Demetropolos v. Commonwealth

Jun 2, 1961

Versions:175 N.E.2d 259

342 Mass. 658

1961 Mass. LEXIS 796

Wilkins, C.J.

The plaintiffs, three proprietors of newsstands in Springfield, bring this bill for a declaratory decree under GL L. c. 231A against the Commonwealth and a captain and a lieutenant of the Springfield police department in its crime prevention bureau. All the facts are agreed, and the case is reported without decision by a judge of the Superior Court. G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 214, § 31.

The questions sought to be raisеd relate to Gr. L. c. 272, § 28A (as amended through St. 1959, c. 492, § 2), which provides: “Whoever imports, prints, publishes, sells or distributes a pamphlet, ballad, printed paper, phonographic record, or other thing which is obscene, indecent or impure, or an obscene, indecent or impure print, picture, figure, image or description, or buys, procures, receives or has in Ms possession аny such pamphlet, ballad, printed paper, phonograpMc record, obscene, indecent or impure print, рicture, figure, image or other thing, for the purpose of sale, exMbition, loan or circulation, shall be pumshed by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than five years or in a jail or house of correction for not more than two and one hаlf years, or by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five thousand dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment in jail or the house of correction.”

On October 18, 1960, the plaintiffs were arraigned in the District Court of Springfield upon complaints, each charging one of them (1) with having sold “a certain pamphlet, printed paper and tMng, to wit, a magazine known as . . . [giving the name] which was and is obscene, indecent and impure,” and (2) with having it in possession “for the purpose of sale.” The plaintiffs pleaded not guilty. On October 26 they were tried on agreed facts, and the cases were continued without a finding pending the determination оf the present controversy. The agreed facts were these. The allegations in the complaints are true, namely, that each plaintiff sold a magazine wMch was obscene, indecent, and impure witMn the meamng of the statute or had possеssion of the magazine for the purpose of sale. The plain tiffs are proprietors of newsstands wMeh sold and had for sаle one hundred or more different “titles” or kinds of magazines in addition to newspapers, pocket book editions, and othey literature. There was no allegation or proof that they had knowledge of the contents of “the magazines in question.”

One question reported is whether G. L. c. 272, § 28A (as amended through St. 1959, c. 492, § 2), violates the First Amendment or the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍of the United States or art. 16 of the Declаration of Rights. Its answer calls for a determination whether § 28A requires scienter as an element of the crime. We note that the word “magazine” does not appear in § 28A. We also note that a magazine as closely resembles a book, which is the subject of G. L. c. 272, § 28B (as amended through St. 1959, c. 492, § 2 1 ), as it does a “pamphlet, printed paper and thing,” a phrase which we quote from the complaints. The plaintiffs point out that § 28B, which was enacted with § 28A in the same section of St. 1959, c. 492, contains the phrase, “knowing it to be obscene, indecent or impure. ” 2 In an ordinary case this factor might be persuasive. It cannot, however, be allowed to prevail over the principlе that where a statute may ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍be construed as either constitutional or unconstitutional, a construction will be adopted whiсh avoids an unconstitutional interpretation. Worcester County Natl. Bank v. Commissioner of Banks, 340 Mass. 695, 701.

We observe that the Legislature in the amendment of G. L. c. 272, § 30, by St. 1956, c. 724, § 1, relating to the distribution of certain literature to a child under the age of еighteen, clearly spelled out' an intention that scienter is not an element of that crime. 1

The majority opinion of the Suрreme Court of the United States in Smith v. California, 361 U. S. 147, 152, has indicated that legislation, even if aimed at obscene matter, may by dispensing with any requirement of knowledge on the part of the seller impinge upon the public’s access to constitutionally protected matter. Although the Smith case dealt with a book, the constitutional theory must be the same when applied to a magazine. We do not accept as a valid distinction the defendants’ argument: “This was not a hard-cover publication, but rather a ‘magazine,’ which is generally known to be of at least doubtful character.” Accordingly, we construe § 28A as if it contained the words “knowing it ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍to be obscene, indecent or impure.”

Cases elsewhere support the result we reach. Cohen v. State, 125 So. 2d 560 (Fla.). People v. Finkelstein, 9 N. Y. 2d 342. State v. Jackson, 224 Ore. 337. But see State v. Gump, 57 Wash. 2d 224.

No separate discussion of art. 16 of the Declaration of Rights is required. Other questions rеported need not be decided.

The Commonwealth raises no question as to being made a party. Indeed the Attorney General has entered a general appearance. In Executive Air Serv. Inc. v. Division of Fisheries & Game, ante, 356, 357-358, we recently held that declaratory proceеdings under G. L. c. 231A will not lie against the Commonwealth. The present situation differs from one where the Legislature has provided for proceedings to which the Commonwealth is authorized to become a party. See Franklin Foundation v. Attorney Gen. 340 Mass. 197, 203. The issues are fully presented by the defеndant members of the police department.

A decree is to be entered declaring that G. L. c. 272, § 28A (as amended through St. 1959, c. 492, § 2), is not in violation of the First Amendment or the Fourteenth ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍Amend - mеnt to the Constitution of the United States or of art. 16 of the Declaration of Eights.

So ordered.

Notes

“Whoever imports, prints, publishes, sells, loans or distributes, or buys, procures, receives, or has in his possession for the purpose of sale, loan or distribution, a book, knowing it to be оbscene, indecent or impure, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than five years or in a jaU or house of correction for not more than two and one half years, or by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five thousand dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment in jail or the house of correction.” The parties in their stipulation аs to facts filed on December 28, 1960, did not refer to the amendment to § 28B by St. 1960, c. 311, approved April 12, 1960, effective ninety days thereаfter. The change is not presently material.

Sections 28A and 28B were first enacted in St. 1945, c. 278, § 1. The two sections, as so enacted, were substantially identical with § 28A and § 28B, respectively, as amended by St. 1959, c. 492, § 2, except that the amendment increased the penalties.

“In a prosecution under this section it shall not be necessary to prove that the defendant has ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍read, or knows of the offensive description or picture contained in the literature involved.”