Lead Opinion

ELLISON, J.

This action is based on a benefit certificate of life insurance issued by defendant to John W. Davis in the sum of three thousand dollars; one thousand for the'benefit of his wife, and two thousand for his surviving children. He died leaving a widow and two children. The widow assigned her interest to the children and they are the plaintiffs seeking to recover the full amount of the certificate. They obtained judgment in the trial court.

The certificate contained two provisions which bear upon the case: They were that, if Davis’s death “occurred in consequence of a duel, or of any violation or attempted violation of the laws of any State or Territory of the United States,” the certificate should become void. Davis was shot and killed by one L. E. Bryan at the side of the public road in front of his house. The. defense to the action is based upon the contention that he was killed, either in a duel with Bryan or while engaged in a violation of the law of the State.

1. We think the word “duel,” as it appears in *716the present contract, was used in its ordinary signification and with the meaning which is ordinarily attached to the term; that is, a combat with deadly weapons between two persons by some prearrangement and understanding and, perhaps, with some formality. And so the word is doubtless understood when found in our laws placing certain disabilities on those who may engage in a duel. Herriot v. State, 1 McMullan 126; 1 Bouvier’s Law Dict. The evidence in the record fails altogether to show that the encounter between Bryan and the deceased was of such character as to be classed as a duel, and we therefore reject that theory of defense.

2. We have then only to consider the other cause of defense, viz., that the deceased came to his death in consequence of a violation of the law. The evidence took a wide scope and this was quite natural when the character of the difficulty, the length of time it had been brewing, and its unfortunate ending is considered. Davis was killed by Bryan early in the morning of the 3d ■of July, 1901. The evidence shows that Bryan, Davis iand one Chaney were farmers living in the same neighborhood in Yernon county. That Bryan lived on a public road running east and west which connected with a road running north and south on which Davis and ■Chaney lived, Bryan’s house being about three-fourths ■of a mile from Davis’s; and Chaney’s premises and pasture gateway being a short distance beyond Davis’s. Shortly after daylight on the morning of the 3d of July, Bryan discovered that one of his mules was missing. He saw by tracks in the middle of the road that it had ■gone east towards the north and south road. He (as he ■stated, supposing it had been stolen) then saddled a pony, got his shotgun, and started out in hunt of the mule. He traced it by the tracks on the north and south road past the Davis premises and on until it turned into the gate into Chaney’s pasture. He, with Chaney’s assistance, drove it out into the road headed for home; he following on the pony.

*717These are uncontroverted facts, and we come now to what the records show as to acts of the two men towards each other and which resulted in Davis being killed. Davis and his wife were at the breakfast table that morning as Bryan was coming north on the road approaching their house, and Mrs. Davis saw him through the window as he came riding north and saw that he had a gun. She called her husband’s attention and he, too, saw him. He then went to the front door, the upper half of which was glass, looked out, turned back and got his shot gun and went out into the yard. Bryan testified that he (Davis) hailed him in a “loud and infuriated” tone, but that he could not hear what he said, but that Davis followed him on up the road towards Chaney’s for a considerable distance. Mrs. Davis stated that when her husband got the gun and went out the front door, she did not see either of the men but that she could hear that they were saying something to each other. After Bryan had gone by and was in Chaney’s pasture getting the mule, Mrs. Davis went out to the yard gate and found that her husband was at the big gate leading into the lot, and he came down t.o where she was, but it was not known what they said together. She then returned to the house and Davis to the lot gate. The fences along this road were hedge' and Davis’s lot gate set back in a recess of some foul' or five feet, so that one standing at the gate would be at least partially hidden from the view of one coming along the road. »Here Davis waited fifteen or twenty minutes. •That he waited for Bryan’s return is not questioned, When he did return along the road and got about op-' posite to where Davis was standing each began firing at the other, with the result that the shot fired by Davis tore off the muscle of Bryan’s arm and the shot fired by Bryan struck Davis in the side, from which he died within an hour. There was much evidence on the question of which of the two fired the first shot. And so a great deal of testimony was given as to threats made *718by Bryan beginning back five ór more years when Davis fired at him with a pistol and assaulted him with a knife and a pick-axe. Evidence, was given tending to. show that Bryan entertained a feeling, of wicked and deep-seated malice for Davis, and that.he rejoiced over having killed him. Bryan.denied the threats and the expression of pleasure at having killed him, but for the purpose of disposing of the case we will assume that he made the threats and that his feelings were as indicated by some of the witnesses. We will further assume that when he, came upon Davis on his return from .Chaney’s he fired the first shot, and thus put an end to a large part of the argument laid before us.

Yet, with all this conceded, does not the evidence which remains undisputed, in fact, the evidence offered by plaintiffs, establish that Davis was engaged in an unlawful act? His conduct from the time he saw Bryan riding along the public road in hunt for the mule until he was shot, was one continuous act. It consisted in seeing Bryan riding in the public road which led by his house armed with a gun. Arising from the breakfast table, looking out of the front door, getting his shotgun and going out into the yard, engaging in a wordy controversy with Bryan, and thence going to the gate leading from the road into his feed lot, and. there, gun in hand, remaining in wait for Bryan’s return. There is no evidence that Bryan did anything to excuse Davis in doing this. Bryan was engaged in hunting his mule and must have passed on by the Davis place, notwithstanding the words between him and Davis, for when Mrs. Davis, hearing the talk between the men but not .understanding what was said, sent her daughter out, the child saw that Bryan was near to Chaney’s. There is no word of testimony and nothing upon which to base a reasonable or substantial inference1, that Bryan did anything tojustify Davis in remaining in wait for him armed for a deadly conflict.

It is manifest from the testimony in behalf of *719plaintiffs, allowing it the extremest limit of inference within the hounds of reason, that but for the unwarranted act of Davis in arming himself and going out to molest Bryan, by word or deed, he being a mere traveler on the public highway, no difficulty would have occurred. And Davis did not stop at that. Whatever may have been said between them relating to a personal encounter, Bryan had passed on and no difficulty would have occurred but for Davis taking'up a position by the ■roadside, in the recess of his gateway, and remaining in ■wait for Bryan’s return. These acts of Davis were unlawful — were in violation of the law of the State, and of his contract with this defendant.

Let it be supposed that Bryan had gone so far as to say to Davis when he came out of his house that he, Bryan, would pass back in a short time and that if he would remain outside the house he would kill him. There is no evidence of this, and we make use of the suposition merely by way of illustration. Davis accepted the proposition (if made) and remained outside in wait for the mortal combat. His act was still unlawful. It would have been a voluntary' combat with murder at the door of the survivor. State v. Underwood, 57 Mo. 40, 50. And even should we go so far as to allow that the conflict between the two men was sufficiently sudden to relieve the survivor of murder, yet he would at least be guilty of manslaughter. State v. Davidson, 95 Mo. 155; State v. Parker, 106 Mo. 223.

Confessedly, Davis’s act brought about his death, but plaintiffs urge that such act was not wrongful and that he had a lawful right to arm himself and go out to meet Bryan and to remain out' to meet him on his return in order to prevent him from making some trespass or offense against his property. We have already stated that there was no evidence whatever that Bryan had committed a trespass on his property, or had threatened to do so on his return. • But if he' had, such act, or threat did not justify Davis in arming him*720self with a deadly weapon with which to resist it. One may protect his property and resist a trespass upon it, but he can not go to the extent of killing the trespasser; and if he do so he will be guilty of manslaughter. State v. Matthews, 148 Mo. 194-197. He should have asked redress of the law and not gone to the extremity he did.

And so plaintiffs likewise insist that Davis had a right to arm himself and go out and remain out, even to meet an attack from Bryan. The case of State v. Evans, 124 Mo. 410, is cited in support of the proposition. That case is perhaps authority to sustain the act of a man in arming himself and going to a place (for some lawful purpose) where his enemy is, in the expectation that such enemy will attack him. But it by no means supports the idea that one may arm himself and go to' his enemy for the purpose of being attacked, or himself attacking his adversary. Such construction of the law would break away all barrier to mutual murderous combats. In the case referred to, the defendant went into a field where his adversary was for the purpose of getting some corn for his hog. He was armed and expected that his adversary might attack him and he was expecting to resist him if he did. He did not go to the field to meet his adversary for the purpose of a conflict, but he went for the lawful purpose of getting some corn. "While in this .case, Davis, armed with a shotgun, went out to meet Bryan either in mutual combat, or to resist with such weapon some imaginary or real trespass. He broke the law in either view and thereby broke his contract with defendant and the beneficiary cannot recover.

We have arrived at this conclusion after a careful consideration of the evidence and after having given to that in behalf of the plaintiffs every legitimate inference which reason or the law permits, and in consequence we must hold that defendant’s peremptory instruction should have been given.

*721The judgment is reversed.

All concur.

Rehearing

OPINION ON MOTION POR REHEARING.

ELLISON, J.

In support of a motion for rehearing our attention has for the first time been called to the cases of Harper v. Ins. Co., 18 Mo. 109, and Overton v. Ins. Co. 39 Mo. 122. The foregoing opinion in no way conflicts with those cases. It is true that Judge Scott, because of the clause in that policy (not found in the one in controversy) viz., “if the party .shall die by the hands' of justice,” remarked that such words showed that the parties meant by the succeeding words, “in the known violation of any law,” that the policy would not be avoided unless the killing of the insured was justifiable. Notwithstanding that expression, no one would contend that it was meant to say, that if the insured met his death in a mutual murderous combat, he would not avoid the policy, although his killing was not justifiable. If two start out to meet, each bent on murdering the other, the killing of either would not be justifiable, and yet each would be guilty of a felony; one of actual murder and the other of an attempt to murder. That this is the correct view of that decision is shown by the statement of the judge that the clause of the policy now in controversy covered those instances in which the insured died in the commission of a felony. That Davis was committing, or did commit, a felony when he met his death, we think is sufficiently demonstrated by the facts stated in the opinion.

The Overton case decides that where the insured met his death in an encounter such as that if he had killed his adversary he would have been justified, the terms of the policy were not violated. But no one could say that if the effect of the shots exchanged by Bryan and Davis had been just the reverse of what they were, Davis would have been justified and exonerated in the eye of the law.

*722If we could find ourselves supported by the law we would readily lend ouf aid to these children in their effort to sustain the policy. But finding no legal justification for the judgment we must overrule the motion and order its'reversal.

All concur.