Appeal by defendants from summary judgment of the District Court, Sherburne County, in favor of plaintiff for goods sold and delivered and denying recovery on the counterclaim. We affirm.
On November 24, 1972, the parties entered into an oral agreement whereby plaintiff contracted to sell, and defendants agreed to purchase for future delivery, certain soybeans for a price of $3.50 per bushel. Approximately 4,020 bushels were delivered to defendant on May 16 and 17, 1973. The market value of the beаns had increased to $8 or $9 per bushel at time of delivery, and after delivery continued to rise, reaching $10 per bushel.
The parties’ disagreement as to the quantity of beans, the sub *277 ject of the oral contract, culminated in' this action. Plaintiff claimed that the contract was for 4,000 bushels of beans, and defendants insisted that plaintiff promised to sell a “bin of beans.” Under defendants’ view, plaintiff had failed to deliver approximately 1,000 to 1,500 bushels of the total beans contracted for and remaining in plaintiff’s bin. At no stage of the negotiations or agreement was any writing in any form, relating to the agreement, executed by either of the parties.
Plaintiff was never paid for the beans delivered. As a consequence, plaintiff sought recovery of the agreed price for the number of bushels actually delivered (which the parties later stipulated was $13,151.73), and defendants counterclaimed for damages resulting from plaintiff’s failure to deliver the beans remaining in plaintiff’s bin after delivery of 4,020 bushels.
At the pretrial conference on December 27, 1973, the trial court raised the issue of the statute of frauds, Minn. St. 336.2— 201, which provides that an agreement for the sale of goods of a value of more than $500, to be enforceable, must be in writing, and so noted in its pretrial order of January 2, 1974, but without a final determination.
At the conference in chambers between court and counsel, preliminary to the selection of a jury, on the day set for trial, January 22, 1974, plaintiff moved to amend its reрly to defendants’ counterclaim by raising the affirmative defense of the statute of frauds. At the same time, defendants moved to amend their counterclaim to plead affirmatively estoppel. Both motions were granted.
After the court indicated at the latter conference that the defendants could not prove their alleged counterclaim, defendants were then permitted to make an offer of proof as to (1) facts relied upon to prove defendants’ version of the verbal agreement and (2) conduct or representations of plaintiff which would constitute an estoppel. The court then determined that defendants’ counterclaim was within 1 the statute of frauds and that the conduct and representations of the plaintiff, even if true, did not constitute an estoppel. Rejected also was defendants’ conten' *278 tion that a jury issue arose as to whether a “bin of beans” was a commercial unit. Defendants had argued that aсceptance of part was acceptance of the entire unit within the meaning of Minn. St. 336.2 — 606(2), so as to take the oral agreement out of the statute of frauds under § 336.2 — 201(3)(c).
Having further advised counsel that under Minn. St. 336.2— 201(3) (c) the payment for the 4,020 bushels was enforceable because it was in “respect to goods * * * which have been received and accepted” and therefore not within the statute of frauds, the trial court ordered judgment, which is the subject of this appeal. 1
Defendаnts’ appeal raises the following issues: (1) Whether the trial court exceeded its authority in granting what was in effect a summary judgment on its own motion on the basis of the information disclosed by the interrogatories, depositions, files, pleadings, pretrial conference, and offer of proof preliminary to trial. (2) Did the question of whether plaintiff was estopped to raise the statute of frauds constitute a genuine issue of material fact? (3) Did the question of whether a “bin of beans” is a commercial unit within the meaning of the Uniform Commercial Code (hereafter UCC) constitute a genuine issue of material fact? (4) Did the trial court err in entering judgment against Bruce Mitchell individually?
Summary Judgment Sua Sponte
Defendants contend that the trial court exceeded its authority because it granted a summary judgment on its own motion on the day of trial without notice to the parties. In support of that contention, defendants rely on McAllister v. Independent School Dist. No. 306,
We did hold in McAllister, as defendants contend, that under Rule 56.03, Rules of Civil Procedure, 2 the-stated time of 10 days’ *279 formal notice is mandatory, absent a clear waiver by the adversary. The aggrieved party there vigorously opposed the motion for summary judgment by defendants on two grounds: (1) Notice was 5 days short, and (2) plaintiffs had other evidence to submit.
The circumstances which are presented here distinguish McAllister v. Independent School Dist. No. 306, supra. Significant are the following facts: (1) The pretrial conference was held on December 27, 1973, at which time the trial court raised the issuе of the statute of frauds relative to defendants’ counterclaim and incorporated the issue in its pretrial order of January 2,1974, in effect affording written notice of the issue to both parties; (2) by the same order, trial by jury was set for January-22, 1974, in effect affording defendants a 20-day opportunity to prepare to meet the issue raised; (3) on the day set for trial, at a conference in chambers between court and counsel preliminary to selection of a jury, the court reviewed its pretrial order, reiterated its opinion that the defendants could not pursue their counterclaim because of the statute of frauds, secured agreement of counsel as to the amount of plaintiff’s claim, and then afforded defendants an opportunity to make their offer of proof; (4) defendants availed themselves of that opportunity by attempting to show genuine fact issues as to the provisions of the oral agreement and facts relating to estoppel and were fully heard as to all the questions involved; (5) the trial judge thereupon ruled that the statute of frauds precluded 'defendants’ counterclaim and denied estoppel; (6) at the time defendants voiced no objection on the record to the procedure employed by the court; and (7) no prejudice was shown by defendants by rea *280 son of the absence of a formal motion.
Neither the summary judgment rule nor any other procedural rule gives the trial court express authority to enter a summary judgment on its own motiоn. The authority is derived from the inherent power of the trial court to dispose summarily of litigation when there remains no genuine issue as to any material fact and judgment must be ordered for one of the parties as a matter of law. The same conditions must exist as would justify a summary judgment on motion of a party. Green v. Kaesler-Allen Lumber Co.
In Niazi v. St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co.
In denying the application for the writ, we reasoned as follows:
«* * * [T]he trial judge does have power under Rule 56.04 *281 to grant summary judgment with respect to all or some of the issues raised by the pleadings. [Citations omitted.]
“ ‘Unless the objecting party can show prejudice arising from the lack of notice * * *, exercising [summary judgment] power at pre-trial is sound. Seldom should lack of notice prejudice a party, as each party should be fully prepared on the facts applicable to the case in order to participate in the pre-trial. To compel a 10 day delay solely to comply with the notice requirements of Rule 56.03 would seem ill-advised.’ [Citations omitted.]”265 Minn. 227 ,121 N. W. 2d 353 .
We hold that under the circumstances of this case the trial court properly exercised its power in granting summary judgment sua sponte.
Estoppel
Defendants’ offer of proof was that after the oral agreement of November 24, 1972, was negotiated and relying on plaintiff’s promise to sell defendants all of the beans in its bin, defendаnts entered into a contract with Bunge Corporation1 on the same day to resell 4,000 bushels of the beans to Bunge. The resale to Bunge was at a slightly higher price and was limited to 4,000 bushels because, defendants claim, neither plaintiff nor defendants knew exactly how many bushels there were in plaintiff’s bin. Defendants claim that the general understanding was that the bin was about half full and that the full bin would hold approximately 12,000 bushels.
Later that week, defendants claim, plaintiff assured defendants that there were from 5,000 to 5,500 bushels in the bin, and acting in reliance thereon and upon later commitments from several other farmers, defendants on December 6, 1972, again resold another lot of 4,000 bushels to Bunge for June delivery. Of that total 4,000-bushel lot, defendants relied upon the additional 1,000 bushels from plaintiff. Defendants’ reliance upon plaintiff’s promise was such that the former made no additional hedges against the two future deliveries. Defendants argue that *282 in order to fulfill their two contracts with Bunge, it became nеcessary for them to deliver 1,000 bushels of expensive beans rather than1 plaintiff’s less costly beans and thus defendants incurred a loss. Based upon this offer of proof, defendants contend that a fact issue of estoppel was for the jury.
The offer of proof on that issue was clearly one creating a fact issue. However, the court’s denial of estoppel would constitute reversible error only if the doctrine of estoppel is available to defendants under the statute of frauds in' the UCC. The trial court held that no estoppel would follow even if defendants established the facts that they offered to prove.
The statute of frauds provided by the UCC with respect to contracts for the sale of goods in excess of $500 3 does not expressly state that estoppel will take a contract out of the statute of frauds. Nevertheless, the general savings clause of the UCC provides that the principles of estoppel, as well as other common-law principles, will continue to apply unless expressly displaced by provisions of the UCC. 4
In arguing that plaintiff should be estopped from asserting the statute of frauds, defendants fail to draw a distinction between equitable estoppel, also referred to as estoppel in pais, and promissory estoppel, also referred to as quasi contract. Languáge used by the trial court at the time he considered defendants’ offer of proof would seem to indicate that equitable estoppel was *283 the basis for his holding that the offer of proof did not make out the elements of an estoppel. 5 On appeal, however, defendants have urged us, without specifying either promissory or equitable estoppel, to apply the reasoning of certain promissory estoppel cases cited by them. Thus, it is necessary for us to consider the applicability of each of the types of estoppel to the facts оf this case.
We note that defendants’ offer of proof tended to show the elements of promissory — although perhaps not intended — rather than equitable estoppel. The doctrine of promissory estoppel is wholly inapplicable here for the simple reason that an actual contract existed.
Promissory estoppel is the name applied to a contract implied in law where no contract exists in fact. 6 The effect of promissory estoppel is to imply a contract from a unilateral or otherwise unenforceable promise coupled by detrimental reliance on the part of the promisee. 7
The Restatement rule is that promissory estoppel will defeat the statute of frauds only when the promise relied upon is a promise to reduce the contract to writing. 8 Many of the courts which have considered the problem have either expressly adopted *284 the Restatement rule or hаve simply rejected the view that promissory estoppel can remove an oral contract from the statute of frauds. 9 The jurisdictions which adopt this restrictive view do so because a promissory estoppel exception would likely render the statute of frauds nugatory. 10 There is always some degree of reliance on an oral contract. Some jurisdictions adopt the slightly less restrictive view advocated by Williston1 and permit promissory estoppel where the detrimental reliance is of such a character and magnitude that refusal to enforce the contract would permit one party to perpetrate a fraud. 11 A mere refusal to perform an oral agreement, unaccompanied by unconscionable conduct, however, is not such a fraud as will justify disregarding the statute. 3 Williston, Contracts (3 ed.) § 533A.
We have given careful consideration to the various views of the application of promissory estoppеl to cases involving oral contracts and hold that, under the facts of this particular case, *285 promissory estoppel was not available to defendants so as to take the instant oral contract out of the statute of frauds set forth in the UCG, Minn. St. 336.2 — 201(1). 12
We next turn to the question of whether the trial court was correct in holding that equitable estoppel did not take the contract out of the statute of frauds. Equitable estoppel is a type of equitable doctrine appliсable not only to the statute of frauds but also to any of a number of different claims and defenses. Elements of an equitable estoppel are set forth in 3 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (5 ed.), § 805, as follows:
“* * * 1. There must be conduct — acts, language, or silence— amounting to a representation or a concealment of material facts. 2. These facts must be known to the party estopped at the time of his said conduct, or at least the circumstances must be such that knowledge of them is necessarily imputed to him. 3. The truth concerning these facts must be unknown to the other party claiming the benefit of the estoppel, at the time when such conduct was done, and at the time when it was acted upon by him. 4. The conduct must be done with the intention, or at least with the expectation, that it will be acted upon by the other party, or under such circumstances that it is both natural and probable that it will be so acted upon. There are several familiar species in which it is simply impossible to ascribe any intention or even expectation to the party estopped that his conduct will be acted upon by the one who afterwards claims the benefit of the *286 estoppel. 5. The conduct must be relied upon by the other party, and, thus relying, he must be led to act upon it.. 6. He must in fact act upon it in such a manner as to change his position for the worse; in other words, he must so act that he would suffer a loss if he were compelled to surrender or forego or alter what he has done by reason of the first party being permitted to repudiate his conduct and to assert rights inconsistent with it.”
From Pomeroy’s recitation of the elements, we recognize that equitable estoppel is akin to fraud. It does require a representation or concealment of material facts. We have previously held that the latter requirement is an indispensible element of equitable estoppel. In Bremer v. Commissioner of Taxation,
“* * * n is fundamental that estoppel is based upon a representation of fact and cannot exist as to an expression of оpinion as distinguished from a representation of fact.”
We agree with the trial court that defendants’ offer of proof contained no showing or representation or concealment of material facts. Thus, Roberts v. Friedell,
Commercial Unit
Defendants maintain that the trial court erred in not permitting the question of whether a “bin of beans” is a commercial unit to go to the jury. At the conference preliminary to trial, defendants offered to prove that within the relevant market area farmers and grain-elevator operators frequently bоught and sold beans by the bin.
*287 From that offer of proof, defendants contend (1) that a jury issue arose as to whether a bin of beans is a commercial unit within the meaning of Minn. St. 336.2 — 105(6), 13 and (2) that acceptance of any part of the bin by the buyer constitutes acceptance of the entire bin within the meaning of Minn. St. 336.2 — 606(2). 14 The question then arises whether defendants’ position that the oral contract is taken out of the statute of frauds by Minn. St. 336.2 — 201(3) (c) 15 is tenable.
We need not reach that issue since under our reading of Minn. St. 336.2 — 201 (3) (c) it is neсessary that the goods “have been received and accepted” before avoidance of the statute of frauds is recognized. See, Johnston Jewels, Ltd. v. Leonard,
Individual Liability
We reach the issue of whether the trial court erred in entering judgment against Bruce Mitchell individually. Although the joint answer and counterclaim of the defendants denied that he was *288 a party to the contract and alleged that he was at all relevant times acting as agent for the corporate defendant, the agency issue apparently dropped out of the case аt the time of the pretrial conference.
Because the issue was not reserved in the pretrial order or at any subsequent time and because there was no offer of proof nor any argument regarding that point, the record is inadequate to determine on appeal whether the agency issue was properly decided or whether there was a genuine issue of material fact. Defendant’s failure to make a proper record precludes him from rаising this issue on appeal.
Affirmed.
Notes
Acting as Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const, art. 6, § 2, and Minn. St. 2.724, subd. 2.
Prior thereto, the parties stipulated that the amount of plaintiff’s claim was $13,151.73.
Rule 56.03, Rules of Civil Procedure, provides in part: “The motion shall be served at least 10 days before the time fixed for the hearing. *279 The adverse party prior to the day of hearing may serve opposing affidavits. Judgment shall he rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissiоns on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that either party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
Minn. St. 336.2 — 201(1) provides.in relevant part: “(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section a contract for the sale of goods for the price of $500 or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless there is some writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the pаrties and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent or broker.”
Minn. St. 336.1 — 103 provides: “Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this chapter, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement its provisions.” (Italics supplied.)
The trial court stаted: “[A]nd with respect to estoppel, I do not think this is a proper case for estoppel. Stretch it how you will, I can’t bring in the elements of fraud, and estoppel is always predicated upon some ramification of fraud. I don’t believe we have it here.”
Its elements are set forth in Restatement, Contracts, § 90, as follows:
“A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance of a definite and substantial character оn the part of the promisee and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise.”
In Constructors Supply v. Bostrom Sheet Metal Works,
Restatement, Contracts, § 178, comment f.
See, e. g., Alaska Airlines v. Stephenson,
See, e. g., Ozier v. Haines,
“The fraud most commonly treated as taking an agreement out of the Statute of Frauds is that which consists in setting up the Statute against its enforcement after the other party has been induced to make expenditures or a change of situation * * *, so that the refusal to complete the execution of the agreement is not merely a denial of rights which it was intended to confer, but the infliction of an unjust and unconscionable injury and loss.” 3 Williston, Cоntracts (3 ed.) § 533A, p. 798.
See, e. g., Gem Corrugated Box Corp. v. National Kraft Container Corp.
Albachten v. Bradley,
Minn. St. 336.2 — 105(6) provides: “‘Commercial unit’ means such a unit of goods as by commercial usage is a single whole for purposes of sale and division of which materially impairs its character or value on the market or in use. A commercial unit may be a single article (as a machine) or a set of articles (as a suite of furniture or an assortment .of sizes) or a quantity (as a bale, gross, or carload) or any other unit treated in use or in the relevant market as a single whole.”
Minn. St. 336.2 — 606(2) provides: “Acceptance of a part of any commercial unit is acceptance of that entire unit.”
Minn. St. 336.2 — 201 (3) (c) provides: .“A contract which does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (1) but which is valid in other respects is enforceable * * * (c) with respect to goods for which payment has been made and accepted or which have been received and accepted (section 336.2 — 606).”