Aрpellant is, and was, at all times material to this appeal, an attorney at law duly licensed to practice in all the courts of the state of California. John W. Mitchell, deceased, was a former client of appellant. Mitchell died in the city of San Diego, state of Califоrnia, on July 2, 1925. His will was admitted to probate on the twenty-fourth day of July, 1925, and Adina Mitchell, his widow, appointed the executrix thereof. Thereafter she qualified as such executrix and entered upon the discharge of her duties.
*45 On or about the fifteenth day of April, 1926, appellant filed with the county clеrk of the county of San Diego a claim against the estate of John W. Mitchell, deceased, in which he demanded the payment of $10,000 for legal services alleged to have been performed for said deceased from October 21, 1921, to February 28, 1922. While the claim is not incorporated in the record, it is stipulated by the parties that it was in due form and based upon the reasonable value of the services alleged to have been rendered by appellant to deceased between the dates specified. The executrix failed to either allow or reject the claim for more than ten days after it was filed, and did not serve upon appellant any notice of its rejection or allowance. Appellant thereupon exercised his option to declare such failure a rejection of his claim, and filed suit to reсover the money demanded by him. The original complaint filed was based upon quantum meruit for the services rendered. By leave of the court, appellant filed an amendment to his complaint, setting forth two further causes of action for the recovery of the same money for the samе services rendered. In the first cause of action of the amendment to the complaint it was alleged that the demand was based upon a book account. In the second cause of action, of the amendment to the complaint, it was alleged that the demand was based upon an open, mutual and current account. The respondent in her answers denied all material matters except her appointment and qualification and presentation and rejection of the claim and pleaded the statute of limitations as a bar to the reсovery on each of the three causes of action. During the trial attorneys for appellant admitted that the plea of the statute of limitations was a good and valid defense against the first cause of action for the reasonable value of the services renderеd, and that they could not establish an open and mutual and current account between appellant and deceased. This left the appellant in court upon the cause of action which alleged a book account. Judgment went for respondent and appellаnt prosecuted this appeal.
There are but two questions to be considered and decided here. They are, first, whether the cross-examination of appellant by the attorneys for respondent, upon events happening before the death of the deceased, rеmoved the bar imposed by section 1880 of the Code of Civil Procedure so *46 as to make appellant a competent witness in his own behalf; and, second, whether the plaintiff, having filed a claim against the estate for the reasonable value of the services alleged to hаve been performed by him for deceased, could recover upon a complaint alleging a book account, no mention having been made in the claim of any such book account.
Ordinarily a claimant against an estate cannot testify as to his transactions with the dеceased. However, it is well-settled law in California that this disqualification may be waived by the representatives of the deceased.
(Kinley
v.
Largent,
After this cross-examination was concluded appellant’s attorneys immediately started to examine him concerning the items set forth in his book account against *47 deceased, and concerning the services rendered by him for deceased. Objections to these questions were made by respondent and sustained by the court. These rulings undoubtedly constituted prejudicial error that will require a reversal of the judgment and a new trial of the ease. Had the cross-examination of appellant in this case gone no further than the cross-examination of the claimant in the case of Deacon v. Bryans, supra, we would not consider the disqualification of the statute waived, as we do not agree with the conclusions reached in the Deacon case under the facts thereof. If the broad language used by the court in the Deacon case is given a literal construction, any question asked of a claimant by the attorney for the estate, concerning an event happening during the lifetime of deceased, no matter how foreign to the controversy, would suffice to let down the bar of the statute and waive disqualification of the claimant as a witness. We believe the testimony elicited on cross-examination should relate to the controversy between the claimant and the estate in order to constitute it a waiver of the provisions of this section.
The respondent earnestly maintains that since appellant is in court upon the allegations of his amended complaint, alleging a hook account, and that since the claim filed set forth a demand for the reasonable value of services rendered by appellant to decеased, no recovery can be had for the reason that, since the claim did not set forth that it was evidenced by a book account, there is a fatal variance between the allegations of the complaint and the claim which will defeat the cause of action аnd prevent a recovery against the estate. It is alleged in the complaint that the services rendered and described in the claim were the same as those set forth in the book account.
In the case of
Thompson
v.
Koeller,
In the case of
Doolittle
v.
McConnell,
“ ‘It is further objected that whether or not the complaint on file states a cause of action the proposed amendment states a new and different cause of action barred by the statute. This presents a problem not easy of solution and concerning which the decisions of our own state seem not altogether in harmony. On this point I find no general rule laid down by the decisions in this state. All that is said is, that great liberality should be used by the courts in allowing amendments (Burns v. Scooffy,98 Cal. 276 [33 Pac. 86 ], and casеs cited); and that the allowance of amendments is a matter within the discretion of the courts. (Coubrough v. Adams,70 Cal. 378 [11 Pac. 634 ]; Lestrade v. Barth,17 Cal. 286 .) And in practice the courts have been extremely liberal, as e. g., in Heilborn v. Heinlen,72 Cal. 376 [14 Pac. 24 ], where the complaint was amended so as to describe a different tract of land from that described in the original cоmplaint; or in Walsh v. McKeen,75 Cal. 519 [17 Pac. 673 ], where the ease was changed from an action at law to a case in equity; or in Cox v. McLaughlin,76 Cal. 60 [9 Am. St. Rep. 164 ,18 Pac. 100 ], where the change allowed was from an action on a special contract to an action on a quantum meruit; or, as in Castagnino v. Ballette,82 Cal. 256 [23 Pac. 127 ], where the *49 change was from an action on a mechanic’s lien to an action on the special contract, or in assumpsit; or in Bogart v. Crosby,80 Cal. 195 [22 Pac. 84 ], where the principal debtors, who had been omitted from the original complaint, were brought in by an amendment. ... In Porter v. Fillebrown,119 Cal. 238 [51 Pac. 322 ], the complaint in an action at law upon a creditor’s claim for a sum less than three hundred dollars and, hence, not within the jurisdiсtion of the superior court, was amended so as to make it an equitable action for an accounting of a trust within the court’s jurisdiction; in Union Lumber Co. v. Schouten,25 Cal. App. 80 [142 Pac. 910 ], the complaint alleging an action for goods sold and delivered was amended to allege an account stated; in Mackroth v. Sladky,27 Cal. App. 112 [148 Pac. 978 ], the complaint allеging a written contract to divide commissions was amended by alleging an oral contract instead of the written one; in Merchants C. Agency v. Gopcevic,23 Cal. App. 216 [137 Pac. 609 ], and in Turner & Dahnken v. Bauer,28 Cal. App. 311 [152 Pac. 308 ], the complaints were amended to change the causes of action upon express contracts to causes upon a quantum meruit; and in Cowell v. Snyder,171 Cal. 291 [152 Pac. 920 ], the complaint in an actiоn to recover for the rent of land and the price of rock quarried was amended to plead an account stated.’ . . .
“The same rules announced by the court in overruling appellant’s various attacks upon the complaint as amended apply with greater forcе to the refusal to hold that there was a fatal difference between the creditor’s claim as filed and the one upon which suit was brought, because the courts go further in upholding such demands against estates than in sustaining pleadings. Indeed, it is usually necessary in such eases to go more into details in the complaint than in the claim. In the claim as in the complaint the essential element was a substantial assertion of the contract and its fulfillment on the claimant’s part.”
Further support of this doctrine is found in the following cases:
Union Lumber Co.
v.
Schouten & Co.,
With the foregoing authorities before us, we are of the opinion that in so far as the items set forth in the book account are the same as those upon which the claim filed by appellant against the estate of John W. Mitchell, deceased, were based, there is no sufficient variance between the cause of action alleging a book account, and the claim based upon the reasonable value of the services rendered, to defeat appellant’s action.
As the case must be tried again, the trial court-should bear in mind that the claim filed was for services rendered only, and that any items in thе book account not for the value of the services rendered should be rejected. The record before us contains photographic copies of the books of appellant, and a number of the charges set forth are not for services rendered, and, therеfore, cannot form a basis of recovery against the estate.
(Barthe
v.
Rogers,
Respondent further contends that the judgment of the trial court should be sustained under the provisions of section 4½ of article VI of the Constitution, because of the inherent improbability of the justness of the claim filed by the appellant. The appellant was not permitted to testify as a witness in his own behalf concerning his transactions with the deceased. To determine this contention of respondent it will be necessary that all of the evidence in the case, with the testimony of appellant, be heard and considered. This should be done by the trial judge, who will have the witnesses before him. It cannot be determined upon this appeal.
Judgment reversed.
Barnard, Acting P. J., and Ames, J., pro tem., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the District Court of Appeal on September 22, 1930, and a petition by respondent to have the cause heard in the *51 Supreme Court, after judgment in the District Court of Appeal, was denied by the Supreme Court on October 23, 1930.
Shenk, J., and Curtis, J., dissented.