David SHUGART and Kathy Shugart, husband and wife,
Plaintiffs-Third Party-Defendants-Appellants,
v.
CENTRAL RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, Defendant-Third
Party-Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 95-6250.
United States Court of Appeals,Tenth Circuit.
April 8, 1997.
Mark A. Cox, Oklahoma City, OK, for Plaintiffs-Third Party-Defendants-Appellants.
Kevin E. Krahl, Hornbeek, Krahl & Vitali, Oklahoma City, OK, for Defendant-Third Party-Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, ANDERSON and BRORBY, Circuit Judges.
SEYMOUR, Chief Judge.
In this personal injury action, plaintiffs David and Kathy Shugart obtained a jury award in their favor of $40,000 in actual and $10,000 in punitive damages. They appeal, challenging several rulings by the trial court. We affirm the jury award, but reverse the district court's reduction in actual damages by the proportion of David Shugart's contributory negligence.1
I.
Mr. and Mrs. Shugart, Texas residents, brought this diversity action against defendant Central Rural Electric Cooperative (CREC), an Oklahoma corporation. They sought damages for injuries suffered by Mr. Shugart when he touched an energized transformer operated by CREC in Logan County, Oklahoma, which had fallen to the ground after its support pole footing was eroded by flood waters. The accident occurred on July 16, 1993, while Mr. Shugart, an oil field worker, was waiting for a backhoe to extract his service truck from deep sand. Mr. Shugart testified that, while waiting, he and another worker played a game of catch; during that game Mr. Shugart fell onto the transformer. Mr. Shugart admitted that he saw the transformer on the ground before his fall and that he should have been more cautious of his movements in its vicinity. He had, however, assumed the transformer was de-energized.
Although it was suggested at trial that Mr. Shugart might actually have been tampering with the transformer when he was injured, it was undisputed that the transformer was energized for several months after it fell to the ground. It was also undisputed that CREC had notice the transformer was down before Mr. Shugart's injury, but failed to follow its own procedures which would have alerted it to the transformer's energized state and permitted it to repair its pole before Mr. Shugart's injury. Mr. Shugart suffered burns on his hands, where the electric current entered his body, and on his feet and chest, where the current exited his body. He was hospitalized for over a month and required several debridement and skin graft operations.
Mr. Shugart sought actual damages for past medical expenses, possible future medical expenses, pain and suffering, and diminished earning capacity. He also sought punitive damages. Mrs. Shugart sought damages for past and future loss of consortium resulting from Mr. Shugart's injury. The trial was bifurcated on the issue of damages. In phase one, the jury found Mr. Shugart fifty percent contributorily negligent and awarded the Shugarts $40,000 in actual damages. In phase two, the jury awarded the Shugarts $10,000 in punitive damages. The district court then applied the jury's finding of comparative negligence to reduce the actual damage award to $20,000. The Shugarts now seek review of a variety of specific issues and of the district court's denial of their motion for a new trial.II.
A. Application of Contributory Negligence to Actual Damages
At trial, the Shugarts objected to the district court's bifurcation of actual and punitive damages, and to the jury instructions and verdict form used for contributory negligence. They claimed that Oklahoma law, as enunciated in Graham v. Keuchel,
"[A]s a federal court sitting in diversity, our role is to ascertain and apply [state] law" to reach the result the Oklahoma Supreme Court would reach if faced with the same question. Leadville Corp. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co.,
There was no error in bifurcating the trial. "[B]ifurcation of trials is permissible in federal court even when such procedure is contrary to state law." Oulds v. Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co.,
In Graham, the plaintiffs appealed a jury verdict in a medical malpractice claim for the wrongful death of a child and bodily injury to the child's mother. Graham,
The court in Graham concluded that "[c]ontributory negligence may not be compared either to preclude or reduce a plaintiff's recovery where the defendant's conduct is willful or wanton." Id. (emphasis omitted). As support for its view, the court cited with approval a Wyoming case which elucidates the application of this rule to jury verdicts. Id. at 361 n. 95 (citing Danculovich v. Brown,
You are instructed that negligence is not a defense to conduct that is either willful and wanton or intentional. Therefore, if you find that the conduct of [Defendant] was willful and wanton or intentional, then you shall use the Blue Verdict Form and not reduce the amount of [Plaintiff]'s damages on account of any negligence of [Plaintiff].
OUJI 108 (emphasis added) (citing Graham,
Despite the foregoing, CREC argues that the district court was correct in reducing the Shugarts' award of actual damages. First, CREC suggests that the court's comments in Graham regarding comparison of ordinary negligence and willful and wanton conduct are mere dicta. We disagree. Although the court admits that the guidance it offers is not dispositive of the appeal, Graham,
Alternatively, CREC argues that Graham should be restricted to a "fact situation involving ... parental negligence in a medical malpractice case which had not been bifurcated." Aplee.'s Br. at 10. We disagree. Although there are aspects of Graham which are unique to cases of parental negligence in a child's wrongful death claim, the discussion of the distinction between willful and wanton conduct and mere negligence is universal in application. When the court addressed the possible comparison of the mother's ordinary negligence with defendant's willful and wanton conduct, the court was concerned with the mother's individual claim for bodily injury. That claim was neither dependent on the mother's status as parent nor affected by the bifurcation of the child's wrongful death claim. The court considered whether, in the face of willful and wanton conduct, it would be appropriate to reduce the mother's actual damages by the proportion of her contributory negligence. The court stated that it would not. To ensure that such a comparison would not be made, the court ordered the jury on remand to be instructed "that while ordinary negligence of the plaintiff may be used as a defense against gross negligence, it may not be considered as a defense against any form of conduct found to be willful and wanton or intentional." Graham,
In this bifurcated trial, the jury was not instructed at the actual damages phase that willful and wanton conduct would bar the application of Mr. Shugart's proportionate negligence to reduce the actual damages award.2 There was no reversible error in that omission, however, because at the time the jury made its determination of actual damages, it had not yet made a finding of willful and wanton conduct.3 The error arose only after the jury found that CREC's conduct warranted an award of punitive damages.4 Once that determination was made, Oklahoma law prohibited the district court from applying Mr. Shugart's proportional negligence to reduce the actual damages award. We therefore hold that the district court erred when it reduced the Shugarts' award of actual damages by Mr. Shugart's proportionate negligence.
B. Compromise Verdict
The Shugarts next contend the district court erred when it overruled their motion for a new trial based on an alleged compromise verdict. A compromise verdict is one in which "the jury, unable to agree on liability, compromises that disagreement and enters a low award of damages." National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Koch Indus., Inc.,
Damages are not grossly inadequate merely because a jury awards less than the plaintiff has requested. "The jury is entitled to disregard the damages asked for if they do not agree with the computations or if other evidence is introduced from which jurors could draw their own conclusions." Luria Bros. & Co. v. Pielet Bros. Scrap Iron & Metal, Inc.,
Nor is a compromise verdict suggested because Mrs. Shugart's loss of consortium claims6 and Mr. Shugart's claim for out-of-pocket medical expenses were not contested by CREC. Where the damages have not been stipulated, the jury is entitled to believe that a claim does not merit an award. Mekdeci v. Merrell Nat'l Labs.,
"A motion for new trial is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court and the granting or denial of such a motion will not be disturbed on appeal except for manifest abuse of discretion." Canady v. J.B. Hunt Transp., Inc.,
The Shugarts contend the jury verdict form on loss of consortium was "erroneous on its face" and "explicitly contrary to the law." Aplt.'s Br. at 44. They assert that such error mandates a new trial. Id. Because the Shugarts did not object to this instruction at trial,8 we can only consider it under the rubric of plain error. Cartier v. Jackson,
The jurors were offered three possible verdict forms. Verdict form one was to be used if Mr. Shugart was not contributorily negligent. Aplt.'s App. at 135 (Instruction No. 27). It specifically offered a place to allocate an award of damages for loss of consortium. Id. at 141. Verdict form two was to be used if the jury found in favor of CREC. Id. at 136 (Instruction No. 28). Verdict form three was to be used if the jury found Mr. Shugart contributorily negligent. Id. at 137-38 (Instruction No. 29). While verdict form three did not offer a specific place to allocate damages for loss of consortium, the instructions for the form did make clear that the damages awarded on that form were for plaintiffs (plural). The jury was given an instruction on loss of consortium, Aplt.'s App. at 132 (Instruction No. 24), which told the jury it could award loss of consortium damages if it believed such damages were warranted.9 The jury chose to use verdict form three, found Mr. Shugart fifty percent contributorily negligent, and awarded damages to the plaintiffs of $40,000.
The Shugarts now argue that the use of the verdict forms and the loss of consortium instruction, taken together, constitute reversible error because they required the jury to find Mr. Shugart zero percent contributorily negligent before permitting a loss of consortium damages award. We disagree. Nothing in Instruction No. 24 suggested that Mr. Shugart had to be zero percent liable before allowing an award of loss of consortium. The court merely stated that if the jury used verdict form one, it would reduce the amount of Mrs. Shugart's damages by Mr. Shugart's comparative negligence. That statement was in error. If the jury had used verdict form one, the district court would not have reduced Mrs. Shugart's award by the percent of Mr. Shugart's negligence, because Mr. Shugart would have been determined to be non-negligent. Instruction No. 24 did not, however, suggest to the jury that it could only award Mrs. Shugart damages if Mr. Shugart was non-negligent. Although the district court did not direct the jury specifically to include loss of consortium on verdict form three, the jury was otherwise instructed that it could make such award if appropriate and the instructions to verdict form three referred to plaintiffs plural. Aplt.'s App. at 137. Moreover, the evidence on the nature of Mrs. Shugart's loss of consortium was sufficiently weak that the jury could have decided to make no award or a very small one. Under these circumstances, we conclude the error was not so obvious and substantial as to rise to the level of plain error.
D. Evidentiary Errors
The Shugarts contend the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to exclude evidence that Mr. Shugart might have been tampering with the transformer at the time of his electrocution. We review a district court's exclusion of evidence for abuse of discretion. Cartier,
E. Other Jury Instruction Errors
Finally, the Shugarts claim the trial court erred in overruling their objections to the jury instructions on impeachment, negligence per se, and duty to mitigate. They also assert the district court erred in failing to give their requested instructions on spoliation of evidence. "[A]n error in jury instructions requires reversal 'only if the error is determined to have been prejudicial, based on a review of the record as a whole.' " Wheeler v. John Deere Co.,
III.
Based on all of the foregoing, we AFFIRM the district court's denial of a new trial to Mr. and Mrs. Shugart, but REVERSE the district court's reduction in the Shugarts' award of actual damages by Mr. Shugart's proportionate degree of negligence. We REMAND this case to the district court to enter judgment consistent with this opinion.
Notes
Pursuant to Rule 34(f) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, the parties to this action waived oral argument. FED.R.APP.P. 34(f). After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See FED.R.APP.P. 34(a), 10th Cir.R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument
In fact, the jury was instructed that if it found the plaintiff contributorily negligent, the court would thereafter reduce the damages. Aplt.'s App. at 143
Presumably in future trials involving comparative negligence, district courts will instruct with Instruction No. 9.17A of the Oklahoma Uniform Jury Instructions in mind. See supra at 7-8
The parties do not dispute that an award of punitive damages indicates the jury necessarily determined CREC's conduct to be willful and wanton
In 1991, Mr. Shugart earned $20,273.06 from three well service business entities. Aplee.'s Br., Add.Tr. vol. II at 177. In 1992, Mr. Shugart earned $19,335.03. Id. at 178. In 1993, the year in which he was electrocuted, Mr. Shugart earned $11,765.64. Id. at 179. In 1994, Mr. Shugart earned $12,000. Id. at 181
Mrs. Shugart testified that she experienced a change in lifestyle after the accident. She and Mr. Shugart went on fewer outings and picnics, and such events were less enjoyable because Mr. Shugart was unable to stand for long periods of time. Aplt.'s App. at 257
Determination of whether the district court abused its discretion by failing to recognize a compromise verdict requires review of the entire record. "The rule is ... 'that the record itself viewed in its entirety must clearly demonstrate the compromise character of the verdict otherwise it is not error for the trial judge to refuse to set the verdict aside on this ground.' " Luria Bros. & Co. v. Pielet Bros. Scrap Iron & Metal, Inc.,
The record on appeal does not demonstrate that the Shugarts specifically objected to the verdict forms on loss of consortium before the forms were submitted to the jury. See, e.g., Aplt.'s App. at 268-69 (plaintiff declining opportunity to object to jury instruction 20 on the definition of loss of consortium or instruction 24 on the measure of damages for loss of consortium). Generally, "[n]o party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless that party objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds of the objection." FED.R.CIV.P. 51. The Shugarts did raise this issue, in passing, in their motion for a new trial. Aplt.'s App. at 163, n. 2
The Shugarts proffered a proper jury instruction with regard to awarding loss of consortium damages in the event of a finding of contributory negligence. Aplt.'s App. at 32. The proffered instruction referenced "the White Verdict Form," the Oklahoma Uniform Jury Instruction form name for a contributory negligence verdict form. The district court used numbered verdict forms, and erroneously substituted "verdict form one," the form to be used in finding for plaintiff in the absence of contributory negligence, where the Shugarts had requested "the White Verdict Form." Thus, the instruction as given, read:
If you decide for Kathy Shugart on the question of liability, you must then determine the amount of money which will reasonably and fairly compensate her for the value of the loss of consortium she has sustained, and for the value of the loss of consortium she is reasonably certain to sustain in the future.
You are instructed that if you use Verdict Form No. 1, you should determine the full value of the loss of consortium. Whatever dollar amount you determine will be reduced by the Court by that percentage of negligence which you have attached to David Shugart, if any.
Aplt.'s App. at 132 (emphasis added). The Shugarts' counsel apparently failed to notice this error because no objection was made.