*227The juvenile court asserted jurisdiction over J, a five-year-old girl, based on parents' substance abuse and domestic violence in parents' home. Father appeals the jurisdictional judgment. He argues that DHS failed to prove that any domestic violence occurred. With respect to substance abuse, father does not deny drug use but argues that DHS failed to prove that parents' drug use creates a non-speculative risk of serious loss or injury to J that is likely to be realized in the absence of dependency jurisdiction. For the reasons that follow, we agree with father that DHS's evidence was insufficient to establish jurisdiction. Accordingly, we reverse.
I. FACTS
When reviewing a judgment of jurisdiction, we determine whether, on the record before it, the juvenile court erred in making the statutorily prescribed determination. Dept. of Human Services v. N. P. ,
In December 2016, DHS received a report that J was exposed to a dangerous person. A DHS caseworker interviewed J at school and interviewed parents at their home. DHS did not find sufficient evidence to proceed and was in the process of closing the case when, on February 3, 2017, DHS received a report regarding a concerning photo on J's phone. On February 4, 2017, an employee of Jackson County Children's Advocacy Center interviewed J. A DHS caseworker and two police officers observed the interview. DHS determined that J had taken the photo herself, resolving the concern about the photo.
During the course of the interview on February 4, J made certain disclosures unrelated to the photo. First, she disclosed that parents smoke marijuana. J said parents told *228her that they "smoke pot," and she described their bong as see-through with a star on it. J stated that parents keep the pot (by which she appears to mean the bong) on top of their "secret stuff" in a little box. She does not know what is in the box because it is secret.
J also admitted that parents sometimes fight or argue. In J's own words:
"Q: Do mom and dad ever have fights or arguments?
"A: Yeah they do * * *.
"Q: So tell me what happens when mom and dad have arguments.
"A: They just fight fight fight fight fight and fight and it's just that it hurts my feelings. I think that dad's gonna-last time my dad fighted so bad in our old house he punched a hole in the wall and guess what I think that's gonna happen again. He said no.
"Q: So dad punched a hole in the wall?
"A: Yeah when we were in our old house but he's not gonna do it ever again. He's not gonna fight in front of me ever again.
*59"Q: Have you ever seen dad punch anything else that's different from the wall?
"A: No.
"Q: When mom and dad have arguments does anyone ever hit?
"A: No he just hits his arm.
"Q: When mom and dad have arguments does anyone ever cry?
"A: No.
"Q: And you said it hurts your feelings?
"A: It doesn't hurt my feelings so bad I cry."
As a result of those disclosures, a DHS caseworker, accompanied by two police officers, went to visit J's parents later the same day. Parents were living at a motel. Mother was alone in the motel room when DHS and the police *229arrived. As she opened the door, the officers could see a small lock box lying open on the bed with cash and a baggie of white powder visible inside it. The officers were questioning mother when father arrived. They arrested father for possession and distribution of methamphetamine. They ultimately seized a baggie of suspected methamphetamine and $927 from the lock box on the bed, an electronic scale and another baggie of suspected methamphetamine from the motel room safe, a methamphetamine pipe and a baggie of marijuana from an unspecified location in the motel room, and a bong from the motel room bathroom.
DHS immediately went to grandmother's house and took custody of J. The parties agree that the record is sparse as to J's precise living arrangements at that time. However, J was splitting her time in some manner between staying with parents at the motel and staying with grandmother at grandmother's house. When DHS went to the motel on February 4, J had been staying with grandmother since at least the previous evening and possibly longer. At the motel, a DHS caseworker spoke with mother about the possibility of eventually placing J with grandmother. In that process, she asked mother some questions about drug use and safety. Mother denied recent drug use. When asked about the wall-punching incident that J mentioned, mother confirmed that father had punched a hole in the wall at one time and that it scared her. Asked if she felt safe in the home, mother answered, "Most of the time." She did not elaborate.
On February 6, parents met with a DHS caseworker, who questioned them about their drug use. Both denied being under the influence of methamphetamine at the meeting, but the caseworker suspected that they were. As for historic drug use, mother admitted that she and father had "relapsed," that they had been using methamphetamine for three and a half months, and that things "started to really go downhill for them" after DHS's visit in December. As mother described their illegal drug use to the caseworker, father interrupted mother, saying, "You need to stop talking and shut up." The meeting ended shortly thereafter. Through a window in her office, the caseworker saw parents walking to their car to depart. She could not hear *230what father was saying but perceived that he was angry and yelling at mother.
DHS filed a dependency petition, alleging jurisdiction over J on five bases:
"A. The [mother]'s substance abuse interferes with her ability to safely parent the child.
"B. Domestic violence in the mother's home creates a harmful environment for the child.
"C. The [father]'s substance abuse interferes with his ability to safely parent the child.
"D. Domestic violence in the father's home creates a harmful environment for the child.
"E. The father is involved in criminal activities that interfere with his ability to safely parent the child."
The court held a jurisdictional hearing in June 2017. DHS voluntarily dropped jurisdictional basis E.
II. ANALYSIS
The juvenile court has jurisdiction over a child whose "condition or circumstances are such as to endanger the [child's] welfare." ORS 419B.100(1)(c). To establish jurisdiction, DHS must present evidence "sufficient to support a conclusion that the child's condition or circumstances expose the child to a current threat of serious loss or injury that is likely to be realized." Dept. of Human Services v. A. W. ,
*231Dept. of Human Services v. C. J. T. ,
A. Scope of the Appeal
As a preliminary matter, we address the scope of the appeal. The juvenile court asserted jurisdiction on four bases, two regarding father and two regarding mother. Only father has appealed, but he challenges all four bases of jurisdiction. Father relies on Dept. of Human Services v. S. P. ,
In S. P. , the juvenile court asserted jurisdiction over a newborn child on five bases: mother's developmental delays and mental health concerns, mother's ability to meet the child's basic needs, father not presenting himself as a parenting resource, father's mental health concerns and anger control issues, and father having not demonstrated the ability to provide the child with necessary care. Id . at 83,
The same is true here. DHS and the juvenile court viewed parents as a unit. The allegations and evidence regarding father and the allegations and evidence regarding *232mother were closely intertwined. DHS's theory of the case, essentially, was that parents could not provide a safe home for J because both use methamphetamine and there is domestic violence in their joint home. The juvenile court accepted that theory and asserted jurisdiction consistent with it. Given how DHS presented its case and the juvenile court decided it, we would have to artificially separate the allegations regarding father from those involving mother for the first time on appeal to evaluate them independently. That is not appropriate here. Cf. Dept. of Human Services v. E. M. ,
B. Domestic Violence
Turning to the merits, we begin with jurisdictional bases B and D: that domestic violence in parents' home creates a harmful environment for J.
DHS was required to prove by a preponderance of the evidence both that domestic violence occurred in parents' home and that it endangered J's welfare within the meaning of the jurisdictional statute. ORS 419B.310(3) ; Dept. of Human Services v. D. T. C. ,
*233Based on the foregoing evidence, the juvenile court concluded that DHS had proved jurisdiction over J due to domestic violence in parents' home. It stated:
"I think the evidence is consistent with showing that the domestic violence has begun to have an impact on [J] by the fact that she said she was scared and it hurt her feelings. And as we know domestic violence can have a profound impact on children's brain development, their ability to form attachments. And so I think even just exposure to power and control and the yelling, which I think is what's largely going on here, which is clearly enough for domestic violence, put her at risk. And I do think that there is a nexus between the evidence that has been presented today and the risk of harm to the child. There is a risk of harm with domestic violence that occurs in front of her and that domestic violence is between her parents and she has witnessed it and heard it."
As a starting point, it is unnecessary to decide the complicated question raised by father's arguments as to what constitutes "domestic violence." We have never categorically defined domestic violence and need not do so now. See, e.g. , State v. S. T. S. ,
The evidence offered by DHS in this case was insufficient to establish jurisdiction over J based on domestic violence. There is no evidence that father has ever hit or threatened mother, or that mother has ever hit or threatened father. The juvenile court found that "exposure to power and control and the yelling" was "what's largely going on here." On that point, there was evidence that parents have argued in front of J in the past and that J worries they will do so again. DHS offered no evidence, however, that parents have *234continued to argue in front of J since their "last" fight at the "old house," let alone done so in a manner or to a degree that exposes J to a non-speculative "current threat of serious loss or injury that is likely to be realized." A. W. ,
Our decision in Dept. of Human Services v. K. C. F. ,
Similarly, in A. W. ,
In this case, there is evidence that parents have yelled at each other in J's presence, at least in the past; that father once punched a wall at their "old house," which scared J and mother and led father to promise J that he and mother would never fight in her presence again; and that father interrupted mother and later yelled at mother when J was not present, after she disclosed parents' illegal drug use to a DHS employee. Such conduct is not ideal by any means. As in K. C. F. and A. W. , however, DHS failed to put in evidence sufficient to prove that parents' conduct toward one another is of a nature or severity that creates a current threat of serious loss or injury to J that is likely to be realized.
C. Substance Abuse
The juvenile court also took jurisdiction over J on the bases that father's substance abuse (allegation C) and mother's substance abuse (allegation A) interferes with their ability to safely parent J. Mother admitted to the DHS caseworker that she and father had "relapsed," that they had begun using methamphetamine again around mid-October 2016, and that things had "started to really go downhill for them" in December 2016. Father does not contest that DHS proved that parents used methamphetamine. Rather, father *236argues that DHS failed to prove any nexus between parents' methamphetamine use and a current threat of serious *63loss or injury to J that is likely to be realized. We agree with father that DHS's evidence fell short in the latter regard.
"We have recognized on several occasions that a parent's substance abuse alone does not create a risk of harm to a child." E. M. ,
The Supreme Court has firmly rejected "the proposition that any specific condition or circumstance per se does, or does not, establish the juvenile court's jurisdiction." State ex rel. Juv. Dept. v. Smith ,
*237"In terms of the substance abuse, methamphetamine is a scourge, and it's the reason that most of our cases come before dependency court. It puts kids in extreme danger. The fact that-just the fact alone that a kid is in a hotel room, when I think about that has, what, a one bedroom essentially living area and a bathroom? And that a kid's in a hotel room where there is $927 in cash, or whatever amount of cash, that there's drugs, that there's safes, that there's a scale, I mean, the fact that is just present with a kid is way enough to show how that interferes . Because that is so unsafe for a child to be around, considering the kind of people that are associated with methamphetamine possession and distribution . It's scary. It is really scary. And it's scary you would put a 5 year old in that situation. And then the fact that they both admitted that they'd relapsed and the fact that being-you know, trying to parent a 5 year old while you're under the influence or coming down from methamphetamine, I don't care if you're doing it in the bathroom, that is unsafe for your child. You're not able to make good decisions. You're not able to have good judgment. You, you know, can stay up for hours or days on end, you can crash for days on end, and you're just not going to meet the needs of your child. So, I do absolutely find that substance abuse impacted and interfered with your ability to safely parent your child."
(Emphases added.)
In so ruling, the juvenile court asserted jurisdiction based on generalizations about a particular "condition or circumstance"-methamphetamine use-rather than relying on evidence of J's specific conditions and circumstances. Smith ,
Here, DHS offered no evidence that parents used methamphetamine in J's presence, exposed J to dangerous *238situations involving methamphetamine, or failed to supervise J due to methamphetamine use. DHS emphasizes the drugs and drug paraphernalia found at the motel on February 4 and the DHS caseworker's suspicion that parents were high at her office on February 6, but J was not present on either of those occasions. As for exposure to dangerous situations, DHS offered no evidence that, other than parents themselves, J was exposed to "the kind of people that are associated with methamphetamine possession and distribution." Nor did DHS offer evidence that parents leave controlled substances or drug paraphernalia where J has access to it and could hurt herself. Indeed, the only evidence was that J had seen parents' bong and knew from parents telling her that they smoked pot, but not that they used methamphetamine, and that parents kept all their "secret stuff" in a lock box or safe to which J did not have access. The juvenile court does not appear to have relied on parents' marijuana use in asserting jurisdiction, and, in any event, "[a]wareness of a parent's substance abuse problems does not, in and of itself, give rise to a risk of serious loss or injury" to a child. D. S. F. ,
Significantly, DHS offered no evidence regarding the circumstances in which parents use methamphetamine as relevant to their ability to parent J. For example, DHS offered no evidence that parents were high "for hours or days on end" while J was in their care, "crash[ed] for days on end" while J was in their care, or did not "meet the needs of" J due to methamphetamine use. Those statements by the court appear to refer to its experience with other methamphetamine users, not evidence regarding these parents. There is no evidence that mother and father were habitually passed out or otherwise left J unsupervised while they used drugs. See D. T. C. ,
*239Generalizations and assumptions about people who use drugs are insufficient to establish jurisdiction. The only evidence specific to this child is that her parents use methamphetamine. No one would suggest that is desirable parenting behavior. However, the fact of substance abuse alone is insufficient to create jurisdiction under well-established case law. On a more developed record, DHS might have been able to prove that parents' methamphetamine use endangers J. On this record, however, it failed to do so. The juvenile court erred in asserting jurisdiction over J based on parents' substance abuse.
D. Domestic Violence and Substance Abuse Together
At the conclusion of its answering brief, DHS suggests that, even if the evidence is insufficient to establish jurisdiction on any one of the asserted grounds, it is sufficient to establish jurisdiction when viewed together as a whole. We disagree. "DHS is correct that we do not view each allegation in a dependency petition in isolation, but must consider each allegation in connection with any other allegations because sometimes two allegations together present a more compelling case than either one alone." Dept. of Human Services v. G. J. R. ,
In this case, there is no evidence of a material relationship between parents' substance abuse and any domestic violence in *65their home. For example, DHS offered no evidence that parents fight more in front of J when they are on drugs or that their fights escalate to physical violence when they are on drugs. DHS argues that the allegations are "inextricably intertwined" because the DHS caseworker suspected that parents were on methamphetamine on February 6 when father interrupted mother telling DHS about their illegal drug use, told mother that she needed to shut up, and afterwards appeared to be angry and yelling at mother in the parking lot. We disagree with DHS that it is reasonable to infer a meaningful connection between substance abuse and domestic violence based on a single incident of father *240getting upset with mother when they may have been under the influence of methamphetamine.
Asserting multiple bases for jurisdiction does not lessen DHS's burden of proof. This is not a case in which two related allegations "present a more compelling case than either one alone," G. J. R. ,
Reversed.
Consistent with the withdrawal of allegation E, DHS's arguments on appeal are focused on parents' use of drugs, not any alleged drug dealing. Mother told a police officer at the motel that father occasionally sold methamphetamine, but there is no evidence that he did so from a place where J lived (their "old house" or the motel room) or in J's presence. See State v. Gonzalez-Valenzuela ,
By contrast, in S. T. S. , 236 Or.App. at 646,