138 P. 981 | Cal. | 1914
Lead Opinion
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *149
This appeal is from a judgment in favor of plaintiff in an action in eminent domain and from the order denying defendant's motion for a new trial. *150
Plaintiff is a corporation organized under the laws of the state of Nevada. It has complied with the laws of the state of California governing its right to do business herein. By compliance with such laws it has acquired the right to do business in California and to that extent is here domesticated. Whatever controversy may have existed over the right of such a corporation to exercise the power of eminent domain is now laid to rest by the decision of this court in Bank in San Joaquin etc.Co. v. Stevinson,
The discussion in that case is so full as to relieve from the necessity of doing more than to refer to it.
Plaintiff is a public service corporation. It sought to condemn the land in question for the purpose of preserving and maintaining water-rights, watersheds, and sources, equipping, operating, and maintaining canals, laterals, aqueducts, flumes, tunnels, ditches, pipes, and pipe-lines with all their appurtenances; supplying, selling and distributing water and electric power to mines, farming neighborhoods, cities, towns, villages, and other municipal divisions, and to corporations and individuals; draining, reclaiming and irrigating lands, and equipping, operating, and maintaining ditches, reservoirs, dams, tunnels, levees, viaducts, bridges, excavations, and sites for the collection, storage, sale, and distribution of water; for the operation and maintenance of pumps and pumping plants, electrical lighting and power plants, and electric power lines by means of poles, wires, conduits, and subways. The purposes for which the corporation was organized are those just indicated, and they are most of them purposes for which the right of eminent domain may be exercised. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1238)
The principal contention of the appellant is that this particular section of land is not subject to the exercise of this right. Section 1240 of the Code of Civil Procedure declares that the right of eminent domain may be exercised upon "all lands belonging to the state . . . not appropriated to some public use." Appellant contends (a) that these lands had been devoted to public use, and (b) that they had by the state been withdrawn so as not to be subject to a taking in eminent domain proceedings. *151
The land is a sixteenth section, title to which passed to the state by virtue of the federal school-land grant. It is a surveyed section, title to which has completely vested in the state. (Heydenfeldt v. Mining Co.,
Certain fundamental legal considerations lie at the threshold of the main inquiry presented by this appeal. They are quite obvious and indisputable and may be thus stated: The state of California has declared that any and all of her lands held by her in sovereign proprietorship, excepting such as may be devoted to a public use, may be taken from her by any one qualified so to do under proceedings in eminent domain. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1240, subd. 2.) The state of California in this matter has consented to become a party litigant before her own courts, and when brought before the courts in such a proceeding her rights are no other than those of any other private proprietor. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1240, subd. 8; Civ. Code, sec.
The creation of a national forest reserve is, as to such lands as are under control of the federal government, a dedication *152
and an appropriation of these lands to a public use. (Light v.United States,
If in fact then this land has by the state been devoted to public use, it cannot be from the mere act of the federal authorities in creating the reservation, but must be found in some affirmative action by the state itself which alone has title to and control over this section. It is contended that it is found in the legislation of this state touching sections 16 and 36 granted to the state under the School Land Act when such sections have been embraced within the boundaries of a federal reservation. The legislation of the state upon the subject is to be found in sections 3398 to 3409, inclusive, of the Political Code, as affected by a later act of the legislature approved May 1, 1911. (Stats. 1911, p. 1408.) By section 3408b "all sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, surveyed and unsurveyed, which may now or may hereafter be included within the exterior boundaries of a national reservation, shall be . . . and are hereby withheld from sale by the state, and the same shall hereafter be used only as bases for indemnity selections as in this article provided." The act of 1911, later in date, modifies this language by a declaration that such lands "are hereby withdrawn from sale by the state of California" and that "Sec. 3. Nothing in this act contained shall be construed as preventing the use of said sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections as bases for indemnity selections, as provided by law." Section 3408c provides as follows:
"Whenever there shall exist in the state of California as may be determined by the surveyor general the right to select any lands from the United States, for any of the causes or reasons for which it may now or may hereafter under the laws of the United States be entitled to make indemnity selections, the surveyor general shall ascertain from time to time the number of acres of land to which the state is entitled as *153 indemnity and shall keep on file a statement showing of what such bases consist. In determining the bases in lieu of which the state is entitled to indemnity, the surveyor general shall also include all sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections which were surveyed at the time of the withdrawal of such lands from public entry, or at any time thereafter; provided, however, that should the land department of the United States determine that such surveyed sections are improper or invalid bases, then the surveyor general shall not be required thereafter to consider or treat said surveyed sections as valid or any bases for indemnity selections."
The succeeding section provides for the sale of scrip based upon the state's right to indemnity selections and entitling the purchaser to make such indemnity location. It is further provided that "Whenever it is made to appear to the satisfaction of the surveyor general that the base or bases named in any certificate of indemnity or scrip is or are invalid, or will not be accepted by the land department of the United States, the owner and holder thereof may surrender the same to the surveyor general and be entitled to restitution therefor." This sufficiently sets forth all of the state law necessary for the present consideration.
The federal law to which these provisions of the state law are manifestly and admittedly addressed are sections 2275 and 2276 of the Revised Statutes of the United States as amended in 1891, [Comp. Stats. 1901, pp. 1381, 1382; 6 Fed. Stats. Ann., pp. 462. 464]. In substance those sections declare that when any of these school sections so conveyed to a state are lost to the state, either by superior claims of homestead or preemption settlers, or because they are mineral lands, or because they are included within any Indian, military, or other reservation, or because they are otherwise disposed of by the United States "other lands of equal acreage are hereby appropriated and granted and may be selected by said state in lieu of such as may be thus" lost. By appellant it is contended that notwithstanding the title to such a section has absolutely vested in it before the creation of a forest federal reservation, it has elected to surrender such section to the United States, seeking indemnity and compensation therefor under the federal indemnity grant provided for in the above cited sections of the federal statutes. And further the state contends that this *154 federal grant is broad enough to include such selections as indemnity selections and that the interior department of the United States so construes the law. Furthermore, that the state has taken the appropriate steps in the various federal land-offices to accomplish this desired result, so that the present status of these lands is that the state has offered them to the United States in exchange for other equivalent public lands belonging to the general government. Therefore, the conclusion is that the state has, at least in equity, parted with its title, which title in equity is reinvested in the United States.
If appellant's position in this matter be sound there is an end to the controversy and the trial court erred in awarding a judgment in condemnation. But while one party may offer to contract, the assent of the other party to the offer must in some way be evidenced before any rights, legal or equitable, can spring into existence. As it is unquestioned that the control of the public domain is vested in Congress alone, and that only Congress can dispose of the public lands of the United States, the first inquiry must be directed to ascertain what Congress has done in the matter. It is conceded that all that it has done — the only provision that it has made for a case such as this — is disclosed by the language of the federal statutes above cited. But herein it is to be observed that all that Congress had in contemplation in passing these statutes was to indemnify states and territories for losses of school sections, which losses might befall the state for the reasons therein given. Further, it is to be observed that the only grant which Congress made was of lands to make good such losses — lieu lands by way of indemnity. And finally it is to be noted that the statutes of this state above referred to treat and speak of the acquisition by the state of other lands solely by way of indemnity. This language is strictly appropriate to those school sections lost to the state for the various reasons indicated, as by the prior right of settlers or purchasers, as by the fact that they were mineral lands, as by the fact that they were within declared military, Indian, forest or other national reservations, and as by the fact that before survey they were put within such reservations. But indemnification means nothing other than the making good of a loss. (Slade v. County of Butte,
A further argument upon the general subject is that the state has withdrawn such sections from sale and that therefore the right of eminent domain may not be exercised regarding them. This, however, cannot be, in contemplation of the general law touching the right of eminent domain. Our statutes do not say that state lands reserved from sale, or state lands not offered for sale, shall not be subject to the right of eminent domain. They declare that all the lands of the state shall be subject to this right, saving such lands alone as are devoted to a public use. The state might today have no laws for the sale of its proprietary lands. But this would not affect the power to exercise the right of eminent domain as accorded by the statutes of the state. The question of sale or nonsale imports a foreign element into the discussion. The sole defense in this respect which may be made by the state, conceding that it owns the land in controversy, is that the land has been appropriated to a public use. That this land was not so appropriated we have discussed at length. In addition to that, the concessions of the pleadings declare that no part of it is so devoted.
The foregoing cover the principal contentions advanced by appellant against the judgment given herein. It urges certain *157
minor contentions, as that the complaint is insufficient because it does not show plaintiff to be in charge of a public use. But plaintiff is organized as a public service corporation and must acquire the utilities to perform that service by purchase or by condemnation. The law does not contemplate that such a corporation must first be engaged in public service before the right of condemnation attaches. (Northern Light Co. v. Stacher,
It is further argued that owing to the conditions which have been shown to exist concerning the land in controversy, complete justice cannot be done without bringing into court the United States as a party defendant. But this of course, however desirable, is beyond the power of the state court to do. (Case v.Terrell,
Running through many of the propositions which appellant has advanced is an argument touching the desirability of giving effect to this attempted retransfer of lands to the United States. Herein it is pointed out that it is most advantageous to the United States that it should hold title to all lands within its reservations, that there may be simplicity and uniformity in their control by the United States without friction or interference with the rights of private owners, and, second, that such reserve-locked lands are of less value to the state than would be equivalent lands not surrounded *159 by United States lands under federal reserve. Again it is said that the state, if allowed to sell scrip upon the basis of such indemnity selections, would reap a larger profit than it would from the sale of such inclosed school sections. And finally it is asserted that by force of the language of section 3406a of the Political Code it should be held that the title of the state should be decreed to have vested in the United States at the date of the state's listing. This last proposition meets with the immediate answer that the state laws nowhere contemplate a gift to the United States of any of these lands. Every word of our law contemplates an exchange for equivalent lands and it is therefore untenable to hold that an unauthorized acceptance by the United States land department of such listing by the state, with no further act upon the part of the United States, for the reasons already given, can operate to divest or even to impair the title of the state.
But on the general argument we think that the true interests of the state are quite the opposite of those declared in the brief of the attorney-general. One familiar with the constitutional history of the United States need not be reminded of the jealousy with which, before the adoption of the present constitution and during the sessions of the continental Congress and the existence of the articles of confederation, the original states, and particularly Virginia, in their cessions of lands to the United States guarded their own rights and limited the powers of the United States over them, until in October, 1780, Congress resolved that the lands which may be ceded to the United States by any particular state shall be disposed of for the common benefit of the United States and be settled and formed into distinct republican states, which shall become members of the federal union, and have the same rights to sovereignty, freedom, and independence as the other states. The fundamental proposition assented to by the United States upon which these cessions were based was that the public lands within new states, existing or to be created, should be disposed of, sold, for the benefit of the United States, for the reason that the states believed it would be injurious to their sovereign rights that any large areas of land within their boundaries should be permanently beyond their taxing power and control and within the sovereign jurisdiction of another power. Further, it is to be remembered, *160
that all new states were to be admitted to the Union upon terms of exact equality with all other states, and the act of admission of the state of California declared that "the state of California shall be one and is hereby declared to be one of the United States of America and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states in all respects whatever. The people of said state shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the public lands within its limits." In the case of Pollard's Lessee
v. Hagan, 3 How. 212, [11 L. Ed. 565], the supreme court of the United States with great learning discusses these contracts between the several states and the United States and the meaning and force of the constitutional provisions thereafter passed. It is there declared as to the government lands within such states that the United States never held any municipal sovereignty, jurisdiction, or right of soil in and to their territory, or in and to the territory of any of the new states, excepting the right over them of executing the trust, which trust was to provide for their disposition by cessions or sale. It is further held that every new state comes into the Union upon terms of equality with all other states, and such an equality cannot exist if in one state it exercises sovereign powers over the lands, while in another it has disposed of such lands, or in the execution of its trust must dispose of them. In Coyle v. Smith,
We are of course not unmindful of the decisions of the supreme court of the United States, such as Camfield v. United States,
Finally it may be said that if the state shall believe its rights or interests to be affected by the adoption of the decisions of the federal courts in the construction of the federal statute, which is indisputably a matter of much moment, the path is clear to the supreme court of the United States, where the true and final construction of the statute will be given and all doubts put to rest.
The judgment appealed from is therefore affirmed.
Shaw, J., Lorigan, J., and Melvin, J., concurred.
Rehearing denied.
In denying a rehearing the court rendered the following opinion on February 19, 1914:
Addendum
The opinion in the above entitled case discloses that the United States has no interest, legal or equitable, in the land in controversy to call for its appearance in this controversy, and, further, if it had any such right, those rights would not be impaired by its nonappearance. For this reason the following paragraph in the opinion is unnecessary and is therefore eliminated: *163
"It is further argued that, owing to the conditions which have been shown to exist concerning the land in controversy, complete justice cannot be done without bringing into court the United States as a party defendant. But this of course, however desirable, is beyond the power of the state court to do. (Case v.Terrell,
The petition for a rehearing is denied.