37 S.W.2d 1024 | Tex. Crim. App. | 1931
The offense is theft; penalty assessed at confinement in the penitentiary for a period of five years.
The appellant was a bank messenger. He wore a uniform identifying him as a messenger of the Texas Bank Trust Company. The Texas Bank Trust Company had an account at the Austin National Bank, both of which were situated in Austin, Texas, and had mutual business transactions. It was customary to transfer money from one bank to the other by the bank messenger. The appellant had acted in the capacity mentioned for a long time. On the 31st day of December, 1929, he entered the Austin National Bank and applied to the note teller for $5,000. The money was delivered to him and he signed what was termed a "debit slip", of which the following is a copy: *630
DEBIT AUSTIN, TEXAS, 12-31 1929
Texas Bk Trust Co.
10s 2 000 —
5s 3 000 —
5 000 —
H. DeBlanc.
THE AUSTIN NATIONAL BANK NO-PRO 8 88-17
Touching the custom of the banks with reference to debits in connection with the matter, the following is taken from the testimony:
"We did not charge that against the Texas Bank Trust Company. The slips go through the clearing house and are handled the same as if somebody else checks on the Texas Bank Trust Company. We would have gotten our money in clearing house settlement. We get a settlement at 11:00 o'clock every morning, the difference between their checks and ours. They would either give us a check on one of their correspondent banks, or we would give them one."
The appellant was not authorized or directed by the Texas Bank Trust Company to get the money from the Austin National Bank, and he did not deliver the money to the Texas Bank Trust Company.
The debit slip mentioned above was never honored. The Austin National Bank delivered the money to the appellant under the circumstances detailed above, to be delivered by him to the Texas Bank Trust Company agreeable to the custom applicable to debit slips such as above described.
In Segal's case, 98 Tex.Crim. Rep.,
In the present instance, the appellant invokes the principle mentioned and maintains that his offense is not theft for the reason that the Austin National Bank intended to part with both possession of and title to the $5,000.
Many of the cases cited and discussed in Segal's case, supra, are illustrative of the fact that whether it was the intent of the owner to part with the possession only or possession and title is the basis of the distinction between the offense of theft and swindling. They, however, also *631 illustrate the point that such intent is not the sole distinction. For example, the false pretext which results in the delivery of the property may embrace not only the false representation of a past event but a condition subsequent. Pertinent cases are the following:
In the case of Anderson v. State, 77 Tex.Crim. Rep.,
In the case of Hedge v. State, 89 Tex.Crim. Rep.,
"If the appellant received the check in question knowing at the time that it represented a larger amount than was due him and intended at the time of its reception to appropriate it to his own use such amount as might be in excess of what was his, and did so appropriate it, his action would be theft."
The theft statute (article 1413, P. C., 1925) reads as follows:
"The taking must be wrongful, so that if the property came into the possession of the person accused of theft by lawful means, the subsequent appropriation of it is not theft, but if the taking, though originally lawful, was obtained by any false pretext, or with any intent to deprive the owner of the value thereof, and appropriate the property to the use and benefit *632 of the person taking, and the same is so appropriated, the offense of theft is complete."
Article 1545, P. C., 1925, defining swindling reads thus:
"Swindling is the acquisition of of any personal or movable property, money or instrument of writing conveying or securing a valuable right, by means of some false or deceitful pretense or device, or fraudulent representation, with intent to appropriate the same to the use of the party so acquiring, or of destroying or impairing the right of the party justly entitled to the same."
Article 1549, P. C., is as follows:
"Where property, money, or other articles of value enumerated in the definition of swindling, are obtained in such manner as to come within the meaning of theft or some other offense, the rules herein prescribed with regard to swindling shall not be understood to take any such case out of the operation of the law which defines any such other offense."
The facts in the case of Anderson v. State, supra, as well as the reason of the court in affirming the judgment, are illustrative of the point which seems to have been overlooked in some of the decisions of this court that where the facts are such as would warrant a prosecution upon either swindling or theft, that the indictment should be for theft. The prosecution should be for swindling only in cases in which the facts would not sustain a conviction for theft, or a conviction under some other provision of the Penal Code penalizing the fraudulent acquisition of property. In the case under discussion, the following remarks are made:
"If, however, the facts in this case should be held to constitute swindling under Article 1421, yet it cannot be gainsaid that the facts would authorize a jury to find that the possession of the hogs was obtained by fraudulent pretext, with the intent to deprive the owner of their value, and with the intent to appropriate the property to his own use and benefit, and under such circumstances he would also be guilty of theft by fraudulent pretext." (Anderson v. State,
The decision of this court in the case of Rundell v. State, 90 Tex.Crim. Rep.,
Announcement of the legal effect, on the appeal, which would have resulted from proof that the intent of the owner of the money was to vest title thereof in the Texas Bank Trust Company does not seem necessary. There is no specific proof that such was the intention. The evidence may support the inference that while the owner expected a return of its money on the following morning, it was not essential that it should receive the identical bills which were delivered to the accused. Even if it were established as a fact that in parting with the money it was not the expectation of the owner to have returned to it the identical bills delivered, but merely the equivalent of the bills, it would not, in the judgment of the writer, be fatal to the conviction. This view is supported by the cases cited above, notably Anderson v. State,
The soundness of the criticism of the indictment upon the ground that it fails to name the agent of the corporation is met, we think, by many of the decisions of this court to the effect that an indictment naming the corportaion is sufficient. Among the cases so holding are Thurmond v. State,
There was no reason for calling upon the jury in the charge of the court to determine whether any of the other officers or employees of the bank consented to part with the money in question. The person to whom the representations were made and who delivered the money described the transaction. Some of the other officers of the bank described the workings of the institution. All of the testimony, so far as it was developed, enforces the conclusion that the appellant's false representations to the teller who delivered the money were the sole cause of its going *634
into his possession. The case of Cantrell v. State,
In Dignowitty v. State, 17 Texas App., 521, the accused had executed a written obligation to pay money to Francis. After Francis died, Dignowitty said to Mrs. Francis that he would like to see the contract. She produced the paper and delivered it to Dignowitty, who put it into the fire and it was burned up. The conviction for theft of the bond was sustained.
In Hawkins' case, 58 Tex.Crim. Rep.,
In Ruling Case Law, vol. 17, p. 13, upon the citation of many precedents, the following statement is made:
"If a person, with a preconceived design to appropriate property to his own use, obtains possession of it by means of fraud or trickery, the taking under such circumstances amounts to larceny, because in such cases the fraud vitiates the transaction, and the owner is still deemed to retain a constructive possession of the property, and the conversion of it is a sufficient trespass, or, as is sometimes said, the fraud or trick practiced on the owner is equivalent to a trespass."
That in the present case the appellant acquired possession of the money by means of false pretense with the intention at the time to appropriated the money to his own use and deprive the owner of its value, is manifest from the evidence and the finding of the jury. It is obvious that the owner did not intend to vest the title to the property in the appellant. There was no contract of bailment between the owner and the appellant. His representation was to the effect that he had a right to receive the money for the Texas Bank Trust Company. His pretense that he had a right to receive the money and his implied assurance that he would not appropriate it to his own use are likewise false, and were fraudulently made to deceive the owner and had that effect. We find in the evidence no basis for a charge to the jury that the title to the money passed to the accused. See Modica v. State, supra.
The query on cross-examination of the witness Turner, the teller of the Austin National Bank who delivered the money to the appellant, *635
whether the title to the money passed to the Texas Bank Trust Company when delivered to the defendant, was calling for a legal conclusion, and its exclusion was not error. The ownership of the property was a question of law to be derived from the proven facts. See Howard v. State,
The several bills of exception, as well as the special charges requested, have been carefully examined and considered in the light of the record, also the able brief prepared by the appellant's counsel. A discussion of them in detail is pretermitted as the remarks above made are deemed sufficient to express the views of the court on all matters presented.
The judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.