Denver Circle R. v. Nestor

10 Colo. 403 | Colo. | 1887

Beck, C. J..

The first and fifth assignments of error attack the jurisdiction and practice of the superior court. The first alleges that the court did not have jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the action; the fifth is to the effect that no term of said court existed at the time of the trial below, in October, 1884, the September term having lapsed for failure of the judge to appear on the first day of the term; that the practice provided by law for the district courts, in such cases, not being applicable to said superior courts, the clerk thereof was without any authority to adjourn the court from time to time, as he did, until the appearance of the judge. In-the discussion of these assignments, appellant’s counsel take the position that the superior court was never constitutionally clothed with any jurisdictional practice whatever. In support of this proposition it is argued that the act creating superior courts, and prescribing their powers, proceedings and practice, is in direct conflict with the provisions of section 24, article 5, of the state constitution, and therefore null and void. The legislative act in question is entitled “An act to provide for the creation and organization of superior courts in cities and incorporated towns; to prescribe the jurisdiction, powers, proceedings and practice of such courts, and to define the duties and qualification of the judges and other officers connected therewith.” This act is composed of twenty sections, the jurisdiction and practice of said superior courts being defined in section 3, which reads as follows: /“Section 3. Such superior courts shall have original and concurrent jurisdiction within the limits of the several cities and incorporated towns for which they are created with the district courts ■of the state in all civil causes, both at law and in equity, and such appellate jurisdiction in such causes as is provided by law for the district courts, and shall be governed in all proceedings, with reference to practice and pleadings by the laws now or hereafter to be enacted for the district courts. All process issued out of the superior court shall be issued and served in like manner as similar process is issued and served from the district courts of the state.”/'Additional appellate jurisdiction and power to regulate the practice and proceedings in other respects, not provided by law, is given in other sections. The provisions of the constitution with which the section quoted is supposed to conflict, being section 24, article 5, are: /‘No law shall be revived or amended, or the provisions thereof extended or conferred by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended or ^conferred, shall be re-enacted and published at length.”/" The first proposition is: the act violates that clause of the preceding section which prohibits the amending of laws without publishing at length the portion amended. A single reading of these provisions of the statute, and of the constitution, might seem, at first view, to sustain the proposition of counsel, but a careful examination of the subject, with a view to ascertain the object of the requirements, and a consideration of the consequences which would result from adopting the interpretation contended for, will show that the views of counsel cannot be sustained. - Counsel is mistaken in saying that the act of the legislature in question is a direct attempt to amend all the laws relating to the district courts. It does not in terms assume to amend or change in any particular any law whatever. The declaration that the superior courts shall have original and concurrent jurisdiction in civil cases with the district courts of the state, within their territorial limits, is a reference to the constitution for such jurisdiction. Article 6 of that instrument confers this jurisdiction on district courts, and it is to be found nowhere else< It would seem to be an irrational construction of a constitutional provision to require the legislature, whenever it becomes necessary, in the passage of laws, to refer to that instrument for powers or procedure to execute a law, to go through the idle and senseless form of re-enacting and publishing at length the constitutional provision referred to. The appellate jurisdiction of the district courts, and the provisions concerning the practice and pleadings of said courts, are to be found in the General Statutes. And while no direct attempt was made to amend these statutory provisions by the passage of the act in question, the legal effect is an amendment thereof by implication. Amendments of this character are not within the constitutional provision which requires so much of the act as is amended to be reenacted and published at length. Gooley, Const. Lim. 181./

But our attention is' directed to another provision of said section 21, viz.: “No law shall be * * * extended or conferred by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is * * * extended or conferred shall be re-enacted and published at length.” This is a provision not usually found in constitutions. Considered and construed in connection with the rest of the section in which it appears, and with reference to other portions of the constitution relating to the same subject-matter, it is a wholesome provision. It is well understood by the profession that certain constitutional provisions, and especially those of sections 21 and 25 of the legislative article, and section 28 of the judiciary ai-ticle, were designed to remedy and prevent well-known abuses of legislation existing at the time of the framing of this instrument. These were the evils of special legislation, and the vicious practice of amending statutes by referring to the title, and then declaring that certain words and phrases ap- . pearing in certain lines and sections be stricken out, and ■ certain other words and phrases inserted therein. The clause of section 24, last quoted, goes further than the , clause previously considered, and extends to cases of. amendments by implication. They were not intended,' however, to apply alike to all legislative enactments, including those wherein a reference to the general laws becomes necessary for the means of enforcing and carrying their provisions into effect. Such an unrestricted interpretation is not admissible, because it would be an unreasonable construction, and one that would impose upon the people more serious evils than those sought to be cured or avoided by the several sections and clauses of the constitution referred to. We recognize the force of the maxim that if the natural signification of the words employed involves no absurdity, the meaning apparent upon the face of the constitution is the only one intended to be conveyed, and that it is not lightly to be inferred that any portion is so ambiguous as to require extrinsic construction. We also indorse the salutary rule that the argument ab inconvenienti is not to be permitted to influence the courts to defeat by construction a constitutional mandate. It is not our purpose to defeat but to enforce the mandate in question, and to enforce it according to its reason and spirit, and the causes which led to its enactment. We agree with Judge Story that no construction of a constitutional provision is to be allowed which plainly defeats or impairs its avowed objects. “ If there are,” says that eminent jurist, “ words whieh are fairly susceptible of two interpretations, according to their common sense, the one of which would defeat one or all of the objects for which it was obviously given, and the other which would promote all, the former interpretation ought to be rejected, and-the latter held to be the true interpretation.” Story, Const. § 428. All the authorities agree that where the words employed are capable of a construction which involves a manifest absurdity, it should not be adopted, but the intent, if it be properly ascertainable, is to govern. To this end resort may be had to the prior state of the law for the purpose of ascertaining the mischief designed to be remedied or the object sought to be accomplished. With Judge Cooley we hold that a reasonable construction is what the constitution demands and should receive; that the real question is what the people mean, and not how meaningless their words can be made by arbitrary rules. Cooley, Const. Lim. 74.

That the construction contended for involves not only an absurdity, but the most serious evils, a little reflection will show. The manner and forms of proceeding for executing laws on general subjects of legislation are all provided in the General Statutes of the state. Ordinary subjects of legislation are dealt with at every session of the general assembly, and reference to the General Statutes is often necessary for the means by which they are to be carried into effect. To re-enact and publish at length these various forms and proceedings on the passage of such acts would serve no useful purpose whatever. Take, for example, an act imposing a tax upon a new subject of taxation; to require the legislature to ingraft on such an act the numerous details of proceeding and forms provided by the revenue laws for the valuation of property, the levy of assessments and collection of taxes, would be as useless as it would be senseless, expensive and oppressive. Considering the many subjects of legislation, concerning which the machinery for executing the law of the legislature is already provided, the consequences of enforcing the constitutional provisions under the construction here.contended for would be far-reaching and serious. The bulky proportions which the laws would soon attain would be of itself an intolerable evil. In this connection the remarks of Judge Cooley on the subject of amendments by implication are in point. Section 25, of article 4, of the Michigan constitution, provides that “no law shall be revised, altered or amended by reference to the title only, but the act revised, and the section or sections altered or amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length.” Judge Cooley, in a learned opinion in People v. Mahaney, 13 Mich. 481, held that amendments by implication were not within the purview of the above section. Among other reasons assigned are the following: “If, whenever a new statute is passed, it * is necessary that all prior statutes modified by it by implication should be re-enacted and published at length as modified, then a large portion of the whole code of laws of the state would be required to be republished at every session, and parts of it several times over, until, from mere immensity of material, it would be impossible to tell what the law was. If, because an act establishing a police government modifies the powers and duties of sheriffs, constables, water and sewer commissioners, coroners, mayors and justices, and imposes new duties upon the executives of the cities, it has thereby become necessary to re-enact and republish the various laws relating to them all as now modified, we shall find, before the act is complete, that it not only embraces a large portion of the general laws of the state, but that it has become obnoxious to the other provisions referred to, because embracing a large number of objects, only one of which can be covered by its title.” The same difficulties exist in the present case, and the same consequences would follow the arbitrary construction which we are asked to make. In referring to the prior state of the law for light as to the intent of the constitutional provision we are not left to vague conjectures as to the objects in-' tended to be accomplished and the mischief designed to; be remedied. They are clearly ascertainable by an inspection of the acts themselves. One of the evils designed ; to be remedied was the vicious system then prevailing of extending, at different sessions of the legislature, the; operation of a special statute, enacted for a certain county or town, to other counties or towns by reference to its title merely, and in many cases publishing no law whatever. Thus, on February 9, 1874, the territorial legislature declared “ that the provisions of an act entitled ‘ An act concerning certiorari to justices and probate courts,’ approved February 2, 1872, being a special act applied to Gilpin county alone, be extended and made applicable to Boulder county.” Laws 1874, p. 65. This is the entire act as published, save the title. Another act illustrating this sort of legislation reads as follows: “That the act entitled ‘An act to regulate ditches used for farming purposes in the counties of Costilla and Conejos,’ approved February 5, 1866, be and the same is hereby extended to and made applicable in the county of Huerfano.” Laws 1872, p. 143. By the foregoing and similar legislation no laws on the subject-matter of the titles employed were either enacted or published. It was merely extending, by reference to titles, laws enacted for certain localities to other localities. In such cases these acts, as published, were incomplete and unintelligible.

y^Ns will now give an example illustrating all the evils designed to be cured, an example of the manner in which statutes were sometimes revived, amended and extended, by reference to the title only, without publishing the acts in the form so left, showing the changes therein made. We refer to the act of March 11, 1864 (Laws 1864, p. 139), which prescribes rules and regulations for executing the trust arising under the act of congress of May 23, A. D. 1844, and any amendments that were made thereto, “for the relief of citizens of towns upon lands of the United States, under certain circumstances.” This was an act consisting of twenty-two sections, and was applicable to the whole territory. On February 10, 1865, another act was passed purporting to be amendatory of the former act. The first section is as follows: “That section 2 of said act be amonded by inserting the words, ‘his or their successors,’ between the words ‘congress’ and ‘shall,’ in the third line from the top of said section.” The remaining sections provide for the sale of unclaimed lots and blocks of land in the town of Boulder under the provisions of the original act as amended. The seventh section of the amendment is as follows: “That this act shall be construed to apply alone to the town of Boulder, in the county of Boulder, territory of Colorado.” Laws 1865, p. 130. Another act, purporting to amend the original act, was passed February 9, 1866, the amendments all relating to lots in the city of Denver. Laws 1866, p. 87. By this time the legislature appear to have entertained doubts as to the existence of the original act. Accordingly, on February 11, 1870, an act was passed “to revive and amend” the original act, “so as to provide for the disposition of lands and lots in the town of Georgetown, under the act of congress entitled ‘An act for the relief of the inhabitants of cities and towns upon the public lands.’ ” The first section declares that the “act approved March 11, 1864, be, and the same is hereby, revived, and declared to be in full force and effect: provided that said act shall be taken and held, in its different provisions, to intend an act of congress entitled ‘An act for the relief of the inhabitants of cities and towns upon the public lands,’ approved March 2, 1867;” which, it will be observed, was a different act of congress from that mentioned in the original act. Sections 8, 15, 18 and 21 are then declared to be stricken from the original act. Certain words are then stricken out, and certain others inserted in lines 1 and 2 of section 9, in lines 4 and 5 of section 14, in lines 7 to 18, and 23 to 28 of section 12, and certain words stricken out of the last line of section 11, and the twenty-ninth line of section 12. Finally, it is declared “that the act hereby revived shall have no other or further effect than to provide for the disposition of lands and lots in the town of Georgetown * * * under said act of congress, approved March 2, 1867.” The foregoing ex-ampies will be sufficient to illustrate the evil system of legislation existing at the date of the constitution. Acts of the legislature were often incomplete in themselves, and in order to ascertain what the law was on a given subject, it was necessary to collect the amendments made thereto at successive legislative sessions, and out of the scattered fragments to construct an act which should express the final will of the legislature. It was this state of bewilderment and confusion into which the laws had been thrown by special legislation, by amendments made by reference to lines and sections, and by the wholesale extension of laws, that was designed to be corrected and guarded against by section 24 of the constitution. <

The constitution of New York contains a provision which is the same in substance and effect. It is: “No^ act shall be passed which shall provide that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be made or deemed a part of said act, or which shall enact that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be applicable, except by inserting it in such act.” Sec. 17, art. 3. In construing this section the court of appeals said: “It is not necessary, in order to avoid conflict of this article of the constitution, to re-enact general laws whenever it is necessary to resort to them to carry into effect a special statute. Such cases are not within the letter or spirit of the constitution or the mischief intended to be remedied. By such a reference a general statute is not incorporated into or made a part of the special statute. The right is given, the duty declared, or burden imposed by the special statute, but the enforcement of the right or duty, and the final imposition of the burden are directed to be in the form and by the procedure of the other and general laws of the state. Eeference is made to such laws, not to affect and qualify the substance of the legislation, and vary the terms of the act, but merely for the formal execution of the law.” People v. Banks, 67 N. Y. 568.

We think it clear that the act organizing and prescribing the jurisdiction and procedure of the superior courts is not obnoxious to the constitutional objections made. We are also of opinion, for the same reasons, that the term of the court below did not lapse, as claimed, and that the court had jurisdiction to render the judgment appealed from.

The remaining errors assigned question the authority of the court to render judgment against appellant upon the law and the evidence. The main ground of defense is the license granted the appellant by the city ordinance of January 28, 1881, which, it is contended, afforded it, under the charter of February 13, 1874, the same rights and immunities in the streets as the proprietors of other modes of conveyance. In so far as the- legal points raised and discussed involve a construction of the state constitution they are settled in the case of City of Denver v. Bayer, 7 Colo. 113. And so far as the attempt is here made to obtain a reconsideration of the construction there given to the constitution it must fail. That question was thoroughly investigated by the court, and the decision*made after a careful consideration of all the authorities bearing thereon. We are satisfied with the construction adopted and adhere thereto.

The argument here is largely based on the proposition that the constitution does not control the questions arising in this case, for the reasons that it went into effect subsequent to the passage of the law under which the street in question w'as dedicated to public uses, subsequent to the act of dedication, and subsequent to the date of the city charter by virtue of which the ordinance was passed licensing the appellant’s occupation of the street in question. The first questions which we will proceed to consider are what was the nature and extent of the title acquired by the city of Denver in and to the streets of additions thereto, which, prior to the constitution, were surveyed, laid out, platted and made part of the city under the provisions of the general statutes then in force, and in conformity with its charter, and what rights and interests in said streets, if any, remained with the pro - prietors of the land or their grantees, the abutting lot owners? The constitution went into effect August 1, 1876. Daniel Witter’s first addition to the city of Denver, in which the appellee’s lots are situate, was legally surveyed, laid out, and the plat thereof recorded in the manner provided by statute, and became, by force of the statutes, part of the city, May 9, 1876. E. S. 1868, p. 616, § 12; E. S. 1868, pp. 618, 619, §§ 1-5; Charter 1861-1874, art. 1, § 3. It will be observed that the statute in such cases does not vest in the city an absolute fee in the streets. Section 5, page 619, Eevised Statutes, is as follows: “Upon the filing of any such map or plat the fee of all streets, alleys, avenues, highways, parks, and other parcels of ground reserved therein for the use of the public, shall vest in such city or town, if incorporated, in trust for the uses therein named and expressed; or if such town be not incorporated, then in the county until such town shall become incorporated, for the like uses.” The effect of this provision is to vest in the city a qualified feé in the streets for the use of the public. The alleged power of the city to authorize the occupation of the public street called “Willow Lane” by an ordinary railroad, with trains of cars propelled by steam-engines, without liability for injuries to property occasioned by the construction and operation of the railroad, seems to be based on the proposition that the city, by virtue of the dedication mentioned, was vested with title to the streets in fee absolute under the statutes then in force. This proposition is defeated by the express words of the statute just cited. The effect of the dedication proceedings was merely to vest in the city the title to the streets in trust for the general public for street purposes. As to all other ¡surposes there remained in the proprietor of the addition reserved rights in the streets, which were capable of being transferred by deed to the purchasers of abutting lots, as rights appurtenant thereto. These are property rights, and are held by the courts to constitute property. All public dedications, said the supreme court of the United States, must be considered with reference to the use for which they are made. Cincinnati v. White's Lessee, 6 Pet. 431.

A dedication for street purposes constitutes a contract between the proprietor of the land on the one hand, and the representative of the public on the other. Cooley, Const. Dim. (5th ed.) 331-335. In the present instance an absolute fee in the streets not having passed to the city, it becomes important to construe the contract of dedication in order to ascertain the respective rights and privileges of the parties thereto. The weight of authority is to the effect that when the fee of a street is in the municipality in trust for the public for street purposes, the paramount control thereof is in the legislature as the representative of the public, and the municipality may apply them to such uses as are authorized by statute. In the absence of legislation on the subject, the municipal government may appropriate the streets to the ordinary purposes of business and travel. The usual modes of travel and the usual means of conveyance may be employed by which the inhabitants are accustomed to pass or be conveyed through the streets of a city. Appropriation of the streets to such uses is authorized by the common law. The abutting lot owner is presumed to purchase with knowledge of this servitude, and for injuries to his property necessarily incidental to those uses he cannot complain. When the legislature vests in the municipal authorities a general control of the streets, judicial opinion is divided concerning the extent of such power. The better view would seem to limit the authority to the ordinary uses of the streets. This includes such modes and means of passage upon and over the streets as are usual in cities, and such additional uses as the health and convenience of the city, in view of the extent of its population, may require;' as the construction of sewers, the laying clown of gas and water pipes, the grading and paving of the streets, and the like. But this general supervisory power is not to be enlarged by construction, so as to authorize an extraordinary use of the streets, or their use by extraordinary or unusual means, without express or cleai’ly implied legislative sanction. If the municipality, without statutory authority therefor, authorizes their use for or by extraordinary purposes or means, in such a case as the present it would be inconsistent with the contract of dedication, for the lot owner does not purchase with notice that the streets may be put to such uses. Cooley, Const. Lim. 676; 2 Dill. Mun. Corp. §§ 680-683; also §§ 713-717; Mills, Em. Dom. §§ 202-207; Pierce, R. R. 242-246. The decisions of the court of appeal's of New York are recognized by law-writers and courts as weighty authority on these questions. The decision in Story v. Railroad Co. 90 N. Y. 122, and the re-affirmance of its doctrines (in February of the present year) by the case of Lohr v. Railroad Co. 10 N. E. Rep. 528, sustain the views above advanced.

The following general deductions may be made as to the status of cases similar to the one before us, considered, as counsel suggests it ought to be, under the territorial organization and statutes alone: First. That the city council might properly authorize the streets of an addition to the city to be used for all ordinary and necessary purposes to which city streets are usually subjected, and to such further local uses and means of conveyance as the legislature may have authorized for the streets and thoroughfares of the entire city. Second. That the proprietor of the addition and his grantees must be held to have anticipated all these uses; and that incidental injuries arising from a careful exercise of those rights are damnum absque injuria. But as to extraordinary uses, those not authorized by legislative sanction for general application throughput the city, including its additions, no such immunity exists. A license from the city, in the latter class of cases, would be no defense to an action for damages to abutting property.

But it is asserted, and the assertion frequently repeated throughout the extended brief of counsel for appellant, that the legislature conferred on the city, by its charter of April 7, 1874, in force at the time of the dedication, full power to appropriate these streets to all modes of travel, including railroad cars propelled by ordinary steam-engines. Upon this assertion is based the proposition that abutting lot owners must be held to have purchased their lots with notice that the streets might be appropriated to such uses.

We do not think these views are sustained by the provisions of the city charter. That instrument empowered the city council, “ by ordinances not repugnant to the constitution of the United States or the organic law of this territory, to open, alter, abolish, widen, extend, establish, grade, pave, or otherwise improve and keep in repair, streets, avenues, lanes, alleys, sidewalks, drains and sewers.” Art. 6, sec. 8, cl. 6. It authorized the city “to regulate and ran horse-railway cars, or cars propelled by dummy engines, laying down tracks for the same, transporting passengers thereon, and the form of rail to be used: provided, that no ordinance shall be passed conflicting with any rights vested in the Denver City Railway by their charter.” Sec. 3, cl: 45. Clause 47 of the same section is as follows: “ To regulate and prohibit the use of locomotive engines, require railroad cars to be propelled by other power than that of steam, to direct and control the location of railroad tracks, to require railroad companies to construct, at their own expense, such bridges, tunnels or other conveniences at public railroad crossings as the city council may deem necessary, and to regulate the speed of all railroad trains.”

These are all the provisions of the charter bearing upon the subject, aside from the provisions concerning condemnation proceedings. It is clear that the power alleged is not contained in either the sixth or the forty-fifth clause of said section 3. The forty-seventh clause does not mention streets, although it may include them, nor does it purport to regulate the use of any mode of conveyance mentioned in the other clauses or ordinarily employed for the purposes of local travel through the city. This latter clause relates to railroad companies, and to the ordinary railroad tracks on which trains of freight and passenger cars, propelled by ordinary steam-engines, are hauled back and forth between distant termini. This clause was not intended to authorize cars or trains of cars drawn by steam-engines to occupy and use the streets and thoroughfares generally, in common with all other modes of conveyance. The general scope of the clause, as indicated by the language employed, is the regulation of ordinary railroads, whose lines shall be extended into and through the city. And while it Was within the contemplation of the legislature that they might enter and pass through the city, the power to regulate, direct and control them in the particulars specified was not confined to such as should be constructed longitudinally through the streets, but included as well those built wholly or in part through other ground, and only crossing the streets, diagonally or otherwise. There is no evidence of any intention in this clause of the charter to authorize the city council to license railroad corporations to lay their tracks, and operate their roads into and through the city, so as to afford them immunity from liability for the actual injuries thereby resulting to the property of citizens. There being, then, in the charter, no authority to use the streets generally for these purposes, nor any intention to grant immunity against injuries for the invasion of private property, the provisions of the charter constitute no defense to this action. If the grant of power to license the corporations last mentioned be inferable from the forty-seventh clause it would necessarily be applicable to a few only of the numerous streets of the city. Being, therefore, a special power, it could not be held to have been within the contemplation of the act of dedication. The law is well settled that for the diversion of streets from the purposes regularly contemplated when they were dedicated, compensation must be made for injuries inflicted upon the property of abutting lot owners. The license to the defendant set up in the answer, therefore, constituted no bar to the action' for damages.

Another point made and strongly urged is that the state constitution affords no remedy to the abutting lot owners in this case. The reasons assigned are — First, that the entire title to the street in question had passed to and vested in the city prior to the time the constitution went into effect; second, that the constitution does not, even by implication, divest the municipality of any powers over its streets previously conferred by its charter. It is not material to the right of action in the present case whether the constitutional provisions be applicable or not, since the right of action exists without reference thereto; yet, since the injury was done to appellee’s property after the constitution went in effect, its provisions may be properly invoked. It may be conceded that the adoption of this instrument neither modified or curtailed the powers previously conferred on the city council over the streets; also that the legal rights and interests of the lot owners in the street remain as established by the act of dedication. The constitutional provision, “ that private property shall not be taken or damaged for public or private use without just compensation,” while not intended to disturb vested rights, nor in itself prohibitory of the exercise of powers previously granted by the legislature, is remedial in its nature and effect respecting existing property rights. Its mandate is that, where they are taken or injuriously affected subsequent to the day on which the constitution went into effect, just compensation shall be made. That the appellee had a legal interest and vested rights in the street we have already decided. That his property was injuriously affected by the construction and operation of appellant’s railroad in the street on which his lots abutted, after the constitution went into effect, sufficiently appears in the record before us. The phrase of our constitution, “or damaged for public or private use without just compensation,” is an extention "of .the common constitutional provision designed for the protection of private property. It is a recognition of a new right of recovery, which is not limited to cases where an action would have lain at common law.

A point is made that no replication being filed to the third defense set up in the answer of the appellant, the same was admitted by appellee, and that on this ground the judgment should be for the appellant. ' This defense sets up the facts of dedication of Witter’s first addition to the city, on May 9, 1876, and the license from the city to the appellant. In so far as the facts stated in this defense are concerned the failure to reply admits the same. It does not, however, admit the conclusions of law and the argumentative propositions therein contained. No exceptions were saved to the evidence, and it cannot be considered for any other purpose than to determine whether the court was authorized thereby, under the law, to find the issues for the plaintiff, and to render judgment in his favor. The evidence was ample for these purposes.

There being no re viewable error in the record, the judgment will be affirmed.

Elbert, J., concurs in the conclusion.

Helm, J.

I do not think the ownership of the fee of the'street by a municipal corporation operates, in cases like this, to cut off the abutting lot owner’s right to compensation under the constitution. But, be this as it may, the chief justice has demonstrated in the principal opinion that the fee to Willow Lane is, by the very terms of the dedication and- statute, conveyed to the city of Denver in trust. If, therefore, under existing laws, there can be such a thing as a wholly unqualified fee in the city to a street, there is no room for contention that this title is such a fee. And the argument based upon the absolute ownership by the city of the fee to Willow Lane requires no further notice.

We may concede that the statute under which Witter’s addition was recorded permits the granting of a right of way by the city, council for the construction of an ordinary railroad through the street in question; and we. may concede, but without intending to pass upon its correctness, counsel’s conclusion that the power thus given originally carried with it, when exercised, immunity from damages for injury to the abutting owner; still it would not follow that such immunity exists in the case at bar. The ordinance granting defendant a right of way through Willow Lane street was adopted after the constitution took effect, and the injury of which plaintiff complains was inflicted with that instrument in force. If the statute theretofore existing avoided liability for injuries like those here complained of, it was to that extent inconsistent with the constitution, and to that extent repealed by the constitution. Sec. 15, art. 2, Const.; sec. 1, Schedule to Const.

Concerning the exact force of the expression, “or damaged,” as used in section 15, article 2, of the constitution, I desire to add a few words. This expression, or its equivalent, has received two different interpretations from the courts: First, that it merely recognizes a right of action where one would have existed at common law but for condemnation statutes, or statutes enacted with a similar design. This is the view taken by the English courts, not without strong dissenting opinions, of a similar statutory phrase, and of the same constitutional provision by at least one American case. See City v. Bayer, 7 Colo. 113. Second, that these words are the recognition of a neiv right of action not necessarily known to the common law. This seems to be the construction given, though without discussion, by the supreme courts of several states in the Union. But as declared by us in City v. Bayer, supra, it makes no difference which of these views be adopted in cases like this; for a careful examination of the decisions adhering to the former shows that they would justify the recognition of a right of action at common law under the facts of this case were there no statute and ordinance permitting the use of the street by the defendant corporation. While, if the latter view, to which I am strongly inclined, be accepted, plaintiff’s right to compensation is clear.

The principal reason for the position that the phrase in question, and phrases of similar import, only give a right of action where one would, in the absence of such statutes as those above mentioned, have existed at common law, is the consequences to which the opposite view might lead. It will be obseiwed that the constitution inhibits the damaging, without compensation, of private property .for either public or private use. By giving these phrases , a literal and wholly unqualified construction, we not only forbid the necessary and careful improvement of a street by the city, without compensation for incidental injuries to the abutting owner, but we also forbid the lot owner ■himself improving his premises in a legal and careful manner, without compensating an adjoining lot owner • for incidental injuries occasioned by such “prudent exercise of his right of dominion.” This would be to announce the rule that one must so use his own as to inflict ■ absolutely no injury or inconvenience upon another, and that, if he do not, he must expect to respond in damages to that other; it would be practically to say that, in this state, there can be no injuries to realty covered by the doctrine of damnum absque injuria.

This court has uniformly declined to find in the constitutional language under consideration any such unqualified meaning. We know, and it is a proposition that will not permit of serious discussion, that such was not the intention of the people in adopting this language, or of the convention in using it. We think, and have so said, that it was the intention to permit a recovery for injuries inflicted upon an abutting owner through the occupation and use of a street by an ordinary railroad. And with equal confidence we have announced the view that it was not the intention to allow compensation to an abutting owner for injuries occasioned through a reasonable and careful improvement of the street by the city, for the benefit of the local public. City v. Vernia, 8 Colo. 399; City v. Bayer, supra. The framers of the constitution, and the people who voted for its adoption, understood that, with this instrument in force, certain injuries suffered by the proprietor of land through the legitimate and careful improvement of adjoining ground would continue to be wrongs for which the law provides no remedy. So, also, did the convention and the people understand that the abutting lot owner would anticipate, in making his purchase, that the street would necessarily be occupied by the local public for all the usual and ordinary uses of a highway; that the city would, from time to time, under the statutory powers conferred, so change and improve the street as to render it more convenient and useful for such purposes; and that incidental injuries indirectly resulting to him from such improvements would still be, as they were before the constitution, wrongs without a legal remedy. But it cannot be reasonably asserted that, in framing and adopting this constitutional provision, it was understood that the abutting owner would anticipate such an unusual and extraordinary use of the street as the one under consideration in this case; or that he would make allowance for such use in his purchase of the lot, or dedication of the street, as the case might he. A distinction was, in .my judgment, intended between those uses to which every street is primarily and necessarily dedicated, and those extraordinary uses which are tolerated in but very few, probably not more than one in a hundred, of the many streets required for its convenience by the local public.

I indorse the views of the chief justice concerning the jurisdiction of the superior court in the premises, and regularity of the proceedings before it. Upon the foregoing grounds, I also approve of the conclusion reached by hini on the o.tlier branch of the case.

Affirmed.