Dеnnis Eugene WOLFF, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Jesse BROWN, Secretary of the Veterans Administration, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 96-2500
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
Decided Nov. 4, 1997.
Submitted May 21, 1997.
128 F.3d 682
Paul Berra, III (argued), St. Louis, MO, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Madeleine B. Cole (argued), St. Louis, MO (Eric T. Tolen, Edward L. Dowd, Jr., United States Attorney, on the brief), for Defendant-Appellee.
Before BEAM, FRIEDMAN,* and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
In July 1992, the Veteran‘s Administration hired Dennis Eugene Wolff, a white male, as a licensed prаctical nurse at the Jefferson Barracks Medical Center in St. Louis. Assigned to an evening shift in a psychiatric unit, Wolff could not get along with the other nurses, many if not most of whom were African-American females. His conduct triggered many written complaints by co-workers and somе patients. In late November, the head nurse evaluated Wolffs performance as unacceptable. In mid-December, the hospital transferred him to a day shift because of his “communication deficiencies.” He was discharged in June 1993, prior to the end of his one-year term as a probationary employee. Wolff then commenced this action, asserting claims of race and sex discrimination and violations of the Equal Pay Act. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the VA, and the district court1 denied Wolffs motion for a new trial. Wolff appeals, asserting instruction and evidentiary errors. We affirm.
1. Instruction Issues. Wolff argues that the district court committed plain error by giving a mixed motive instruction regarding his sex discrimination claim. This issue has its roots in § 107 of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which partially overruled Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989). In Price Waterhouse, the Supreme Court held that, when a disparate treatment plaintiff has proved that a forbidden factor such as gender was a motivating factor in the adverse employment action, “an employer shall not be liable if it
Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.
On a claim in which an individual proves a violation under section 2000e-2(m) of this title and a respondent demonstrates that the respondent would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible motivating factor, the court—
(i) may grant declaratory relief, injunctive relief (except as provided in clause (ii)), and attorney‘s fees and costs demonstrated to be directly attributable only to the pursuit of a claim under section 2000e-2(m) of this title; and
(ii) shall not award damages or issue an order requiring any admission, reinstatement, hiring, promotion, or payment, described in subparagraph (A).
Two of the district court‘s instructions implemented these 1991 amendments. The court‘s first instruction explained Wolffs burden to prove unlawful discrimination under
Your verdict must be for the Plaintiff ... on Plaintiffs sex discrimination clаim if all the following elements have been proved by a preponderance of the evidence: first, Defendant discharged Plaintiff; and second, Plaintiffs sex was a motivating factor in Defendant‘s decision. If either of the above elements has not been provеd by a preponderance of the evidence, your verdict must be for the Defendant and you need not proceed further in considering this claim.
That instruction is consistent with our recent decision that the district court “must tell the jury to resolve the ultimate issue of intentionаl discrimination [but] is not ‘constrained to’ instruct how discrimination can be proved.” Ryther v. KARE 11, 108 F.3d 832, 849-50 (8th Cir.) (en banc) (Loken, J., dissenting but speaking for a majority of the court on this issue), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 117 S.Ct. 2510, 138 L.Ed.2d 1013 (1997).
In its very next instruction, the district court went on to give what Wolff now describes as a plainly erroneous mixed motive instruction:
If you find in favor of Plaintiff on his sex discrimination claim, then you must answer the following question in the Verdict Form: “Has it been proved by the preponderance of the evidence that Defendant would have discharged Plaintiff regardless of his sex?”
Because Wolff only sought damages for wrоngful discharge, this instruction is consistent with the mandate in
2. Evidentiary Issues. Wolff raises two issues regarding various internal VA documents that the jury considered. Both issues involve the same type of document—memoranda written by other VA employees and supervisors describing specific instances of Wolffs misconduct or his failure to get along with hospital staff and patients. However, the two evidentiary issues are very different.
(a) A Business Records Question. Wolff argues that the district court improperly admitted seven employee memoranda under the business records exception to the hearsay rule. See
The district court denied Wolffs pretrial motion in limine to exclude all such documents. When the issue first arose at trial, the court ruled that, if the VA laid an adequate foundation that a particular employee memorandum was prepared in the regular course of business, the document would be admitted as a business record unless it contained “otherwise improper hearsay or prejudicial matters or untrustworthy matters.” Thereafter, the VA presented testimony that its employees and supervisors were required to prepare Reports of Contact and similar memorаnda regarding notable employee conduct. This testimony satisfied the district court that these documents are legitimate business records. In addition, the VA witnesses testified, and the court found it significant, that each of the documents in question was considered by VA decisionmakеrs in deciding to discharge Wolff.
In employment discrimination cases, internal documents relied upon by the employer in making an employment decision are not hearsay as that term is defined in
(b) Is a New Trial Warranted Because the Jury Saw Documents Not in Evidence? Exhibit 2 at trial was Wolffs performance appraisal report, a composite document containing supervisor appraisals and ratings recorded between August 1992 and April 1993.3 The original of Exhibit 2 was part of Wolffs permanent personnel file maintained by the VA‘s personnel department. That file also contained other documents, including employee and supervisor memoranda reciting problems they had encountered working with Wolff. Witness Nancy Lauermann, a Personnel Management Specialist who appeared as the custodian of Wolffs personnel file, testified that supervisors often attach such memoranda to performance appraisal reрorts if an employee is rated “unsuccessful” or “less than fully successful.”
At the end of the trial, counsel for Wolff asked that the original of Exhibit 2 be furnished to the jury during its deliberations. The district court agreed but left it to the attorneys to assemble trial exhibits for the jury. After the jury returned its adverse verdict, Wolff moved for a new trial because Exhibit 2 as submitted to the jury included not only the seven pages in Wolffs Exhibit 2, but also additional pages from his personnel file that had not been offered or received into evidence, including seven employee memoranda critical of his job performance. Describing the mix-up as unfortunate, the district court nonetheless denied relief because these memoranda were cumulative and therefore did not unduly prejudice Wolffs case. We review the district court‘s denial of a motion for new trial for abuse of discretion. See Schultz v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 105 F.3d 1258, 1259 (8th Cir.1997).4
In civil cases in this circuit, “the exposure of jurors to materials not admitted into evidence mandates a new trial only upon a showing that the materials are prejudicial to the unsuccessful party.” Peterson by Peterson v. General Motors Corp., 904 F.2d 436, 440 (8th Cir.1990). Here, the emplоyee memoranda in question were identified as part of Wolffs personnel file. Though the VA elected not to offer them, no doubt because it offered other memoranda describing Wolffs day-to-day problems with his fellow employees, the memoranda in question wеre genuine, and all but one were undoubtedly admissible.5 Thus, they were not part of the trial record and should not have been submitted to the jury, but in a substantive sense they were not truly “extraneous material.” Compare Neville Construction Co. v. Cook Paint & Varnish Co., 671 F.2d 1107, 1112 (8th Cir.1982). In addition, there was no jury misconduct at issue, simply a mistake by counsel in assembling trial exhibits for review during deliberations. Nor was the jury exposed to altered business records, as it was in Stephens v. South Atlantic Canners, Inc., 848 F.2d 484, 486-87 (4th Cir.1988). Finally, because the district court left it to the parties to assemble the documents, because Wolff had insisted that the jury be given the original of Exhibit 2, and becausе the testimony created some doubt as to what comprised the complete performance appraisal report, Wolff was primarily to blame if the document submitted to the jury was not the original Exhibit 2 that he intended to submit. In these circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Wolffs motion for a new trial on this ground.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.