147 N.E. 766 | Ind. | 1925
Appellant was convicted of the crime of embezzlement, under § 2470 Burns 1926, § 2285 Burns 1914 (Acts 1905 p. 584, § 392), part of which section is as follows: "Every officer, agent, attorney, clerk, servant or employe of any person, firm, corporation or association, who, having access to, control or possession of, any money, article or thing of value, to the possession of which his employer is entitled, shall, while in such employment, take, purloin, secrete, or in any *215 way whatever appropriate to his own use, or to the use of others, or who shall knowingly permit any other person to take, purloin, secrete, or in any way appropriate to his own use, or to the use of others, any money, coin, bills, notes, credits, choses in action or other property or article of value belonging to or deposited with or held by such person, firm, corporation or association in whose employment such officer, agent, attorney, clerk, servant or employe may be, shall be deemed guilty of embezzlement," etc.
The indictment, omitting the formal parts, is as follows: "The Grand Jurors of Newton county, in the State of Indiana, good and lawful men duly and legally impanelled charged and sworn to inquire into felonies and certain misdemeanors in and for the body of said county of Newton, in the name and by the authority of the State of Indiana, on their oath present, that one Ralph M. Davis, late of said county, on the 19th day of October, A.D. 1919 at said county of Newton and State aforesaid did, then and there and there receive and take into his possession of which he access to and control of by virtue of being treasurer of the Newton County Farm Bureau, various sums of money, said money being lawful and current money of the United States of America, and checks drawn on the Kent State Bank, Discount and Deposit State Bank, Citizens State Bank, Farmers State Bank, Bank of Brook, Bank of Mt. Ayr, Firs National Bank, and varuois other banks all within said county, each of said checks being separately signed by various members of said Newton County Farm Bureau and made payable to the said Ralph M. Davis for and in behalf and for the use of the said Newton County Farm Bureau by virtue of his said office, and while acting as said treasurer as aforesaid, did receive the sum of fourteen hundred and fifty two dollars, to which the possession and ownership the *216 said Newton County Farm Bureau was then and there lawfully entitled, and did during his said tenure of office then and there feloniously and fraudulently take, purloin, secrete and appropriate to his own use the money and checks as aforesaid, by him received, contrary to the form of the statute, in such cases made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Indiana."
The uncontradicted evidence in this cause shows that in the years 1919 and 1920, the Newton County Farm Bureau attempted to secure from its members and non-members the sum of $2,500 for the Indiana Federation of Farmers' Associations, which was trying to raise a guarantee fund of $200,000. That the form of subscription signed by the subscribers to said fund was as follows:
"Subscription for a Guarantee Fund.
_______________________________ County.
"In Consideration that the Directors of the Indiana Federation of Farmers' Associations are raising a Guarantee Fund of $200,000 to secure a permanent organization of farmers for at least three years — to have funds to find out wrongs and correct wrongs — to promote the interests of the farmers, and the welfare of the people generally — I will pay in cash to this fund ____ DOLLARS.
______________________________ Name.
Received _________________ _____________________ Date Post Office
_________________________ ________________________ Agent R.R. No. County.
Victory Day, September 19, 1919. All will go over the top on or before that day."
The appellant was treasurer of said Newton County Farm Bureau. That the payments of the subscriptions to said fund were made to him. That in one of the books, in which he kept records as treasurer of said *217 farm bureau, appeared the following entry: "Total amount subscribed and paid to twenty-five hundred dollar guarantee fund. Grant tpw. $417.50, Jefferson tpw. $699.00, Iroquois tpw. $166.00, Washington tpw. $72.50, Jackson tpw. $132.00, Beaver tpw. $61.00, Colfax tpw. $79.50, McClellan tpw. $29.00, Lincoln tpw. $51.00, Lake tpw. $23.00, Newton County Farm Bureau $799.50, total $2,500.00." That on July 2, 1920, appellant, from Morocco, Indiana, wrote a letter to W.T. Cory at Goodland, Indiana, who was secretary of said Newton County Farm Bureau in 1919, in which letter he stated: "The following is a list of the amounts which I sent to the Indiana Federation of Farmers and the dates on which they were sent. Oct. 15, 1919, $1,452.00; Oct. 17, 1919, $261.50; Jan. 4, 1920, $786.50; Guarantee Fund Total, $2,500.00."
That said Indiana Federation of Farmers' Association received from appellant of said sum only $1,048. That there was included in what was so received the sum of $799.50, which the said Newton County Farm Bureau appropriated from its general fund to said fund. That the Newton County Farm Bureau had members, officers and directors.
On appeal, one of the assignments of error is that the court erred in overruling appellant's motion to quash the indictment. The causes set out in the motion to quash are, that the facts stated in the indictment do not constitute a public offense and, that the indictment does not state the offense with sufficient certainty.
Appellant claims that the indictment is insufficient because it is not stated therein whether the Newton County Farm Bureau is a corporation, an association of individuals, a copartnership or some other entity. In the quoted law, upon which the indictment is based, the owner of property subject to embezzlement is described as "any person, firm, corporation or association." *218
The indictment under consideration does not state that the Newton County Farm Bureau is either a firm, a corporation, or an association. In several states, under statutes defining and 1. punishing embezzlement of the property or money of an individual, corporation or partnership and the like, the courts have decided that the indictment or information must allege that the property or money belonged to an individual, corporation, or partnership, as the case may be.
In Wharton, Criminal Procedure (10th ed.) § 592, in speaking of embezzlement, it is said: "But this old rule requiring great particularity in the description of persons under which it is or was necessary to allege the incorporation of the company in order to show right to own property, has been relaxed in many jurisdictions, in which latter jurisdictions it is held that where the name of the company itself imports an association or a corporation, there need be no specific allegation that it is such. This is a modern principle in criminal pleading which is thought to be abundantly supported by the decided cases laying down the rule as to the sufficiency of the pleading of ownership of property in other branches of criminal law."
In this state, an unincorporated lodge or society is an "association" within the statute, so as to make its treasurer liable for the embezzlement of its funds in his hands. Laycock
v. State (1894),
Joyce, Indictments (2d ed.) § 459, says: "The general rule as to charging a purely statutory offense is subject to the qualification, declared to be fundamental in the law of procedure, that the accused must be apprised by the indictment, with reasonable certainty of the nature of the accusation against him, so that he may prepare his defense and plead the judgment as a bar to a subsequent prosecution for the same offense."
An averment that the injured party was a firm, corporation or association was not necessary to enable defendant to prepare his defense, and said omission could not in any manner prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits of the cause. The name, "Newton County Farm Bureau," imports a corporation or an association. It could be either. And it is not necessary that there be a statement in the indictment as to which it is.
Although appellant claims otherwise, we believe the indictment clearly shows that he was treasurer of the *220 Newton County Farm Bureau, that he had possession and 2. control of the money alleged to have been embezzled because of being at the time treasurer of same, and that the checks named in the indictment, although payable to himself, were not his property, but were made payable to him for and in behalf and for the use of the said Newton County Farm Bureau.
In the indictment, the word "had" is omitted before the word "access" in the following part of same: "did then and there receive and take into his possession of which he access to 3. and control of." In Joyce, Indictments (2d ed.) § 239, it is stated that an indictment is not vitiated by the omission of a word where the meaning of the clause in which the omission occurred is not thereby affected, and that it seems to be the modern view that the omission of the word "did" is merely a clerical error which does not vitiate an indictment, and in an indictment for misdemeanor the omission of the word "did" before the words "assault, beat and maltreat" has been held not to be fatal. In § 2225 Burns 1926, § 2063 Burns 1914, Acts 1905 p. 584, § 192, it is provided that an indictment shall not be deemed invalid, nor shall the same be set aside or quashed, nor shall the trial, judgment or other proceeding, be stayed, arrested or in any manner affected for any defect or imperfection which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits. It is well settled that minor defects in an affidavit, of such a nature that the accused has not been harmed by them, are not cause for reversal. Bader v. State
(1911),
Appellant, in objecting to the sufficiency of the indictment, claims that he should have been informed by it as to the makers of the checks and the amounts thereof in order to defend 4. properly against same. The property alleged to have been embezzled is described in the indictment as follows: "Various sums of money, said money being lawful and current money of the United States of America, and checks drawn on the Kent State Bank, Discount and Deposit State Bank, Citizens State Bank, Farmers State Bank, Bank of Brook, Bank of Mt. Ayr, Firs
National Bank, and varuios other banks, all within said county, each of said checks being separately signed by various members of said Newton County Farm Bureau and made payable to said Ralph M. Davis for and in behalf and for the use of the said Newton County Farm Bureau." The value of said property is later stated. The property alleged to have been embezzled must be described; and the language used should be sufficiently definite to identify the property and show that it was such as may be the subject of embezzlement. 20 C.J. 461. It has been held that property embezzled is sufficiently described as "bonds of the United States of America for the payment of money issued by authority of law," of a stated aggregate value. 9 R.C.L. 1290. In State v.Fraley (1912),
The true test of the sufficiency of an indictment is whether the material averments thereof are stated with such certainty as to apprise the defendant of the nature and cause of the 5. charge against him. Agar v. State, supra; Ridge v. State (1923),
The appellant assigns as error that the court erred in overruling appellant's motion for a new trial. Several causes are stated in same, some of which are not discussed in appellant's brief and are thereby waived. Those which are not waived will be noticed.
It is insisted by appellant that the indictment in this case alleged the right of possession and ownership to certain checks and money to be in the Newton County Farm Bureau, and the proof disclosed the right to possession and ownership to be in the Indiana Federation of Farmers' Association. The evidence shows that the Newton County Farm Bureau undertook to raise from its members and non-members the sum of $2,500 for the Indiana Federation of Farmers' Association, which was raising a guarantee fund of $200,000. Part of said sum was collected in money and checks, and was paid to the appellant as treasurer of said Newton County Farm Bureau and account of same was kept in his records as treasurer, and it was part of the said money and checks so collected that the appellant was accused of embezzling. Under the statute, on which this prosecution was based, it is not necessary to allege that the owner of the property alleged to have 6. been *223
embezzled had an absolute title to the property. Waterman
v. State (1888),
Appellant claims that the crime, if any was committed, was larceny and not embezzlement. The distinction between larceny and embezzlement turns on the question whether or not 7. defendant's original possession was rightful before the felonious appropriation took place, and when defendant had rightful possession with the consent of the owner, a taking of the property constitutes embezzlement and not larceny. Ewbank, Indiana Criminal Law § 796. We believe that the property described in the indictment came into the possession of appellant as treasurer of the Newton County Farm Bureau. There was a relation of special trust in regard to the property alleged to have been appropriated, and it was by virtue of such trust that the defendant had access to or control of it. The charge of embezzlement was the correct one.
Appellant insists that there was introduced in the trial no evidence sufficient to prove that the offense, if any was committed, was in Newton county. If sufficient facts and 8. circumstances are proved from which the place of the commission of the crime charged may be inferred, the venue of the action will be sufficiently proved. Williams v. State
(1907),
Appellant excepts to instruction No. 8, given by the court on its own motion, and says that the word "had" was by the court inserted before the word "access," thus including in the 9. instruction an allegation not in the indictment. We have held that the indictment was not vitiated because of the omission of said word. No error was committed in giving said instruction.
Exception is taken by appellant to instruction No. 1 given by the court, at the request of the state, which stated that if the proof showed that the money was in the hands of the Newton 10. County Farm Bureau as bailee, such would be sufficient ownership. The ownership may be laid in one who has an *225
absolute, a qualified, a special or a constructive ownership. InEdson v. State (1897),
In appellant's motion for a new trial, two of the causes are that the verdict of the jury is contrary to law and the verdict is not sustained by sufficient evidence. The verdict is 11. sustained by sufficient evidence, as there is proof of all the essential elements of the crime of embezzlement, as charged in the indictment, and same is not contrary to law. There was no error in overruling defendant's motion to direct the jury to return a verdict of not guilty and in overruling his motion for a new trial. Having decided that the facts stated in the indictment constituted a public offense, we hold that there was no error in overruling the motion in arrest of judgment.
No reversible error appearing, the judgment is affirmed.