JAMES AND THERESA DENTON, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. UNIVERSAL AM-CAN, LTD., a Corporation; UNIVERSAL TRUCKLOAD SERVICES, INC., a Corporation; DAVID LEE JOHNSON AND LOUIS BROADWELL, LLC, Defendants-Appellants (OMG, Inc., a Corporation; RFX, Inc., a Corporation; and Michael A. Twardak, Defendants).
No. 1-13-2905
Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, Third Division
January 14, 2015
2015 IL App (1st) 132905
JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Hyman and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-L-3085; the Hon. William E. Gomolinski, Judge, presiding.
Held
(Note: This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.)
In а personal injury action arising from a chain reaction collision on an Indiana interstate highway involving multiple cars and trucks when one driver was proceeding northbound on a southbound lane, the appellate court answered a question certified under Supreme Court Rule 308 as to whether Illinois law or Indiana law should be applied to the issues of liability and damages in the case by concluding that Indiana law should apply because Indiana has more significant contacts with the suit and policy reasons, including Indiana‘s lаw maintaining that defendants can only be held severally liable for their own percentage of fault, the Indiana law allowing defendants to prove the negligence of an absent or settling tortfeasor, and the Indiana law allowing defendants to defend by attempting to persuade the jury that a nonparty, such as the wrong-way driver, was responsible for the collisions; therefore, the trial court‘s judgment in favor of applying Illinois law was reversed and the cause was remanded for further proceedings.
Judgment Reversed; remanded.
Counsel on Appeal
James M. Roche, of Theisen & Roche, Ltd., of Wheaton, for appellees.
OPINION
¶ 1 Plaintiffs James and Theresa Denton, Illinois residents, filed a personal injury action against defendants Universal Am-Can, Ltd.; Universal Truckload Services, Inc.; David Lee Johnson; and Louis Broadwell, LLC, among others, for a vehicular accident that occurred on an interstate highway in Jasper County, Indiana. When presented with defendants’ choice-of-law motion for application of Indiana law, the circuit court instead ruled that Illinois law applied. On defendants’ motion, the circuit court granted leave tо file an interlocutory appeal pursuant to
¶ 2 BACKGROUND
¶ 3 This litigation stems from a multivehicle accident that occurred around noon on Februаry 8, 2011, on Interstate 65 (I-65) in Indiana. The record reveals that Indiana resident George Kallis,1 who is now deceased, drove northbound on the southbound lane of I-65, setting off an
Plaintiffs ultimately received a $100,000 settlement from the Kallis estate. Plaintiffs then filed this case in Illinois, claiming truck driver Johnson was negligent, essentially for failing to keep a proper lookout and failing to reduce speed, resulting in the collision with Denton‘s vehicle. Plaintiffs alleged the dеfendants who are party to this appeal either hired Johnson or leased Johnson‘s truck and, given Johnson‘s license suspensions, tickets and otherwise allegedly checkered driving record, they were also negligent for hiring him or leasing him the truck. The defendants, in turn, filed answers and affirmative defenses alleging in pertinent part that a third party proximately caused the accident, the damages resulted from nonparties (namely, Kallis), and alleging that Indiana law barred or diminished the claim. Then, within days of plaintiffs’ Illinois lawsuit, defendants Universal Am-Cаn, Ltd., Broadwell, and Johnson filed their own negligence action in Indiana against both Kallis and Denton.
¶ 4 The pleadings, taken altogether, reveal that Universal Am-Can was a Michigan corporation that conducted continuous business in Illinois and also did business in Indiana, but both Universal Truckload Services, Inc. (also a Michigan corporation), and Broadwell (a South Carolina corporation) denied the same allegation. On appeal, defendants have acknowledged that the corporate defendants, although domiсiled elsewhere, did business in Illinois. Additionally, Johnson was a South Carolina resident, and Denton was traveling in Indiana for business. The other defendants, who are not party to this appeal, included driver Michael Twardak, an Illinois resident, RFX, Inc. (allegedly a Massachusetts corporation), and OMG, Inc. (allegedly a Delaware corporation).
¶ 5 The exact relationship of the corporate defendants is not clear from the record. According to the trial court order, RFX apparently entered into a subcontract with Universal Am-Can to transport goods for OMG from OMG‘s facility in Illinois. From the pleadings, Universal Truckload Services appears to have been somehow involved in the contract or subcontract. The pleadings also show that Broadwell, an employee of Universal Am-Can, hired Johnson. Universal Am-Can admitted Johnson was acting as a qualified driver on its behalf. A bill of lading in the supplemental record shows that truck driver Johnson retrieved goods from OMG in Illinois for delivery to South Carolina, and he apparently was en route when the accident hаppened.
¶ 6 Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the case arguing improper venue, and a hearing followed with all parties, save Twardak, present. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss, and defendants subsequently filed a choice-of-law motion to apply Indiana, rather than Illinois, law in this case. The trial court also denied that motion, and this timely interlocutory appeal followed.
¶ 7 ANALYSIS
¶ 8 Defendants now argue, as they did below, that Indiana law should
Townsend v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 227 Ill. 2d 147, 155 (2007); Murphy v. Mancari‘s Chrysler Plymouth, Inc., 408 Ill. App. 3d 722, 725 (2011). When conducting a choice-of-law analysis in tort cases, Illinois has adopted the approach found in the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws, which provides that the rights and liabilities for a particular issue should be governed by the jurisdiction with the most significant relationship to the occurrence and the parties. Barbara‘s Sales, Inc. v. Intel Corp., 227 Ill. 2d 45, 61 (2007); Gregory v. Beazer East, 384 Ill. App. 3d 178, 196-97 (2008).
¶ 9 Defendants argue they sufficiently alleged that a different outcome favors application of Indiana law. Defendants specifically allege that were Illinois law to apply, they would effectively be barred from arguing that Kallis “was a major or predominant cause” of plaintiffs’ injuries, or pursuing apportionment of fault to a settling party. Applying the de novo standard of review to the question of law before us, we are compelled to agree. See Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 153-54.
¶ 10 There can be no serious doubt that the relevant tort law of Illinois and Indiana is quite different. First, the two states have different approaches to allocating fault among joint tortfeasors. In Illinois, all defendants found liable are jointly and severally liable for the plaintiff‘s past and future medical expenses.
¶ 11 Indiana, by contrast, maintains that defendants can only be held severally liable for their own percentage of fault. R.L. McCoy, Inc. v. Jack, 772 N.E.2d 987, 989-90 (Ind. 2002); see also
¶ 12 By contrast, in Illinois, tortfeasors who have settled in good faith and who have been dismissed from the lawsuit are exempt from section 2-1117 of the Code of Civil Procedure (
¶ 13 As the law cited above makes clear, the two states present substantially different ways of apportioning fault and damages. The differences are clearly more advantageous to the defendants than plaintiffs, which fits with рlaintiffs’ decision to file in Illinois and explains why defendants urge us to apply Indiana law. Plaintiffs nonetheless contend defendants failed to set forth an adequate record to support the conclusion that the differences between the respective state laws will affect the outcome in this case. We disagree. In an attempt to so persuade us, plaintiffs suggest we disregard the fact that the wrong-way driver was the precipitating factor in this chain-reaction accident. In fact, plaintiffs would have this court perform a jurisprudential “fact-ectomy” and have us only consider that their car was rear-ended by Johnson‘s truck. Plaintiffs justify this tack by arguing that the police report concerning this accident is not properly in the record and any references ought to therefore be stricken. We respectfully decline to apply a judicial blindfold. We observe that defendants appended the report to their motion to dismiss for improper venue, the denial of which prompted the choice-of-law motion at issue now. In their mоtion, defendants specifically argued Kallis was an indispensable party over whom Illinois courts simply had no jurisdiction. We therefore find that the accident report was before the trial court and can be referenced in this matter sub judice. It also merits mention that plaintiffs did not object to its presentation before the trial court and thus appear to have forfeited the matter. See Grainger, 2014 IL App (3d) 130029, ¶ 32. What is more, during the motion-to-dismiss hearing, plaintiffs’ counsel averred that Kallis drove northbound in southbound lanes and “caused this huge accident,” invоlving multiple cars. At the hearing, defense counsel then recounted the facts whereby Kallis entered the highway driving the wrong way, then encountered Twardak, and three miles later, Denton. Denton was thereafter rear-ended by Johnson. Counsel for plaintiffs did not then object to this rendition of the facts, which generally mirrored the police report, or to the defendants’ reliance on the police report.
¶ 14 We thus are unmoved by plaintiffs’ assertion that “defendants are forcing this court to engage in speculation as to whether Mr. Kallis, or any other individual, is at fault for the crash that forms the basis of this lawsuit.” This case is still at the pleading stage, and we cannot speculate as to the level of fault Kallis represents but, based on the parties’ rendition of the facts
¶ 15 In light of plaintiffs’ above-stated forfeiture and concessions, we also reject their alternative assertion that we cannot consider the facts from the police report because police reports are generally not admissible in evidence, as they contain conclusions and hearsay. See Kociscak v. Kelly, 2011 IL App (1st) 102811, ¶ 25. Even absent the concessions, we note that police reports have been admitted into evidence, provided there is a proper foundation, as past recollection recorded or for use in impeachment. Id.
¶ 16 In their last effort to show the outcome would not change based on the respective states’ laws, plaintiffs also assert that defendants cannot even utilize Indiana‘s “nonparty” defense because it was not timely raised in the statute of limitations period under Indiana law. See
is unavailable under Illinois law, when defending an Illinois lawsuit. See Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 161 (1971) (“The law selected by application of the rule of § 145 determines what defenses to the plaintiff‘s claim may be raised on the merits.“); see also Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 173 (1971) (same regarding contribution or indemnity). Defendants acknowledge as much by citing the Illinois statute for the two-year period within which the lawsuit hаd to be filed. Second, plaintiffs have cited a procedural rule (i.e., a statute of limitations rule) under Indiana law to defeat the question of which state‘s substantive law should apply. However, “[i]n conflict of laws cases, matters of procedure are governed by the law of the forum [citation], while the law of the State with the most significant contacts controls substantive matters.” Boersma v. Amoco Oil Co., 276 Ill. App. 3d 638, 645 (1995); see also Freeman v. Williamson, 383 Ill. App. 3d 933, 938-39 (2008) (same); Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 127 (1971). The requirements of pleading are procedural, and therefore Illinois law should apply. Boersma, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 646. It is wоrth noting that defendants raised the substantive nonparty affirmative defense in their answer to plaintiffs’ first-amended complaint and as part of their objection to plaintiffs’ proposed good-faith finding on the Kallis settlement. Defendants thus appear to have complied with Illinois procedural rules in that regard. See
¶ 17 Lastly, plaintiffs argue that since there is no good-faith finding on their settlement with Kallis, nothing precludes defendants from seeking contribution from Kallis, and therefore, the laws of the two states offer the same outcome. From the discussion above, the very fact that the states have different ways of allocating fault—with Illinois placing the burden on
¶ 18 Having established how the differences between Indiana and Illinois law might affect the outcome of the case, we next consider which state has a more significant relationship to the case. The entire litigation must be considered in assessing which forum has the more significant contacts with the litigation. Gregory, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 196.
¶ 19 There is a legal presumption that the local law of the state where the injury occurred applies in determining the rights and liabilities of the parties unless Illinois has a morе significant relationship to the conflict. Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 164-65. In other words, ” ‘in the absence of unusual circumstances, the highest scorer on the “most significant relationship” test is—the place where the tort occurred.’ ” Id. at 165 (quoting Spinozzi v. ITT Sheraton Corp., 174 F.3d 842, 844 (7th Cir. 1999)). To test this presumption, we must generally consider (1) the relevant policies of the forum; (2) the relevant policies of other interested states and the relative interests of those states in the determination of the particular issue; and (3) the basic policies underlying the particular field of law. Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 170. Along with these principles, wе consider connecting factors like (1) the place where the injury occurred; (2) the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred; (3) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation, and place of business of the parties; (4) the place where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered. Id. at 160; see also Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145 (1971). We consider the latter factors
first while noting that our goal is not merely to “count contacts,” but to meaningfully analyze each contact in light of the policies at hand. See Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 168.
¶ 20 The Place Where the Injury Occurred
¶ 21 Here, the injury took place in Indiana. The first factor thus favors defendants. Plaintiffs, tracking the trial court‘s order, now argue that the place where the injury occurred was merely “fortuitous,” so that it should be disregarded. The cases cited by plaintiffs involve situations in which either all of the parties were domiciled in the same state, the conduct giving rise to the injury occurred in a different state than where the injury occurred, or the parties had a priоr relationship that was clearly centered in a different state. See Murphy, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 727-30; Miller v. Hayes, 233 Ill. App. 3d 847, 849-51 (1992); Schulze v. Illinois Highway Transportation Co., 97 Ill. App. 3d 508 (1981). None of those factors necessarily applies here, as we will fully explicate below. Notably, Miller and Schulze were decided before Townsend, which clearly places an emphasis on honoring the law of the state where the injury originates unless another state has more significant contacts.
¶ 22 Moreover, Denton was in Indiana for work-related reasons. Kallis was a resident of Indiana, and Johnson was also driving his truck through Indiana on a work-related assignment. Given that Indiana appears to be the focal point of the parties’ activity and that this was a multicar
¶ 23 The Place Where the Conduct Causing the Injury Occurred
¶ 24 There is no question that the conduct causing the injury also took place in Indiana. A court‘s consideration of injury-causing conduct in a section 145 analysis includes all conduct from any source contributing to the injury. Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 169. Indiana is where Kallis drove the wrong way on a highway, causing a major chain reaction of accidents. It is also where, in the midst of Kallis‘s unruly driving, Johnson was allegedly negligent with regard to Denton. That is, if we were to say there were a direct relationship between the allegedly negligent conduct of Johnson and the injury Denton suffered, that relationship would have to be in Indiana. It is also the place where Denton would have been contributorily negligent. Here, the trial court nonetheless essentially found the negligent hiring/entrustment causes of action detracted from the significant contacts in Indiana. Noting that it was not clear where the agreements were entered into, the court held this factor weighed in neither party‘s favor. See Van Horne v. Muller, 185 Ill. 2d 299, 311 (1998) (noting the proximate cause of the plaintiff‘s injury is the employer‘s negligence in hiring or retaining the employee rather than the employee‘s wrongful act). We disagree. While the negligent hiring of Johnson might have taken place elsewhere, plaintiffs could not bring such a claim unless the negligent conduct and resulting injury first occurred in Indiana. Additionally, proximate cause is an essential element of any negligence action and, although
an employer may have negligently hired someone who caused harm to another, liability will only attach if the injuries were brought about by reason of the employment of the unfit employee. Carter v. Skokie Valley Detective Agency, Ltd., 256 Ill. App. 3d 77, 80 (1993). Intervening causes, such as the negligence of another driver, can destroy a negligent hiring action because one might say the injury did not occur by virtue of the employment. See id. at 80-83. Here, the present record demonstrates that the best way to understand any possible intervening cause would be to analyze the conduct that occurred in Indiana. That the goods Johnson was delivering originated with a truckload in Illinois is of no moment because that fact has little effect on analyzing whether there was first any negligent conduct relating to the accident in Indiana. Likewise, the record is unclear as to where the hiring/entrustment agreements were entered into, let alone exactly how they were entered into, so we cannot judge that allegedly tortious conduct. Moreover, since agreements can be made from varying states over the telephone or Internet, we do not believe this should be the deciding factor in our analysis. In short, but for the alleged physical harm to Denton occurring in Indiana, there would be no facts upon which to base a negligent hiring claim.
¶ 25 The Domicile, Residence, Nationality, Place of Incorporation, and Place of Business of the Parties
¶ 26 The plaintiffs are residents of Illinois, as is one other defendant, Twardak (who is not party to this appeal).2 In pleadings, only defendant Universal Am-Can, Ltd., a Michigan corporation, acknowledged that it conducted continuous business in Illinois. As stated, on appeal, both parties seem to agree that all of the corporate defendants did business in Illinois. Universal Truckload Services, Inc., is a Michigan corporation. Louis Broadwell resides in South Carolina, as does Johnson. RFX is allegedly a Maryland corporation, and OMG is allegedly a Delaware corporation, although neither is party to this appeal. Kallis was an Indiana resident. Again, Denton was traveling to Indiana for business, and Johnson was passing through for business purposes. In sum, the parties have varying residences and places of incorporation. While the injury occurred in Indiana, several parties reside and do business in Illinois. As a result, this factor is a wash and does not weigh in any particular party‘s favor.
¶ 27 The Place Where the Relationship, if Any, Between the Parties Is Centеred
¶ 28 But for their travels through Indiana, these parties would have no relationship. To the extent they have a relationship, it is clearly centered in Indiana.
¶ 29 Policy Considerations
¶ 30 Based on the foregoing, we observe three factors favor application of Indiana law and one factor is a wash. As a result, we conclude that Indiana has more significant contacts to the present action than Illinois. We next consider the section 6 factors and conclude that
while Illinois has an interest in compensating its residents/domiciliaries for injuries, this interest does not outweigh that of Indiana to maintain safe highways or to protect individuals and businesses from being apportioned a greater cost in negligence actions. Considering the aforementioned contacts in the context of general principles applicable to personal injury actions under section 6 (see Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 169-70), we cannot say that Illinois‘s relationship to this case is so pivotal as to overcome the presumption that Indiana law should apply.
¶ 31 CONCLUSION
¶ 32 Based on the foregoing, in answering this choice-of-law certified question, we conclude the substantive law of Indiana should apply because Indiana has more significant contacts with the lawsuit, and policy reasons also support the application of Indiana law. We reverse the judgment of the circuit court ruling in favor of the application of Illinois law and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶ 33 Reversed; remanded.