Deckert v. Burns
62 N.W.2d 879
S.D.
1954
Check Treatment

DECKERT, Respondent v. BURNS, Appellant

File No. 9369

Supreme Court of South Dakota

February 24, 1954

Rehearing denied April 2, 1954

62 N. W.2d 879

Undеr the facts and law above stated it is clear that plaintiffs exercised the option within the time prescribed in the lease. The option having been exercised there arose a binding contract of sale between the parties.

. Appellant complains that plaintiffs made no sufficient tender of the purchase price to place him in default. Without deciding whether there was a sufficient tender, we hold that under the facts presented a tender was waived by appellant. The appellant simply refused performance. This dispensed with the necessity of a formal tender.
;
.

The judgment appealed from is affirmed.

SICKEL and LEEDOM, JJ., concur.

SMITH, P. J., and ROBERTS, J., dissent.

SMITH, P. J. (dissenting). In so far as the foregoing opinion deals with the form of the conveyance, I dissent. It is my view that SDC 51.1418 controls, and the vendor was required only “to execute a conveyance in form sufficient to pass the title to the property.”

. I would modify the judgment to bring it into harmony with this view, and affirm the modified judgment.

ROBERTS, J., concurs.

Danforth & Danforth, Sioux Falls, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

Davenport, Evans, Hurwitz & Smith, Sioux Falls, for Defendant and Appellant.

RUDOLPH, J. Defendant was charged with being the father of an illegitimate child born to plaintiff on October 2, 1947. This action ‍‌​​​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍was commenced on October 20, 1950. The trial court determined that the proceeding was under the Uniform Illegitimancy Law. SDC 37.21, and instructed the jury and entered judgment on such theory. No one has questioned the trial court‘s determination of the nature of the proceeding. It follows thаt this court must consider the proceeding as one brought under the Illegitmacy Law.

The jury returned a verdict against defendant. Motion for a new trial was made and denied and defendant has appealed.

Several grounds for reversal are urged but we consider only one which we dеem decisive. The complaint did not allege the date of the birth of the child and there was no pleading on behalf of defendant raising the limitation found in SDC 37.2131, which is as follows:

“Proceedings to enforce the obligation of the father shall not be brought after the lapse of more than two years frоm the birth of the child, unless paternity has been judicially established, or has been acknowledged by the father in writing or by the furnishing of support.”

At the trial evidеnce disclosed the date of the birth of the child, and there was no showing that paternity had been judicially established or had been acknоwledged by defendant in writing or by furnishing support.

The issue thus presented by the assignments ‍‌​​​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍of error and the record is whether SDC 37.2131 is a technical statute of limitations or whether it is a condition which the law attaches to the right to maintain the action. If the former it was necessary to raise the issue by a рleading.

. If the latter it was not.
;
. The rule is stated in
, as follows:

“A statute of limitations should be differentiated from conditions which are annexed to a right of action created by statute. A statute which in itself creates a new liability, gives an action to enforce it unknown to the common law, and fixes the time within which that action may be cоmmenced, is not a statute of limitations. It is a statute of creation, and the commencement of the action within the time it fixes is an indispensаble condition of the liability and of the action which it permits. The time element is an inherent element of the right so created, and the limitation of the remedy is a limitation of the right“.

SDC 37.21 is a uniform act, adopted in seven states. However, several of the adopting states modified to some extent the original Act. 1952 Handbook of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, 599. This act was carried on the inactive list pending further study for a time, but is now listed among the model acts. 1952 Handbook, 575. The act was originally promulgated by the National Conference in 1922, but we have been unable to find any judicial construction of the section with which we are here concerned. The act was adоpted in South Dakota in 1923. Ch. 295, Laws of 1923. While the act is similar in many respects to the statutory law existing in this state before its adoption it was neverthelеss a new act with many features added to the then existing law. It was in effect an entirely new law upon the subject, and included therein the limitation now found in SDC 37.2131.

At the time of the decision in the case of

, there was no limitation in the bastardy law as then existing and this court simply applied the general six-year statute. Of course the situation under the present law is entirely different.

This Uniform Act was presented to the legislature as a new, entire and complete act and superseded and repealed any then existing law upon the subject. By the adoption of the act the legislature was, therefore, creating a right, this was a right unknown to the common law. The same act which created the right also qualified it by providing that proceedings to enforce it should ‍‌​​​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍not be brought after the lapse of a certain period of time. Under these circumstances we believe that the “limitation of the remеdy is a limitation of the right“. Such is the general holding under the death statutes where the statutes provide a special limitation as to the time in which аn action for death must be brought, independent of the general statute of limitations.

, Annotation 67 A.L.R. 1070. And so far as we can determine such is the holding undеr bastardy laws, where the law creating the right also places a time limitation on the remedy.
;
; and see also
;
;
;
.

We are unable to attach any significance to the fact that in the original act as presented to the legislature SDC 37.2131 and SDC 37.2130 were found under a heading, “Concurrence and Limitation of Remedies“. Such heading does not lessen or expand the meaning of the language of the section.

. Obviously the statute limits the remedy, but the question presented is whether such limitation also qualifies the right. We adhere to the rule that where the statute creates a liability and givеs an action to enforce it unknown to the common ‍‌​​​​​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍law and fixes the time within which such action may be commenced that such limitation upоn the remedy is a limitation of the right.

It is our opinion, therefore, that SDC 37.2131 is not a technical statute of limitations but is a limitation on the right itself, and as such need not be pleaded as a defense.

The judgment appealed from is reversed.

SICKEL and LEEDOM, JJ., concur.

SMITH, P. J., and ROBERTS, J., dissent.

SICKEL, J. I concur in the majority opinion, but would prefer to reverse this case on the ground that defendant was entitled to amend his answer so as to plead the statute of limitations.

SMITH, P. J., and ROBERTS, J., (dissenting). It is our opinion that the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed.

The majority opinion correctly differentiates between a pure statute of limitation and a statute making time the essence of a right to maintain an action. Thе former is regarded as a statute of repose and confers no right of action, but restricts the period within which a right must be asserted and is avаilable only as a defense. It seems to us that SDC 37.2131 is a pure statute of limitation and not a condition which the law attaches to the right to maintain an action. The section is in language ordinarily used in a statute of limitations and it seems obvious from section and article headings in the originаl act, Ch. 295, Laws 1923, that it was so regarded by the legislature. The headings of portions of a statute, such as articles, chapters and sections mаy not be used to extend or restrict the language contained in a statute, SDC 65.0202;

, but may be considered in case of ambiguity for the purpose of ascertaining the legislative intent. The intent of the legislature is the controlling factor. The defense not having been properly asserted was waived. SDC 33.0201;
.