In re: DENISE E. MOONEY, Debtor. DENISE E. MOONEY, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus JOY R. WEBSTER, Trustee, Defendant - Appellee.
No. 15-11229
United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
February 11, 2016
D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cv-00054-WLS, Bkcy No. 13-bkc-10835-JDW. [PUBLISH]
(February 11, 2016)
Before HULL and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and CONWAY,* District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
This bankruptcy appeal turns on whether a Georgia statute exempts the assets in a health savings account (“HSA“) from inclusion in a bankruptcy estаte. The relatively recent creation and subsequent rise in popularity of HSAs render an answer to this question all the more important and pressing. Although bankruptcy law is primarily federal law, we believe the interpretation of this state statute is best left to the “ultimate expositor” of Georgia law. See Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 691 (1975). Accordingly, we certify three questions about the statute to the Supreme Court of Georgia.
I.
A.
In 2008, Denise Mooney opened an HSA to assist with payment of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses. Ms. Mooney testified that she used her personal checking account to fund the HSA, and she used the disbursements only to pay for her medical expenses.1 She further testified that that
Ms. Mooney filed a petition for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2013. In her Schedule B disclosures, she listed her HSA with a value of $17,570.93. In her Schedule C filing, she claimed the contents of the HSA as property exempt from the bankruptcy estate pursuant to
The Chapter 7 trustee, Joy Webster, objected to the HSA‘s exemption. The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the trustee‘s objection to the exemption and sustained the objection in a memorandum opinion. Ms. Mooney appealed to the district court, which affirmed the bankruptcy court‘s decision. Ms. Mooney now appeals the district court‘s ordеr.
B.
Congress created health savings accounts in the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003. See
HSAs have the potential to affect bankruptcy estates significantly. One HSA advisor and consultancy company estimates that the number of HSA accounts in the United States rose to 13.8 million in 2014, a 29 percent increase from 2013. 2014 Year-End Devenir HSA Research Report, Devenir (Feb. 11, 2015), http://www.devenir.com/research/2014-year-end-devenir-hsa-market-research-report/. In 2014, HSAs represented over $24 billion in assets. Id. The trend toward HSAs shows no signs of slowing down.
II.
We review de novo the legal determinations of the bankruptcy court and the district court, but we review only for clear error the bankruptcy court‘s factual findings. In re Cassell, 688 F.3d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 2012), certified question answered sub nom. Silliman v. Cassell, 738 S.E. 2d 606 (Ga. 2013). The objecting party, here the trustee, bears the burden of proving that an exemption is impropеrly claimed. See
III.
In general, federal law governs bankruptcy. Typically a debtor exempts property from a bankruptcy estate under the Bankruptcy Code. See
(a) ... [A]ny debtor who is a natural person may exempt ... for the purposes of bankruptсy, the following property:
....
(2) The debtor‘s right to receive:
....
(C) A disability, illness, or unemployment benefit;
....
(E) A payment under a pension, annuity, or similar plan or contract on account of illness, disability, death, age, or length of service, to the extent reasonably necessary for the support of the debtor and any dependent of the debtor ....
We discuss the application of subsections (a)(2)(C) and (a)(2)(E) in turn.
A.
To be exempt from the bankruptcy estate under
The trustee disagrees. According to the trustee, a benefit under subsection (a)(2)(C) must be received from an employer, insurance, or a public program such as social security. All of thе benefits listed in section (a)(2) are monthly payments from third parties, whereas Ms. Mooney‘s HSA, funded by the accountholder herself, allows her to access the funds at any time.
The district court agreed with the trustee that an HSA is not exempt under subsection (a)(2)(C), concluding that “HSA funds are not specifically or clearly set out аs exempt under the Georgia Code and are not clearly identified with or clearly analogous to exempted funds.” In re Mooney, No. 1:14-CV-54, 2015 WL 853898, at *4 (M.D. Ga. Feb. 26, 2015).
B.
Under
Both Ms. Mooney and the trustee rely on Rousey v. Jacoway, 544 U.S. 320 (2005), and Silliman v. Cassell, 738 S.E. 2d 606 (Ga. 2013), for support. In Rousey, the United States Supreme Court held that аn individual retirement account (“IRA“) could be exempt under the federal analogue to subsection (a)(2)(E),
“similar plan or contract” to “stock bonus, pension, profitsharing, or annuity plans or contracts.” Id. at 329. IRAs are similar in that they “provide income that substitutes for wages earned as salary or hourly compensation.” Id. at 331.
Silliman directly addressed subsection (a)(2)(E). In In re Cassell, we discussed whether a particular type of аnnuity was exempt from bankruptcy under the statute but decided to certify the question to the Supreme Court of Georgia. 688 F.3d at 1291. In Silliman, the Supreme Court of Georgia answered that the annuity was exempt. 738 S.E. 2d at 464.4 It applied Rousey to conclude that the annuity qualified under the exemption statute because it “provide[d] income as a substitute for wages.” Id. at 468. Additionally, just as with the IRA in Rousey, the annuity provided payments “on account of” age. Id. at 471.
Because an HSA is not a pension or an annuity, it must be a “similar plan or contract” for the purposes of subsection (a)(2)(E). Reformulating the United States Supreme Court‘s definition of “similar” in Rousey, “[t]o be ‘similar,’ an [HSA] must be like, though not identical to, the specific plans or contracts listed in § [44-13-100(a)(2)], and consequently must share characteristics common to the listed plans or contracts.” 544 U.S. at 329.
In Rousey, the United States Supreme Court held that IRAs were similar to “stock bonus, pension, profitsharing, or annuity plans or contracts” because both “provide a substitute for wages (by wages, for present purposes, [the Court] means compensation earned as hоurly or salary income), and are not mere savings accounts.” Id. at 331. Additionally, the remaining kinds of exempt plans in the statute (social security benefits, unemployment compensation, and local public assistance benefits; veterans’ benefits; disability illness, or unemployment benefits; and alimony, support, or separаte maintenance) all “concern[ed] income that substitutes for wages.” Id. at 331; accord Silliman, 292 S.E. 2d at 610 (“We agree with the Supreme Court that the common feature of all of these plans [in § 44-13-100(a)(2)] is that they provide income that substitutes for wages.“).
To establish whether an IRA provides income that substitutes for wages, the United States Supreme Court loоked at several considerations: (1) minimum distribution requirements that set in when the accountholder is “likely to be retired and lack wage income“; (2) IRS treatment of distributions as income only in years when the money is withdrawn, which encourages accountholders to wait until retirement; (3) the 10 percent tax penalty that applies to distributions prior to age 59 1/2; and (4) the 50 percent tax penalty that applies upon failure to take minimum distributions. Id. at 331-32. “All of these features show that IRA income substitutes for wages lost upon retirement and distinguish IRAs from typical savings accounts.” Id. at 332.
Both Ms. Mooney and the trustee argue that Rousey and Silliman support their positions. According to Ms. Mooney, payments
The trustee takes a contrary view. To the trustee, HSAs are intended to pay for medical expenses not covered by high-deductible insurance plans, not to replace wages or income. The district court agreed with the trustee: “Mooney‘s HSA is not a substitute for wages; it is a place to park wages that, if used for qualified healthcare expenses, allows favorable tax treatment.” In re Mooney, 2015 WL 853898, at *3.
As for whether an HSA provides payments “on account of illness [or] disability,” again the parties rely on Rousey and Silliman. In Rousey, the United States Supreme Court held that IRAs provided payments “on account of” age because the payments were causally connected to the Rouseys’ age. 544 U.S. at 326-29. In particular, the Supreme Court found it persuasive that the Rouseys would pаy a “10-percent tax penalty that applies to withdrawals from IRAs made before the accountholder turns 59 1/2.” Id at 327. This “substantial” penalty suggested that it was Congress‘s intent in creating IRAs to “preclude early access” to funds in IRAs. Id. The Supreme Court rejected the trustee‘s argument that an IRA does not make payments “on acсount of” age because the Rouseys could withdraw money from their IRA for any reason, regardless of age, as long as they paid the penalty. Id. The penalty, the Supreme Court held, restricted the right to payment of the balance of the IRA enough to connect the right to payment to age. Id. at 328. The Supreme Cоurt of Georgia came to the same conclusion regarding annuities in Silliman. 738 S.E. 2d at 612-13.
Ms. Mooney contends that HSAs provide payments “on account of illness [or] disability” under subsection (a)(2)(E) because accountholders pay a significant tax (double the tax in Rousey) should they use the funds for anything but qualified medical expenses. Ms. Mooney also suggests that the Georgia General Assembly‘s intent in creating HSAs, to make healthcare more affordable, indicates that HSAs are causally related to illness and disability. Conversely, the trustee asserts that HSAs cannot provide payments “on account of illness [or] disability” if the accountholder retains full control оver the funds. Although Ms. Mooney used her HSA only for qualified medical expenses, she could have used the money to pay for personal expenses. Neither the bankruptcy court nor the district court made conclusions as to this particular portion of subsection (a)(2)(E).
C.
We now outline several overarching аrguments made by the parties on appeal.
Ms. Mooney asserts that federal and Georgia legislative history support the notion that the legislative bodies intended HSAs to be exempt in bankruptcy, either under subsection (a)(2)(C) or (a)(2)(E). Because the Georgia General Assembly authorized HSAs after it passed sectiоn 44-13-100, Ms. Mooney reasons, the legislature intended HSAs to fit within the exemption. The trustee replies that if the Georgia legislature wished to make HSAs eligible in bankruptcy, it would have indicated that by amending the statute. At least six other states have amended their bankruptcy statutes specifically to allow exemptions for HSAs.5 By contrast, the
The trustee argues that HSAs cannot be exempt under either subsection (a)(2)(C) or (a)(2)(E) because Ms. Mooney already will have received the funds.
Section 44-13-100(a)(2) specifies “[t]he debtor‘s right to receive.” (emphasis added). The trustee notes that Ms. Mooney deposited funds into the HSA from her personal bank account. That is, the HSA consists of funds Ms. Mooney received from other sources. Accordingly, the trustee submits, Ms. Mooney cannot receive payments of which she already is in possession.
IV.
We need not try to divine the answer to these challenging questions of Georgia law. As we noted in In re Cassell, “[w]hen there is substantial doubt about the correct answer to a dispositive question of state law, a better option is to certify the question to the state supreme court.” 688 F.3d at 1300. Moreover, it is unlikely that Georgia courts would ever have the opportunity to consider this set of important questions if we fail to certify, as federal courts have “original and exclusive jurisdiction” over bankruptcy cases.
We certify the following questions to the Supreme Court of Georgia:
(1) Does a debtor‘s health savings account constitute a right to receive a “disability, illness, or unemployment benefit” for the purposеs of
(2) Does a debtor‘s health savings account constitute a right to receive a “payment under a pension, annuity, or similar plan or contract” for the purposes of
(3) Is a debtor‘s right to receive a payment from a health savings account “on account of illness [or] disability” for the purposes оf
As in In re Cassell, “[o]ur statement of the questions is not designed to limit the inquiry of the” Supreme Court of Georgia. 688 F.3d at 1301 (quoting Mosher v. Speedstar Div. of AMCA Int‘l, Inc., 52 F.3d 913, 917 (11th Cir. 1995)). We reiterate that
the particular phrasing used in the certified question is not to restrict the [Georgia] Supreme Court‘s consideration of the problems involved and the issues as the Supreme Court perceives them to be in its analysis of the record certified in this case. This latitude extends to the [Georgia] Supreme Court‘s restatement of the issue or issues and the manner in which the answers are to be given, whether as a comprehensive whole or in subordinate or even contingent parts.
Martinez v. Rodriquez, 394 F.2d 156, 159 (5th Cir. 1968).6
QUESTIONS CERTIFIED.