114 A. 471 | Md. | 1921
Evan Panyskoski, on May 27, 1920, shot and killed Mary Demczuk, at Turner's Station, in Baltimore County. Afterwards and before this suit, he died and letters of administration upon his estate were in due course issued to H. Courtenay Jenifer, the appellee.
Thereafter John Demczuk, the surviving husband of Mary Demczuk, brought this action against the administrator for damages resulting to him from the loss of her services as a result of her death through the wrongful act of the decedent. The declaration filed in the case is in the following form, that is to say:
"John Demczuk, by Milton Dashiell and J. Booker Clift, his attorneys, sues H. Courtenay Jenifer, administrator of the estate of John Panyskoski, deceased:
"For that the said Evan Panyskoski, deceased, did on or about the 27th day of May, 1920, assault and beat and with a revolver did shoot and kill at or near Turner Station, Baltimore County, State of Maryland, Mary Demczuk, the wife of John Demczuk, the plaintiff, and that the said John Demczuk was thereby deprived of the society, comfort and services of his said wife, Mary Demczuk, by the wrongful acts of the said Evan Panyskoski, deceased, wherefore this suit is brought, and the plaintiff claims $5,000.00 damages."
The court sustained a demurrer interposed by the defendant to this declaration, and the plaintiff having declined to amend, judgment was entered for the defendant. This appeal is taken from that judgment. *490
The only question presented by the record is whether the liability of a person, who by his wrongful act, has caused the death of another, survives the death of the tort feasor, when it has not been prosecuted to a judgment during his life, and can be enforced against his personal representatives or estate by one who was entitled to the services of the person so killed.
The maxim actio personalis moritur cum persona is generally applicable to actions in form ex delicto and "the general rule of the common law was that if an injury were done either to the person or to the property of another for which unliquidated damages only could be recovered in satisfaction, the action died with the person to whom or by whom the wrong was done." Broom,Legal Maxims (8th Ed.), 702. This rule of the common law is in force in this State, except in so far as it has been changed or modified by statute. 1 Poe, Pl. Pr., par. 593; Ott v.Kaufman,
Section 25, Article 75, Code Pub. Gen. Laws, provides that "no action of ejectment, waste, partition, dower, replevin or any personal action * * * shall abate by the death of either or any of the parties to such action * * *. This not to apply to actions for injuries to the person where the defendant dies * * *."
Section 104, Article 93, Ibid, provides that executors and administrators "shall be liable to be sued in any court of law or equity in any action (except for slander and injuries to the person) which might have been maintained against the deceased." It excludes from the definition of the phrase "injury done to the person" actions for arrest, false imprisonment, *491 violation of the twenty-third, twenty-sixth, thirty-first and thirty-second articles of the Bill of Rights.
Article 67, § 1 and 67, § 2, confers upon certain relatives of a person, whose death has been caused by the wrongful act, neglect or default of another, under circumstances which would have entitled the deceased person, had he survived, to have maintained an action for the injury, the right to an action in the name of the State against the tort feasor.
In our opinion the right of the plaintiff to maintain this suit cannot be sustained under any of these statutes.
By their terms, Sections 25, Article 75, Code Pub. Gen. Laws, and Section 104, Article 93, Ibid., do not apply to action for "injuries to the person." The alleged cause of action in this case is the husband's loss of his wife's services as a result of her death through the wrongful act of another, and the question presented therefore is whether that is an action for "injuries to the person," within the meaning of the statutes referred to. There is nothing in the language of either statute to indicate that the expression "injuries to the person" was intended to be limited to injuries to the plaintiff, or indeed to any particular person or class of persons, but on the contrary it was apparently used to define and characterize the class of actions excluded from the operation of the statutes. Used in that sense in an action for "injuries to the person" it naturally means any injury causing actual physical pain, discomfort or disability to any person, which occasions loss or damage either to such person or to any other person entitled to the benefit of the services of the injured person.
While the loss of the wife's services, for which compensation is sought in this case, did not result from any personal injury to the plaintiff, it did result from a personal injury to the wife and this is therefore "an action for injuries to the person," and is excluded from the operation of the statutes under consideration.
This view is illustrated by the case of Mulvey v. Boston,
Neither can the declaration in this case be sustained under the provisions of Article 67, Code Pub. Gen. Laws. It is neither brought in the manner prescribed by that statute, nor do the facts alleged in the declaration constitute a valid cause of action within the scope of its provisions. That statute requires that any action instituted under the authority contained in it shall be brought in the name of the State for the use *493 of certain classes of persons designated in it, while this action is brought by the husband alone. But aside from that consideration it is apparent that the facts alleged in the declaration confer no right of action upon the plaintiff against the defendant under the terms of that statute.
In its first section it provides that: "Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof, the person who would have been liable if death had not ensued shall be liable to an action for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured." Now the language just quoted creates a cause of action against "the person who would have been liable if death had not ensued," but it does not directly or by implication create a cause of action against the personal representatives of the estate of such person in the event of his death prior to the recovery of a judgment against him on account of his tort, and as the statute creates a new cause of action and being in derogation of the common law is to be strictly construed, no action can be brought under it unless express authority therefor can be found in its provisions.
It is said in 17 C.J. 1233, under the caption "Death of Wrongdoer": "Many survival statutes modifying the common law and authorizing the survival of causes of action have been held not applicable to the statutory action for death by wrongful act, which accordingly abates on the death of the wrongdoer, and cannot be maintained or revived against his executors or administrators." And in Carrigan v. Cole,
To the same effect are Clark v. Goodwin,
Since these statutes to which we have first referred modifying the common law rule do not affect actions for personal injuries, and do not therefore, in any manner affect or modify the provisions of Article 67, Code Pub. Gen. Laws, and since *495 that statute does not authorize any action against the personal representatives or estate of one whose wrongful act, neglect or default has resulted in the death of another, the declaration in this case cannot be sustained under its provisions.
And since there is nothing contained in these statutes to remove the supposed cause of action set up in the declaration in this case from the operation of the common law maxim, that actiopersonalis moritur cum persona, and as the declaration failed to state any facts constituting a valid cause of action against the defendant, it follows that the demurrer thereto was properly sustained, and the judgment appealed from will therefore be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed, with costs to the appellee. *496