
It has been held by the same authorities that consider a horse railroad not to be an additional servitude that a steam railway imposes a new burden. The only reasons given for the distinction are, as said in one case, that the question whether any use of a street was a new servitude was one of degree, and depended on the manner in which the streets were used; that in the case of steam
If the question to be considered, then, in determining whether or not the abutting land-owners upon the street are entitled to compensation, is the degree that the proposed use may prevent the street being used for the ordinary, legitimate purposes of public travel, certainly such a road as this electric road upon Mack street does impose a new servitude, for which the defendants are entitled to compensation before the road is laid; for, under the circumstances shown, it is a nuisance, and practically destroys the street, and with the destruction of the street the property of defendants is taken. The evidence shows that between the car track and the ditch of the street there is only from six to eight feet in many places; that the track is raised from four to eight inches above the center of the street; that it is almost impossible to pass a car with any vehicle without being ditched; travel has decreased on the street; coal, wood, meat, milk, and other wagons will not go upon; the street; the wires are strung so low that a load of hay cannot pass under them. People are denied access to their homes by teams and vehicles, and residence property has greatly depreciated since the road has gone into operation. The cars run with greater speed, and therefore with greater danger, make more noise, emit sparks and flashes of light, and are more dangerous, frightening horses, and even people.
It is said that the city of Detroit can remedy most of these evils by grading and paving the street, and that the municipality can safely be trusted to do this. But the property-owner of traveler on this street has no way of compelling the city thus to remedy the evils of which he may justly complain, and is not bound, in my opinion, to wait and suffer without compensation, and without any tangible hope of relief.
It is bad enough, under the exercise of the power of eminent domain, to destroy or damage the home of the citizen, which he has planted upon the spot where he desires it to stand, when he is compensated for the 23ecuniary sacrifice; but it is a crime against him, and a violation not only of our Constitution, but of the very essence of liberty, to damage or destroy it without compensation, at the will of municipal or other corporations. And in my opinion, neither the city nor the Legislature can permit a private or public corporation practically to destroy an existing street without the intervention of a jury or commissioners to assess the damages to the abutting owners by such destruction. The city of Detroit has no authority to allow a street-railway company to obstruct the uses of a street. In such a case as the present, the street should have been graded and paved before the franchise was granted to the complainant.
This case, in brief, is this: Here is a land-owner upon a resident lot abutting upon a street, in the soil of which he owns the fee, subject only to a public easement which he, by dedication or otherwise, has granted for the ordinary and proper uses of a street or highway. When
But it is said that, although the fee is in the abutter, the wjiole beneficial use of the land for the purposes of a street is in the public, and that for those purposes it does not belong to the individual at all. Still it must be conceded that the abutter retains his easements of light and air and access to his premises, and also the right of the ordinary ways of travel upon the street to and from his land. These are property rights, and for the loss of these he is entitled to compensation. Nor can he be deprived of his rights because a court may think the damage to him is but trifling. It is by inches that ells are obtained. In the case before us this railway company may be taking but a pound of flesh, but in the case of the home-owner it is the pound of flesh nearest his heart.
The question whether or not a street railway constitutes a new burden was not before this Court in the case of Grand Rapids & I. R. R. Co. v. Heisel, 38 Mich. 62, and what was said in that case by Mr. Justice Cooley ought to have no binding force, except, perhaps, from the fact
It seems strange that the same courts that hold that the planting of telegraph or telephone poles in the street imposes a new servitude, and that they cannot be so planted without the consent of the owner, yet hold that the putting up of poles in the same places for an electric railway does not impose any new burden. The reason given is that telegraph and telephone poles are not used to facilitate the use of the streets for travel and transportation,—
“Whereas the poles and wires of the railroad company are directly ancillary to the uses of the street as such, in that they communicate the power by which the cars are propelled.”
This distinction Judge Dillon has said “to be so fine as to be almost impalpable,” and that “it suggests serious doubts whether both conclusions are sound and reconcilable.” If it were not for the telegraph and telephone, the messages transmitted by them would have to go by mail or other carrier, and use the highways more or less therefor, and it needs but a little further extension of the principle laid down in the case of railway poles to include also telephone and telegraph poles. Indeed, the courts of two states have adopted such extensions, and hold that the land-owner is entitled to no compensation for the erection of the latter poles in the street. Pierce v. Drew, 136 Mass. 75; Julia Bldg. Ass’n v. Bell Tel. Co., 88 Mo. 258. If this principle is to prevail because of the needs of and benefit to the public, our streets may be filled with street-car tracks, preventing other modes of travel, and poles may be so thickly planted along our sidewalks as even to exclude light and air from our
The argument may be amplified in many ways, as it has been, to sustain the idea that an electric railway does not impose a new burden upon the land; but the facts remain, that no land-owner wants such a railway upon his street in front of his home; that it is a means of travel not contemplated when most of our streets were dedicated; that the poles are unsightly, and a damage to the premises of the abutter; that the wires may and have been the means of injury and death; that the cars are more dangerous than horse-cars, and more liable to-frighten animals; that such a road depreciates the value of land as residence property upon the line of such road; and that it is a positive damage to the abutting landowner. Why, then, is not his property taken within the meaning of the Constitution, and taken without compensation? Why should his property rights be disregarded? It can only be justified, as before said, upon the plea that the convenience of the jjublie is so para, mount to the rights of the individual that the property of the latter must be sacrificed without recompense for the benefit of the public.
We have heard this argument before. It has been more than once made in this Court in favor of the great lumber corporations of this State. It has been contended that the lumbering interests of this State were so extensive, important, and valuable, and so identified with the interests of the public, that the poor farmer, with a small piece of land upon a navigable stream, must bear
The doctrine contended for is but a new phase of the old idea that “ the king can do no wrong.” It cannot prevail in a free government. The individual, in a republican form of government, is the one to be protected and guarded, and in his protection lies the security of liberty to the whole people. If the need of the public demands this kind of a railway for rapid transit, then the public can afford to pay for the privilege of destroying the property of the individual citizen. In no other1 case that I know of has the home of the individual been permitted by the law to be damaged without recompense,, that the public might reap a benefit. If the need of the public is such that it must have this particular method of transit, that need will furnish corporations with the means to repay every private citizen for the loss and damage that his property must suffer to accommodate such public need.
The plea that electric railways will not be built, unless the property of abutters upon -the street is permitted to be taken or damaged without compensation, is too puerile to be considered as an argument in favor of the destruction of private rights.