225 P. 789 | Wyo. | 1924
This is an action by James Graham, plaintiff below and defendant in error here, against the Agent of the United States Railroad Administration, on account of damages sustained for delay of a shipment of 18 ears of cattle shipped from1 Riverton, Wyoming, to South Omaha, Nebraska, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. The sum of $906.30 and interest is claimed on account of the difference in the market value of the cattle on October 14, 1919 and on October 13, 1919, the time when, it is claimed, the cattle should have arrived. A further sum of $1224.75 and interest is claimed on account of excess shrinkage of the eaU tie arising from the delay and from the fact that the cattle were kept forty-six hours in the ears without feed or water in violation of the laws of the United States. The jury
Plaintiff testified that the normal running time for taking cattle from Riverton to Omaha would be sixty hours; that his cattle left Riverton on Friday afternoon at 1.30 p. m. October 10, 1919, and should have arrived at Omaha at 1.30 Monday morning, October 13, 1919. Mr. Dickson, the foreman of the yards of defendant at Long Pine, testified that the regular and ordinary stopping place for feeding and watering cattle which came from Riverton was Long Pine, Nebraska. The other evidence of the defendant shows that, according to the railroad schedule then in force, the straight running time from Lander to Omaha was fifty-five hours and ten minutes, which would be about fifty-four hours from Riverton to Omaha. Stops of one hour each are, in the schedule, allowed at Casper, Chadron, Norfolk and Fremont. If cattle are fed and watered at Long Pine, an additional time, from 5 a. m. to noon is given, making a further period of seven hours. This makes a total time of sixty-five hours from Riverton to Omaha, and if the cattle in question had been carried according to this schedule, the cattle would have arrived at South Omaha approximately at 6.30 a. m. on Monday, October 13, 1919, presumably amply early for the market on that day. The cattle actually arrived about 10 o’clock on Monday night and were sold on the market the following day. Most of the delay occurred at Long Pine, Nebraska. The cattle arrived at that place at 4.30 on Sunday morning, were not unloaded until 11.30 a. m., when they had been in the cars for forty-six hours without feed or water, and left Long Pine at 11 p. m. of that day.
A number of errors are assigned, among which is one that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence. This assignment of error, however, is closely interwoven with and dependent on the law applicable thereto, which is in dispute and which we shall consider in connection therewith. Other assignments of error, such that the court erred in not in-
1. The Federal Statute (37 Stat. at L. 607c. 3594 U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1907, pp. 918, 919, Supp. 1909 pp. 1178, 1179) provides that no railroad company shall confine any cattle, sheep or swine for a period longer than twenty-eight consecutive hours, without unloading the same for rest, water and feeding for a period of at least five consecutive hours, unless prevented by storm or by other accidental or unavoidable causes which cannot be anticipated or avoided by the exercise of due diligence and foresight; provided that upon the written request of the owner or custodian thereof, the time for confinement may be extended to thirty-six hours. See. 2 of the act provides that animals so unloaded shall be properly fed and watered during such rest either by the owner or custodian, or, in ease of his default in so doing, by the carrier. These provisions were violated, and it is the contention of counsel for defendant, as we understand it, that the latter is not responsible for any damages resulting therefrom for three different reasons; first, because plaintiff accompanied the stock and is himself responsible for the violation of the statute; ■ second, that plaintiff must show negligence aside from showing the violation of the statute; and, third, that plaintiff has shown an ample excuse. We shall consider these points in their order.
(a) The cattle arrived at Chadron at 4.50 p. m., October 11, when they had been on the cars for twenty-seven hours and twenty minutes. They left Chadron at 7.30 p. m. when they had been on the cars for thirty hours. An extension
“The fact that the owner of the stock, or his agent, by arrangement with the carrier, accompanies the animals on the same train, does not relieve the carrier from the duty to feed and water and otherwise care for them, in the absence' of a specific agreement that he would care for the stock. ’ ’
See Elliott on Railroads, (3rd Ed.) Sec. 2347. The rule is not changed by the Federal statute above mentioned. That statute only makes certain when and where the common law duty of the carrier for the preservation and comfort of the stock should be exercised. Louisville etc. R. Co. v. Stiles, 133 Ky. 786, 119 S. W. 786, 134 A. S. R. 491. And the' rule is reasonable. Plaintiff did not have control of the train or its movements and had no power to dictate when and where it should stop to unload. He did not undertake to look after the cattle and had a right to rely upon the carrier doing its duty. The argument that he knew better’'than the carrier whether his cattle needed water and feed or not is more specious than sound. The fact that the
“Congress imposed the duty (to unload) upon the defendant regardless of the request or notice of the shipper. No sound reason occurs to us why the shipper can be deprived of his right to recover for damages which resulted from the failure of the defendant to discharge the plain duty imposed upon it by the law because the owner or shipper of the cattle did not make a demand upon the defendant that it should yield obedience to the law. The failure of a shipper to notify or to demand of a railroad company that it shall stop a train of stock, so he can water, feed and rest the cattle before they have been confined more than 28 hours is not necessarily fatal in all cases to his right to recover for damages caused by the confinement, if he has in no way requested or consented to the continued confinement and transportation of the stock. ’ ’
See Elliott, supra, Sec. 2346. The duty to unload stock is by section one of the Federal act above mentioned imposed solely upon the carrier, and not upon the shipper jointly. Whether or not, however, the carrier could, notwithstanding that fact, impose the duty to unload upon'the shipper, by special contract, and be then, relieved from liability in the absence of a request to unload, as some of the cases appear to hold, need not be determined here. We are
(b) Counsel for defendant appear to contend that a shipper who attends his stock must show that the carrier was acting negligently in confining the stock for more than thirty-six hours; that is to say that the mere showing that cattle are confined for more than thirty-six hours does not in such a ease give rise to a presumption of negligence. In that connection they complain of instruction No. 2 given by the court which told the jury that where cattle are confined more than thirty-six hours, and it is shown that damage has resulted therefrom, then that a “presumption of negligence on the part of defendant’s servants and agents in charge of the cars arises,” etc. A violation of the duty imposed by the statute above referred to is negligence per se, rendering the railroad company liable to the shipper for the resulting injuries to the animals. 10 C. J. 99; Elliott, supra, Sec. 2348. The carrier will be excused from performing this duty only by “storm or other accidental causes. ” “ Other accidental causes ’ ’ must be taken to mean other- unavoidable accidental causes. An effect attributable to the negligence of the carrier is not an unavoidable cause. Chesapeake etc. Ry. Co. v. American Exchange Bank, 92 Va. 496, 23 S. E. 935, 44 L. R. A. 449. It is not claimed in this case that there existed any storm preventing the unloading of the cattle. Whether or not there were any other causes was a question peculiarly within the knowledge of the defendant, and to impose the duty on the shipper who accompanies his stock, to show that no legal excuse existed, would often be equivalent to a denial of justice. He cannot know the reasons of a congestion or the various causes for delay. A shipper may see a yard full of cars. He does not. know whether the congestion could have been prevented by reasonable diligence or not, or whether the yard could be cleared within a reasonable time. If he should try to find out, he would, in all probability, be unsuccessful. Often the reasons are unknown even to the people at
(c) Counsel further claim that even though the burden to prove a legal excuse for not .unloading the cattle within thirty-six hours rests on defendant, that burden has been met in the case at bar. The argument is based mainly, if not entirely, on the proposition that a legal excuse for delay in the transportation, including the delay at Long Pine, has been shown. We shall consider the general subject of delay a little later, but must pause here to say that an unavoidable cause excusing delay does not necessarily also exculpate a carrier from liability arising from the confinement of cattle for' a period of over thirty-six hours, without rest, feed or water. The carrier must properly protect the property transported while en route, and that notwithstanding the fact that there are unavoidable causes excusing delays in the transportation, at least in the absence of a contract to the contrary and where such protection may be afforded by the exercise of reasonable care. Mitchie, Carriers, Sec. 1754, 1788; Elliott, Railroads, (3rd Ed.) Secs. 2235, 2347. In Nashville etc. Ry. Co. v. Heggie Brothers, 86 Ga. 210, 12 S. E. 363, 22 A. S. R. 453, it was held that the fact that the carrier’s stockyards were'on fire was not a sufficient excuse for not furnishing to the person in charge of the animals, under a contract, all proper facilities for taking care of the same, and that this might have been done at some other station. In the case of Interna
"The defense to the action seems to have proceeded on the ground that defendant was not liable because it had a great rush of business at Taylor, where it was shown that the damage occurred, so that defendant could not take proper care of the cattle while detained. There is no effort made by defendant to show that it exhausted its resources in getting* a proper place for the cattle, even if its own stock pens were crowded; and there is no attempt to justify the beeping of these cattle confined for 25 to 30 hours, without water or food, in the cars. The railroad company, by reason of the rush of business, was not relieved of exercising proper care and diligence in seeing to the needs of animals on its train. It could have released the cattle from the cars, even if it had been compelled to herd them, or have rented a pasture or pens in which to keep them. It should at least have shown that it made some effort to take care of the cattle. Hutch. Carr. § 335. The cattle were placed in the hands of the common carrier to be transported to their destination, and it was responsible for their safe delivery, and, if the rush of business was such that the cattle were unavoidably detained, it was certainly its duty to properly care for them during the detention. 2 Harris, Dam. Corp. p. 919, § 800.’*
So in the case at bar. There is some evidence in the record that there are yards in Chadron, Nebraska, where the cattle might have been unloaded and cared for, and it would seem that if the yards at Long Pine were in fact as congested as claimed, that prudence would have suggested unloading them at the former place. Certainly no sufficient excuse for not doing so has been shown. Other reasons that defendant has not met the burden of proof of the point in question will appear in our discussion on the general subject of delay, which we shall now proceed to consider.
“Where a carrier burdened with a sudden and extraordinary press of business contracts to transport live stock without stipulating against delays on account of such business or notifying the shipper that such delays might be encountered, the carrier is liable for delays caused thereby; * * * and so liability for injuries by delay in transportation of such property cannot be escaped on the ground that there was an unusual rush of business on its road by the carrier receiving live stock for shipment unless it also shows that it exhausted its resources for providing for the cattle. A carrier which receives live stock for transportation, knowing its facilities are such that loss will result to the shipper, is negligent in undertaking the shipment, so as to make it liable for resulting loss. ’ ’
Applying the foregoing principles of law to the case at bar, there is evidence tending to show that at the time that defendant accepted the cattle of plaintiff for transportation, the yards at Long Pine were congested, but no' evidence that the plaintiff knew that fact or was notified thereof. There is no evidence that the congestion at Long Pine was Sudden or unexpected. If defendant knew of the facts beforehand, it was its duty to prevent congestion, if that could be done by the exercise of reasonable care, including deferment of acceptance for transportation for a reasonable
Nor can we say, as a matter of law, that defendant has met the burden of proof to explain the delay outside of that at Long Pine. Counsel for defendant seem to be under the impression that when it is shown that a stop is due to a hotbox, to changing of crews, to meeting a train or to other similar circumstances, the explanation is sufficient, and the prima facie case of negligence is fully met. It was held in the ease of Anderson v. Hines, Director General, 110 Kan. 250, 203 Pac. 726, that where the average run of the train should be 15 miles per hour (in that case under a statute) the following causes of delay furnished no excuse; allowing trains to pass; track blocked by trains; waiting for block; taking water and coal; inspecting train; lunch for train crew; waiting for engine; cutting out helper; hotbox; sparks from brake shoe; removal of beam rod; or loading stock for other shippers, for the reason that there is nothing unusual about these matters and the schedule fixed must necessarily take into account a certain amount of delay from such causes. The reasoning applies to the case at bar. It would seem that none of the matters mentioned should be considered as unavoidable accidents in the absence of a showing of an unusual condition, which could not have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care. The defendant fixed a schedule under which, if followed in the case at bar the cattle should have arrived in Omaha about 6.30 a. m. October 13. Aside from the delay at Long Pine, which has already been fully considered, no unusual conditions have been shown which prevented the defendant from following the schedule, and we cannot, accordingly, disturb the finding of the jury that the defendant was negligent.
*256 “Market value is a fact. The witness may derive his knowledge as to it from the information furnished by others. It may even be learned from an examination of stock or market reports, price lists, trade circulars, sales of similar property and the like. In short, a witness may testify to the value of property if his knowledge of it has been derived through the general avenues of information to which the ordinary business man resorts, to inform himself as to values for the proper conduct of his affairs. ’ ’
4. We come now to the most difficult question in the case —as to whether there is competent evidence in the record to prove the weight of the cattle, upon which, together with the value, the assessment of damages at least as to the item for $906.30, for the difference in the market price on October 13 and on October 14, is based. Plaintiff testified that he shipped 575 head of cattle, and he was then asked the total weight. But before answering he was cross-examined and testified as follows:
‘ ‘ Q. Did you weigh the cattle personally ? A. I didn’t weigh them personally. Q. They were weighed by somebody down at South Omaha ? A. They were. Q. And all you know about the weight is what they told you, isn’t it? A. Yes.”
The proposed testimony of the witness on the weight was thereupon objected to as hearsay, but the objection was overruled, and the witness permitted to answer that the cattle weighed about 360,000 pounds. The objection should have been sustained. It should not need any argument on the part of this court that the testimony was clearly hearsay. The erroneous ruling cannot be defended upon any principle of necessity or expediency, as in cases where the hearsay rule is relaxed. To permit the weight of cattle weighed at a distant market tqi be established upon pure hearsay testimony would, undoubtedly, ultimately lead to the grossest of frauds. If the foregoing testimony were all
“Q. Mr. Graham, during the noon hour, the examination of your sales slips memorandum, did you figure out the quality and character of these cattle? A. I did. Q. Their weights; will you read that into the record, or tell the jury what the character of these cattle were; their numbers and weights and prices? Mr. Dressier: I object to that as incompetent and not the best evidence; no foundation laid, hearsay. By the Court: • Overruled. Exception. A. (referring to paper) There were eighteen steers ’ ’ etc.
And the witness thereupon proceeded to tell the classes of cattle, the number in each class and the total weight of each class, and the price thereof. The witness was not
5. It is assigned as error that the court refused to give the jury the following instruction:
“You are instructed that defendant had the right to establish schedules for the transportation of livestock during the stock shipping season and you are further instructed that such schedules are presumed to be reasonable. ’ ’
The court, however, gave instruction No. 8 as follows:
“If you find from the evidence that the defendant substantially complied with its stock shipping schedule at the time in question, plaintiff cannot recover on the claim o,f unreasonable delay.”
It will be noted that the instruction given goes much further than the instruction asked. The evidence is not contradicted that a schedule existed, and the court not only assumed, in the latter instruction, the right of the defendant to fix its schedule, but told the jury that that was to be,
6. Counsel for defendant assign as error that the court failed to instruct the jury as to the measure of damages and consider it “remarkable that a damage suit should be tried in the district court with no instructions on the measure of damages.” The measure of damages in this case, however, is simple and easily understood. Counsel for defendant offered a number of instructions, but none on the measure of damages, and they evidently considered that subject unimportant. The record does not disclose that any request whatever was made for the court to instruct the jury thereon, and no exception was taken to the action of the court. We do not think that under the circumstances any reversible error was committed by the court. 4 C. J. 542, See. 2339. An examination of the record herein shows clearly that the jury were in no way misled. Plaintiff, if he was entitled to recover at all, was entitled to recover the difference between the value of the stock at the time and place of delivery in an uninjured condition and their value in the depreciated condition in which they were delivered. 10 C. J. 396. This is determined, in this case, by the value of the excess shrinkage. If plaintiff was entitled to recover upon the item at all, he was further entitled to recover the difference:- in the market price between October 13th and October 14th. Elliott on Railroads, Vol. 5, Sec. 2750 (3rd Ed.) Plaintiff, further, if entitled to recover at all, was entitled to recover interest. City of Rawlins v. Murphy, 19 Wyo. 238, 253, 115 Pac. 436. Now there is no dispute in the evidence on any of these items. The minimum, shrinkage of the 575 cattle shipped, as shown by the evidence, was 30 pounds each. Plaintiff claimed in his petition only a shrinkage of 25 pounds each. The average price brought on.the market was $8.54 per 100 pounds. Plaintiff claimed
Finding no prejudicial error in the record, the judgment of the lower court should be affirmed, and it is so ordered
NOTE — See 4 C. J. pp. 542, 999; 10 C. J. pp. 95, 98, 99, 290, 292, 295, 301, 304, 305, 396, 400; 22 C. J. pp. 214, 523, 580; 38 Cyc. p. 1711.