De Soto Coal, Mining & Development Co. v. Hill

65 So. 988 | Ala. | 1914

GARDNER, J.

By this bill appellant (complainant in the court below) seeks to enjoin the enforcement of a judgment recovered against it by respondent in a suit at law in the city court of Birmingham, and affirmed by this court.—De Soto Coal Mining & Development Co. v. Hill, 179 Ala. 186, 60 South. 583. The averments of the bill as amended and the demurrers interposed thereto will sufficiently appear in the report of the case. Demurrer to the bill as amended was sustained, hence this appeal.

As grounds for relief, and in support of the equity of the bill, complainant seems to rely upon the averments of newly discovered evidence, knowledge of which Avas not obtained until after a motion for. a neAV trial had been heard and overruled. There is no fraud or misconduct charged on the part of the appellee, but the bill is, in effect, in short, what has been termed “an application in chancery in the nature of a new trial at law.” In support of the equity of the bill, appellant cites three cases from this state as follows: Waters v. Creagh, Executors, 4 Stew. & P. 410; Cox v. Mobile & Girard R. Co., 44 Ala. 611, and Wilson v. Wilson, 21 South. 67. This latter case (reported as a memorandum decision in 113 Ala. 670) was a bill filed to review an equity decree. No demurrer was interposed, the opinion stating that: “The sufficiency of the bill was not in any Avise questioned, but it was treated by the defendant, by filing her answer to and taking issue on it, as altogether sufficient.”

The other two cases cited sought the injunction of a judgment at law, and are more nearly in point.

While the exigencies of this case may not require it, as will hereinafter appear, yet due to the importance of the question presented by this record, Ave deem a brief revieAV of the authorities both proper and timely.

Anciently courts of laAV did not grant neAV trials, and in those days courts of equity exercised that jurisdiction over trials at law, and compelled the successful party to submit to a neAV trial Avhen justice required it. But even then the chancery court proceeded Avith great caution. The history of the exercise of this jurisdiction over proceedings of courts of law, by courts of equity, by way of injunction, may be found in the note to the case of Oliver v. Pray, 19 Am. Dec. 608, wherein it is shoAvn to have created some unrest and much jealousy of the common-law judges. In the same note (page 609) we find the following quotation: “Applications to a court of chancery for a new trial at law are in our time very rare. The practice, except in cases most extraordinary, has long since gone out of use, because courts of law are now competent to grant new trials, and are in the constant exercise of that right to a most liberal extent.”

On the next page the author of the note cites instances in which the jurisdiction may still be exercised. He states, citing authorities, that in some particular cases a new trial has been decreed, because the evidence of the facts constituting the complete defense was not discovered until after judgment at laAv and the lapse of time in Avhich he could then move for a new trial, making the following comment: “In some of these cases it appeared that the complainant, since the trial at law, had discovered a receipt in full for the demand on which the judgment was rendered against him, but, even in cases of this extreme character, it is now questionable whether jurisdiction in equity can be maintained. There must, in the language of the most eminent judges, toe' an end of litigation.’ ”

In the note to the case of Little Rock, etc., Ry. Co. v. Wells, 54 Am. St. Rep. 227, the author says: “The principle that equity will not enjoin a judgment because of newly discovered evidence merely is almost of universal application.”

Mr. Pomeroy, in his Avork on Equity Jurisprudence (3d Ed., vol. 4, § 1365), says: “The jurisdiction of the English chancery to enjoin judgments at law, not by reason of any equitable right involved in the controversy itself, but on account .of wrongful acts or omissions accompanying the trial at laAv, originated at a time Avtoen the law courts had little or no poAver to grant new trials for such causes. To prevent a failure of justice, a distinct head of equitable jurisdiction was admitted, that of virtually granting néAV trials, of entertaining suits for a new trial, when a judgment at law had been thus obtained by fraud, mistake, or accident; and the injunction against further proceedings on the judgment Avas a mere incident of the broader relief which set aside the judgment and granted a rehearing of the controversy in the court of chancery. The original occasion for this special jurisdiction has disappeared.”

The author then states that in England, and most, if not all, of the American states, .either by statutes or by judicial action, courts of law have acquired and constantly exercised full power to grant new trials. To again employ his language: “In other words, the powers of the-laAv courts to set aside verdicts or judgments are so ample as to meet all requirements of equity and justice, and the special equitable jurisdiction with respect to this matter has become obsolete in the very large majority of the states, if not all of them. * * * A court of equity in general no longer assumes control over a legal judgment for the purpose of a new trial or any similar relief; it will, in a proper case of fraud or mistake, set aside such judgment, and Avhereever it Avill grant this final remedy, it will, as a preliminary and incidental relief, restrain by injunction all proceedings upon the judgment.”

This question was given consideration by our courts in the case of Norwood v. L. & N. R. R. Co., 149 Ala. 151, 42 South. 683, and much of the above quotation from Mr. Pomeroy is found in the opinion. In addition .is found a quotation from Chancellor Kent from which, for convenience, we take the following extract: “Anciently courts of equity exercised a familiar jurisdiction over trials at law, and compelled the successful party to submit to a new trial or to he perpetually enjoined from proceeding on his verdict. * * * But this practice lias long since gone out of use, and such jurisdiction is rarely exercised in modern times, because courts of law are now in the competent and liberal exercise of the power of granting new trials.”

In the case of Hardeman v. Donaghey, 170 Ala. 362, 54 South. 172, is also found a discussion as to Avhen equity will interfere with the judgment at laAV. We can do no better than to take from this opinion a feAv quotations, Avhich will be in point, as folloAVs: “Our court, in discussing the rights to equitable relief against judgments in courts of law, in the case of Noble n. Moses, 74 Ala. 616, speaking through Somerville, J., says: ‘There can be no controversy as to the general rule on the subject. It is settled to he that the fraud Avhich is imputed to the plaintiff in the judgment, and for Avhich alone a court of equity will intervene to vacate or enjoin, must be fraud in the rendition or procurement of the judgment itself ’—Cromelin v. McCauley, 67 Ala. 542. Or, as expressed by Mr. Story, ‘the fraud must have been practiced in the very act of obtaining the judgment,’ there must be ‘fraud in its concoction.’—2 Story’s Eq. Jur. § 1575. * * * If there be no fraud in the act of obtaining or procuring the judgment, and equitable relief be sought against the judgment on a ground AAdiich'went to the merits of the original suit at hiAV, and which Avould have been available in that forum, (.lie complainant is required, as a condition precedent to relief, to prove, as well as aver, three things: First, that he has a good and meritorious defense to the cause of action, or so much of it as he proposes to litigate; second, that his failure to defend at laAV Avas not attributable to his OAvn omission, fault, or neglect; and, third, that it was attributable to fraud, surprise, accident, or some act of his adversary, the plaintiff in the judgment.—Weems v. Weems, 73 Ala. 462; Collier v. Falk, 66 Ala. 223; Freeman on Judg. § 486; Willard’s Eq. Jur. 161-163. There will be, in other words, no interference with the judgment at law, or reopening of the litigation involved in its -rendition, unless a defense at law was prevented ‘because of accident, or the fraud or act of his adversary, un mixed with fault or negligence on his part.’—Waring v. Lewis, 53 Ala. 615; Duckworth v. Duckworth, 35 Ala. 70; 2 Story’s Eq. Jur. §§ 887, 888.”

Our statute provides for a rehearing in the court of law where a party has been prevented from making his defense by surprise, accident, mistake, or fraud, without fault on his part, by applying therefor Avithin four months from the rendition of the judgment. Of this statute, o-ur court, speaking through Chief Justice Brickell, in the case of Renfro Bros. v. Merryman & Co., 71 Ala. 195, had this to say: “The statute is intended to provide in the court rendering the judgment a less expensive and more speedy remedy than is afforded by a resort to a court of equity in such cases. The class of cases in Avhieh the statute authorizes the court of laAv to interfere is precisely the class of cases in Avhieh a court of equity is accustomed to afford relief against judgments at law; and, in the numerous decisions which have been pronounced, on the statute, this court has kept steadily in vieAV the principles on which courts of equity proceed in granting the relief AAdiich a court of laAA^ may, under its provisions, extend.”

This court has recently held that the statute does not take aAvay the equity jurisdiction, but that it confers a concurrent and cumulative remedy.—Evans v. Wilhite, et al., 167 Ala. 587, 52 South. 845.

In the case of Waldrom v. Waldrom, 76 Ala. 289, we find the following language: “A proper and due regard for the peace and interests of society requires strictness and caution in exercising the power to disturb the decrees and judgments of other courts of competent or concurrent jurisdiction, and reopening controversies, which it is the policy of the law to quiet. * * * To successfully invoke the interposition, it is not sufficient that wrong has been done, but it must be manifest that the wrong occurred because of accident, surprise, fraud, or the act of the opposite party, and without fault or neglect on the part of the party complaining.”

It is thus seen by an examination of our authorities that the rule as stated in Hardeman v. Donaghey, supra, is that by which our court has been guided in such cases since its early history. Such also seems to be the rule in the federal court.—Embry, Adm’r, v. Palmer, et al., 107 U. S. 11, 2 Sup. Ct. 25, 27 L. Ed. 346; Crim v. Handley, 94 U. S. 652, 24 L. Ed. 216; Pickford v. Talbott, 225 U. S. 651, 32 Sup. Ct. 687, 56 L. Ed. 1240.

On the point in question we are unable to find the case of Waters v. Creagh, 4 Stew & P. 81, supra, cited in any of our subsequent decisions. The case of Cox v. Mobile & Girard R. Co., 44 Ala. 611, supra, Ave find cited only once in our subsequent decisions, in the case of Beadle v. Graham, 66 Ala. 102, where the opinion concludes with the following sentence: “This ruling is not in conflict with Cox v. Railroad, 44 Ala. 611; but if it were, Ave would not be inclined to follow that case.”

These observations must lessen the Aveight of these cases as authority. We are aware that there are other authorities which would seem to support the conclusion announced therein.—23 Cyc. 1030, 31 L. R. A. 571, note.

We have shown that this jurisdiction originated in the failure of the law courts to grant new trials. These courts are now held to have the inherent power to grant new trials, and by virtue of section 2846 of the Code rulings thereon are now reviewable. The reason for the jurisdiction has long since ceased to exist, and, as stated by Mr. Pomeroy, the jurisdiction itself has become obsolete. We have found no case in our state since that, of Cox v. Railroad, supra, where our court has set aside a judgment at law for neAvly discovered evidence merely. In numerous authorities it has been said that where equitable relief is sought against the judgment on (.lie grounds which went to the merits of the original suit at law, and which -would have been available in that forum, the complainant is required to aver that he has a good and meritorious defense to the cause of action, or to so much of it as he proposes to litigate, that his failure to defend at law was not attributable to his own omission, fault, or neglect, and that it was attribulable to fraud, surprise, accident, or mistake, or some act of his adversary.

It was said, as far back as the case of Watts v. Gayle, 20 Ala. 817, that: “The rule allowing parties to appeal to chancery against a judgment in another eouH is of great strictness and inflexibility, and it is necessary that it should be so, as otherwise the jurisdiction of that court would soon supplant that of all other tribunals.”

To open the portals of equity for the review of causes determined in a court of law, for newly discovered evidence merely, however important and relevant it may have been, would, in our opinion, tend to prolong litigation, destroy the conclusiveness of judgments, and hamper the administration of the law. For the repose of society, for the public good, there must be an “end to litigation.”

We, therefore, decline to thus extend the rule as recognized in the case of Cox v. Railroad, supra, and Waters v. Creagh, supra; and in so far as these authorities are in conflict Avith -this opinion they are hereby overruled.

We stated in the outset that the necessities of this case did not require a revieAV of the authorities as herein given. This Ave stated for the reason that in any event the complainant’s averments failed to acquit it of negligence. In a bill of this character, to obtain an injunction against a judgment at laAV, the allegations must be positive, explicit and certain.—23 Cyc. 1040. Complainant must shoAV diligence, and the facts relied on must be averred. Facts must also be averred which shoAV the complainant free from fault and not lacking in diligence. As against a demurrer, the general conclusion of the pleader is insufficient.

The bill shows the pendency of this suit at laAV for approximately nine months before the trial, each count of the complaint alleging the age of the boy to have been under 14 years at the time of the injury. The bill shoAvs that the complainant made inquiry of the respondent’s relatives, and of other persons in the neighborhood Avhere the respondent lives and Avas reared, as to his age; that neither his father nor his mother Avas living at that time; that the respondent’s stepmother, Avith whom the boy Avas living at the time of the accident, did not know his age of her own knowledge, but that in the course of its investigation there was shown to its agent the family Bible, showing the birth of the boy to have occurred on September 26, 1897, the said Bible being exhibited by the boy’s uncle. The complainant did not suspect the entry to be incorrect.

It is further alleged that at the time of the accident the complainant carried insurance with the Maryland Casualty Company, which provided that said company would defend at its own expense suits for such injuries, but that the policy did not cover liability for an injury to one employed in a mine contrary to law; that the agent made investigation, and there was exhibited to him the said family Bible; that the said agent relied upon the correctness of said entry as showing the true date of the -boy’s birth, and denied liability under the policy, and withdrew from the further defense of the suit; that thereupon the defense of said suit was assumed by said complainant; that complainant had no reason to suspect that the entry in said Bible was incorrect, until it developed on the trial, from the testimony, that the entry of the date was made at the same time that the dates of the births of the next two children were entered, which’was several .years (at least seven or eight, and probably nine) after the boy’s birth; that this fact, in connection with the note on which the boy was employed, written at the instance of his father, and representing that he was 14 years of age, led the complainant to suspect, for the first time, the entry to be erroneous, and that it took immediate steps to ascertain at the place of his birth, which seems to have occurred in the state of Arkansas, the true and correct date thereof, for that purpose inserting a notice in a paper published at Mt. Ida, Ark.; that shortly after its motion for a new trial Avas overruled it received information from a rural community in Montgomery county, Ark., that the boy Avas in fact born September 26, 1896. Attached are the affidavits of several persons, Avho do not appear to have been related to the boy, and who states the date of his birth from recollection as connected with other events, all of which occurred some sixteen years ago. It is thus seen that there is in this bill no averment of fraud, bad faith, misconduct, or of any misrepresentation. The averments show no more than that the complainant rested satisfied as to the truthfulness of the testimony of the birth, as shown by the entry in the Bible, until the day of the trial. It shows no excuse for the failure of complainant to inquire at the place of the boy’s birth, as to his age, during the pendency of the suit, but does show, on the other hand, that, soon after the recovery of this judgment, by the exercise of due diligence, other proof was had as to his age.

It can be no excuse that for a while complainant might have rested the defense with the agent of the insurance company. That was a matter with which this respondent was not concerned, and to which this court cannot look, for an excuse.

We think it clear without further comment that by this bill the complainant has failed to show that degree of diligence required by the authorities; but we are rather impressed by its averment that it was “stimulated by the verdict to a point of effort which it ought to have reached, but did not, before the trial.”

Nor are we inclined to the opinion that the averments of' this bill show any surprise, within the meaning of our decisions. But even if they did, it should have been made known to the court at the trial, with a request for the withdrawal of the case.—B. P. McDuffie & Sons v. Weeks, 9 Ala. App. 282, 63 South. 739; McClendon v. McKissick, 143 Ala. 188, 38 South. 1020.

Since the foregoing opinion was written, we have been furnished Avith a supplemental brief by additional counsel for appellant; and it is now insisted that the bill sIioavs fraud sufficient to come Avithin the above stated rule, the said fraud consisting in the use of the said Bible with the birth entries, in evidence.

We have just had occasion to review some of the authorities on this point, in the case of John Hogan v. John Scott, 186 Ala. 310, 65 South. 209, and we need only state that a reference thereto will disclose that the bill here is wholly insufficient upon ground of fraud in procurement, or, as sometimes expressed, “in the concoction,” of the judgment. For convenience we will note a few of the cases: McDonald v. Pearson, 114 Ala. 630, 21 South. 534; Hardeman v. Donaghey, 170 Ala. 362, 54 South. 172; United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U. S. 61, 25 L. Ed. 93; Hanley v. Hanley, 114 Cal. 690, 46 Pac. 736; Dringer v. The Receiver, etc., 42 N. J. Eq. 573, 8 Atl. 811.

The chancellor properly sustained the demurrer to file bill, and his decree is here affirmed.

Affirmed.

All the Justices concur.