ORDER AMENDING OPINION AND DENYING PETITION FOR REHEARING AND PETITION FOR REHEARING EN BANC AND AMENDED OPINION
ORDER
The opinion filed October 8, 2003, slip opinion at 14955 and published at
The full court has been advised of the petition for rehearing en banc and no judge of the court has requested a vote on it.
The petition for rehearing and petition for rehearing en banc are DENIED. No *959 further petitions for rehearing or rehearing en banc may be filed.
OPINION
We are called on to decide whether the state court’s decision, upholding the application of California’s sex-offender registration statute to Petitioner David Hatton, involved an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law or was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. Because we answer that question “no,” we must affirm the district court’s denial of habeas corpus relief.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 1981, Petitioner was convicted of assault with intent to commit oral copulation, in violation of California Penal Code § 220. He was sentenced to a four-year prison term and was released in 1983.
A. California’s Sex-Offender Registration Statute
California’s sex-offender registration statute requires persons convicted of various sex offenses to register with local'law enforcement authorities. Cal.Penal Code §§ 290, 290.01. As of 1983, assault with intent to commit oral copulation under California Penal Code § 220 was not among the offenses requiring registration.
1
After the California Court of Appeal pointed out this inexplicable omission in
People v. Saunders,
In 1996, the California legislature significantly amended the registration law by adding public notification provisions. The 1996 amendments authorized limited public release of information about registered offenders whom law enforcement officials consider a threat to the public. 1996 Cal. Legis. Serv. ch. 908, § 2(m)-(p) (A.B.1562) (West) (now codified at CaLPenal Code § 290.45).
B. Petitioner’s Registration History
Although assault with intent to commit oral copulation was not added to the list of offenses requiring registration under § 290 until 1993, shortly before his release in 1983, Petitioner was presented with a document informing him that he had to register as a sex offender. The document was entitled “NOTICE OF FELONY REGISTRATION REQUIREMENT” and, under the heading “Probation or Parole — Specify Conditions Requiring Registration,” it stated that Petitioner was “REQUIRED TO REGISTER UNDER SECTION 290 P[ENAL] C[ODE].” Petitioner signed his name under an acknowledgment of the duty to register, which stated:
I understand that as a result of the conviction and/or commitment described herein I am required to register immediately or within 30 days of coming into any OTHER city, county, or city and county of California with the chief of police of the city, or the sheriff of the county, if unincorporated area, in which I reside or am temporarily domiciled for
quired registration only for the first two of the three original § 220 offenses — i.e., assault with intent to commit rape or sodomy. Assault with intent to commit oral copulation, although added to § 220, had not been added to the § 290 registration statute.
*960 such length of time. Upon changing my residence address I understand that I shall inform in writing, within 10 days, the law enforcement agency with which I last registered of my new residence address. I ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT OF A COPY OF THIS FORM. (Emphasis added.)
On July 29, 1983, thirteen days after his release on parole, Petitioner completed the registration form required by § 290. In the box titled “PROBATION OR PAROLE — FOR THIS OFFENSE SPECIFY CONDITIONS REQUIRING REGISTRATION,” the word “Register” was typewritten. However, the registration form also provided, in fíne print near the bottom:
WHO MUST REGISTER 290 P.C.: Any person determined to be a mentally disordered sex offender or convicted under any of the following statutes: Penal Code Sections 220 (Assault with intent to commit rape or infamous crime against nature), 266, 267, 268, 285, 286, 288, 288a, 647a.1, 261.2. 261.3, 647(a), 647(d), 314.1, 314.2 and 272 (if offense involved lewd and lascivious conduct). (Emphasis added.) Thus, this portion of the registration form correctly reflected that § 290’s registration requirement applied to only two of the four offenses then included in § 220 — that is, assault with intent to commit rape or sodomy, but not assault with intent to commit oral copulation.
Yet, despite this information in fine print, Petitioner re-registered on November 9, 1983, and again on March 6, 1985, when he changed his address. Records of the California Department of Justice show that the Department’s last contact with Petitioner was in 1994, when it received notification that Petitioner was moving to Texas.
In the fall of 1996, Petitioner returned from Texas to Placer County, California.
On February 14, 1997, county sheriffs deputies went to Petitioner’s residence to investigate his possible involvement in a suspicious incident. As a result of this visit and a further investigation, the deputies learned that Petitioner had moved to Placer County between October and December 1996. The Placer County Sheriffs Department determined that Petitioner had failed to re-register as a sex offender upon his return to California, and they therefore charged him with violating § 290.
C. Procedural History of the Present Conviction
Petitioner was convicted. He appealed, raising the ex post facto and due process claims that he brings before us. His conviction was affirmed by the California Court of Appeal, and his petition for review was denied without comment by the California Supreme Court.
Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. The district court denied the petition but issued a certificate of appeala-bility. This timely appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), a federal court may not grant a petition for writ of habeas corpus unless the state court’s adjudication of the claim
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
*961
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d);
see Lockyer v. Andrade,
We review de novo a district court’s denial of a habeas corpus petition.
Bribiesca v. Galaza,
DISCUSSION
The offense of which Petitioner was convicted in 1981 was not included in the list of offenses for which § 290 mandated registration until 1993. Petitioner makes two arguments based on that sequence of events.
First, he argues that § 290, as applied to him, violates the Ex Post Facto Clause. U.S. Const, art. I, § 9, cl. 3. He asserts that, when the California legislature amended § 290 in 1993 to include assault with intent to commit oral copulation, the legislature retroactively increased the punishment for his 1981 conviction.
Second, Petitioner argues that § 290 violates the Due Process Clause as applied to him. U.S. Const, amend. XIV, § 1. Specifically, he contends that he received insufficient notice of the need to register because fine print on the registration form excluded his offense from the list of crimes to which § 290 applied.
The California Court of Appeal found neither of Petitioner’s arguments persuasive. We will consider each argument in turn and measure it against the AEDPA standard.
A. Ex Post Facto Clause
The United States Supreme Court recently upheld Alaska’s sex-offender registration statute against an ex post facto claim.
Smith v. Doe,
First, we must decide whether the intent of the California legislature in enacting § 290 was to impose punishment on sex offenders.
See Smith,
If, however, the intent of the California legislature was to enact a nonpuni-tive and civil regulatory regime, we move to the second step of the analysis to decide whether §■ 290 is “so punitive either in purpose or effect as to negate [the State’s] intention to deem it civil.”
Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Young,
1. Legislative Intent Behind § 290
Considerable evidence suggests that the legislative intent behind § 290 was nonpunitive. With respect to the 1996 amendments, which added public notification provisions to § 290, the California leg *962 islature stated: “To protect the safety and general welfare of the people of this state, it is necessary to provide for continued registration of sex offenders....” 1996 Cal. Legis. Serv. ch. 908, § 1(f) (A.B. 1562) (West). The legislature also declared that “[t]he registration of sex offenders ... will further the governmental interests of public safety and public scrutiny of the criminal and mental health systems that deal with these offenders.” Id. § 1(e). Such statements by the legislature suggest a regulatory, rather than punitive, purpose.
Additionally, the California legislature stated: “The Legislature also declares ... that in making information available about certain sex offenders to the public, it does not intend that the information be used to inflict retribution or additional punishment....” Id. § 1(g) (setting out the preamble to the 1996 amendments to California Penal Code §§ 290, 290.4). Further, the legislature stated that “[t]his policy of authorizing the release of necessary and relevant information about serious and high-risk sex offenders to members of the general public is a means of assuring public protection and shall not be construed as punitive.” Id. § 1(f). As the district court noted, the 1996 notification provisions flowed naturally and logically from the existing registration provisions, which suggests that the legislature’s intent in enacting the notification provisions paralleled its prior intent in enacting the registration provisions. That is, if the notification provisions were nonpunitive, the registration provisions from which they arose must also have been nonpunitive.
Further supporting a nonpunitive interpretation of the legislature’s intent, the California Supreme Court has stated that § 290 was enacted to serve a regulatory purpose. In
People v. Castellanos,
However, the statements of the state’s legislature and supreme court are not the only factors indicative of the purpose of the statute. The structure of the statute also is probative of legislative intent.
Smith,
Although California has a Health and Safety Code, § 290 is codified in the California Penal Code. The penal code is divided into five parts: (1) Of Crimes and Punishments, (2) Of Criminal Procedure, (3) Of Imprisonment and the Death Penalty, (4) Prevention of Crimes and Apprehension of Criminals, and (5) Peace Officers’ Memorial. Section 290 is codified in Part 1, “Of Crimes and Punishments.” Petitioner argues that, if the California legislature had intended the sex-offender registration statute to serve a nonpunitive purpose, it would have codified § 290 in the Health and Safety Code or in one of the other parts of the penal code, such as Part 4, “Prevention of Crimes and Apprehension of Criminals.” There is a more plausible explanation for the placement of § 290 in the “Of Crimes and Punishments” section of the California Penal Code, however. Section 290 is a multifaceted statutory provision. Not only does it set forth the details of the sex-offender registration requirements, but it also sets forth the penalties for noncompliance with them. See, e.g., CaLPenal Code § 290(g)-(h). Thus, although the registration requirements of § 290 have a nonpunitive purpose, failure to abide by those requirements is a crime, *963 and the punishment for that crime is laid out in § 290. Because § 290 is, in part, a criminal statute, it makes sense that the legislature chose to codify it in the criminal code.
Even more important, in
Smith
the Supreme Court was careful to note that “[t]he location and labels of a statutory provision do not by themselves transform a civil remedy into a criminal one.”
Smith,
When balanced against the other factors discussed above, the fact that § 290 is codified in the penal code is not controlling. The state court reasonably concluded that the legislature’s intent was not punitive. The statute, therefore, does not run afoul of the Ex Post Facto Clause unless Petitioner can demonstrate through “the clearest proof’ that § 290 is “so punitive either in purpose or effect as to negate[the State’s] intention to deem it civil.”
Smith,
2. Effect of § 290
The Supreme Court in
Smith
held that, in analyzing the effect of sex-offender registration statutes, it is helpful for reviewing courts to refer to the seven factors set forth in
Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez,
a. Affirmative Disability or Restraint
To learn whether § 290 imposes an affirmative disability or restraint, we “inquire how the effects of the [statute] are felt by those subject to it. If the disability or restraint is minor and indirect, its effects are unlikely to be punitive.”
Smith,
Section 290 imposes no physical restraint and, therefore, does not resemble imprisonment, “the paradigmatic affirmative disability or restraint.” Id. Further, § 290’s obligations are less harsh than the sanction of occupational debarment, which the Supreme Court has held to be nonpun-itive. See id. (citing cases). Finally, § 290 does not restrain the activities that sex offenders may pursue, and it leaves them free to change jobs or residences. See id.
In fact, because the notification provisions of the California statute are more protective of Petitioner’s privacy than those of the Alaska statute upheld in
Smith,
§ 290 constitutes even less of an affirmative disability or restraint. Alaska allows the information collected pursuant
*964
to its registration scheme to be posted on the Internet, where anyone has access to it. The registrants in
Smith
asserted that the disclosure provisions made them unemployable, because a potential employer would not wish to risk losing business if the public learned that the employer had hired a sex offender.
Smith,
Unlike other states that post their entire registries on Internet websites, California limits the circumstances in which law enforcement agencies may disseminate information from the registry, id. § 290.45, and regulates public inquiries to the registry, id. § 290.4. Agencies may disseminate certain information about serious offenders only when they reasonably suspect that an offender poses a risk, and only to institutions and community members that are likely to be at risk. 4 Id. § 290.45(a).
California allows public inquires to the registry in only two ways: through toll calls to a telephone number or in person at a local police station. See id. § 290.4(a)(3)-(4). The California statute requires members of the public to satisfy certain conditions in order to obtain access, and it restricts what information will be released to members of the public. See id. It also enumerates impermissible uses of the registry information, such as using it to decide whether to grant the registrant employment, housing, credit, and insurance. See id. § 290.4(e)(2). It sets penalties for misuse of the information, id. § 290.4(e)(3), and requires the California Department of Justice to submit annual reports to the legislature detailing the extent of public use of the registry, id. § 290.4(Z )-(m). Further evidence that the legislature pays close attention to this provision is its expiration dates. The legislature set prior versions of § 290.4 to expire in 1999, 2001, and 2004 and each time amended and renewed them. 1997 Cal. Legis. Serv. ch. 821, §§ 4.3(m), 4.4(m), 4.6(m), 4.7(m) (A.B. 290) (West); 2000 Cal. Legis. Serv. ch. 648, § 2(n) (A.B.1340) (West); 2003 Cal. Legis. Serv. ch. 634, § 3(o) (A.B.1313) (West). The current provision is operative until January 1, 2007. Cal.Penal Code § 290.4(o).
Petitioner argues that the periodic updates required under § 290 serve as an affirmative disability or restraint. However, as the Court in
Smith
concluded, “registration requirements make a valid regulatory program effective and do not impose punitive restraints in violation of the
Ex Post Facto
Clause.”
*965 b. Historical Meaning
Sex-offender registration laws are a relatively recent phenomenon, so it cannot be said that they have historically been viewed as a form of punishment.
Smith,
We find no evidence that an objective of § 290 is to shame, ridicule, or stigmatize sex offenders. In fact, the dissemination of registration information is limited under § 290 and, therefore, the statute is less humiliating than the Alaska statute upheld in Smith. In short, the second Mendoza-Martinez factor weighs in favor of the state court’s conclusion.
c. Scienter
The third relevant factor is whether the registration requirement comes into play
only
on a finding of scienter.
Mendoza-Martinez,
d. Promotion of the Traditional Aims of Punishment
The fourth
Mendoza-Martinez
factor requires us to analyze whether § 290 promotes the traditional aims of punishment, namely, deterrence and retribution.
Mendoza-Martinez,
It is possible that sex-offender registration statutes deter persons who would otherwise commit a crime that would require them to register as a sex offender. Nonetheless, this observation does not negate the overall remedial and regulatory nature of § 290. As the Supreme Court has noted, “[a]ny number of governmental programs might deter crime without imposing punishment. To hold that the mere presence of a deterrent purpose renders such sanctions criminal ... would severely undermine the Government’s ability to engage in effective regulation.”
Smith,
Smith
rejected the argument that Alaska’s sex-offender registration statute was retributive because it tied the length of the reporting requirement to the extent of the registrant’s wrongdoing.
Thus, although the registration requirement is triggered by a conviction for certain sex offenses, it is not intended to serve as punishment for that conviction. This factor, too, supports the state court’s holding.
e.Application to Behavior Already Criminalized
The reporting requirement of § 290 applies to behavior that is already
*966
criminalized under California law.
See Mendoza-Martinez,
Unlike Alaska’s sex-offender statute, then, § 290 does not apply only to those persons who have been convicted of a crime.
See
Alaska Stat. § 12.63.100(5). In this way, § 290 is more similar to the Washington statute that we upheld several years ago.
See Russell,
f. Rational Connection to a Nonpuni-tive Purpose
In
Smith,
the Supreme Court held that “a most significant factor” in the
Mendoza-Martinez
analysis is whether the challenged sanction is rationally connected to a purpose other than punishment.
Smith,
It is clear that § 290, too, bears a rational connection to the nonpunitive purpose of public safety. Even Petitioner concedes this point. Thus, this “significant” factor clearly weighs in favor of the state court’s decision.
g. Excessiveness of Sanction in Relation to Nonpunitive Purpose
“A statute is not deemed punitive simply because it lacks a close or perfect fit with the nonpunitive aims it seeks to advance.”
Smith,
Like the statute upheld in Smith, § 290 is not excessive in the light of its reasonable nonpunitive objective. As discussed above, § 290’s notification provisions are actually less burdensome on Petitioner because they limit both the type of information that may be released and the manner in which it may be released. Although § 290 requires Petitioner to register in person, this requirement is reasonable because it provides a means of confirming that the information provided about Petitioner’s physical appearance is accurate.
Petitioner’s complaint that, for certain “relatively innocuous offenses,” § 290 is an excessive sanction is also unpersuasive. In Smith, the Supreme Court upheld the Alaska statute that applied to all convicted sex offenders and declared that a state may reasonably legislate with respect to convicted sex offenders as a class. Id. at 1152-53.
Section 290 is reasonable in the light of the public-safety purpose of California’s sex-offender registration scheme. Accordingly, this factor, too, favors the state court’s resolution of the matter.
*967 h. Conclusion
When we examine the seven
Mendoza-Martinez
factors, Petitioner cannot demonstrate through “the clearest proof’ that § 290 is “so punitive either in purpose or effect as to negate [the State’s] intention to deem it civil.”
Smith,
B. Due Process Clause
Petitioner argues that, because the fine print in the “Notice of Felony Registration Requirement” that he signed shortly before being released from prison actually notified him that he had no duty to register, he cannot — consistent with the requirements of due process — be convicted of failing to register. In the peculiar circumstances of this case, we conclude that the state court did not violate the AEDPA standard when it rejected Petitioner’s due process argument.
In
Lambert v. California,
No element of willfulness was included in the ordinance, and no California court had read such an element into the ordinance as a condition necessary for conviction. Id. Further, the Supreme Court was required to assume that Lambert had no actual knowledge of the registration requirement, because the trial court had refused her offer of proof as to that defense. Id.
The Supreme Court noted that the ordinance was “entirely different” from other registration laws in that “[violation of its provisions is unaccompanied by any activity whatever, mere presence in the city being the test. Moreover, circumstances which might move one to inquire as to the necessity of registration are completely lacking.”
Id.
at 229,
Here, the California Court of Appeal applied Lambert; the only questions for us are whether the state court did so unreasonably 5 and whether the state court unreasonably determined the facts in the light of the evidence presented. 6 We think it did neither.
The California court quoted
Lambert’s
holding that “ ‘actual knowledge of the duty to register or
proof of the probability of such knowledge
and subsequent failure to comply are necessary before a conviction under the ordinance can stand.’ ” (Quoting, with emphasis,
Lam
*968
bert,
Lambert’s fact situation is markedly distinguishable from Hatton’s. Unlike the defendant in Lambert, Hatton offered no proof that he was unaware of his duty to register. On the contrary, all of the evidence in this case supports the inference that Hatton knew perfectly well that he had such a duty. Unlike the defendant in Lambert, Hatton was given explicit written notice of and signed an acknowledgment that he had a duty to register under section 290. Hatton’s conduct post-release from prison was totally consistent with such awareness, as he continually registered until moving to Texas in 1994.[ 7 ] There is no suggestion that Hatton lacked notice that convicted sex offenders such as himself were required to re-register upon resuming residence in California.
In response to Petitioner’s argument that the fine-print list at the bottom of the registration form served to inform him affirmatively that he did not need to register, the California Court of Appeal said:
Hatton’s repeated assertion that the notice he signed upon his release from prison in 1983 actually informed him that “he had no duty to register” can only be embraced by engaging in a wild departure from common sense. Hatton points to a fine print boilerplate paragraph on a 1983 Department of Justice form bearing the caption “WHO MUST REGISTER 290 PC” which recites a list of sex crimes, none of which included assault with intent to commit oral copulation. His argument requires us to assume, without supporting evidence, that Hatton not only read the boilerplate, but applied the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio alterius to conclude that he had no duty to register, despite the fact that same form was entitled “Notice of Felony Registration Requirement” and told him in no uncertain terms that he did have a duty to register.... The notion is nonsensical. There is nothing in the record showing Hatton read, much less relied, upon the fine print boilerplate.
The California Court of Appeal concluded that “[s]ince there was substantial, indeed uncontradicted, ‘proof of the probability of knowledge’ by Hatton that he had a duty to register at the time of his arrest, Lambert lends no succor to Hatton’s due process claim.”
Petitioner makes the same due process argument here that he did before the state court. As did the state court, we note that Petitioner presented no evidence of a lack of actual knowledge of the registration requirement. For instance, he did not aver that he read the fine print at the bottom of the form, understood it to mean that he was not required to register, or relied on such an understanding conveyed to him by some other person. Further, the fact that Petitioner repeatedly continued to register until he moved to Texas is a powerful refutation of his reasoning. Nor did Petitioner aver that he lacked notice that convicted sex offenders were required to re-register upon resuming residence in California. Thus, the California Court of Appeal did not determine the facts unreasonably, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), nor did it unreasonably apply clearly established federal law, id. § 2254(d)(1).
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. Assault with intent to commit oral copulation was added to § 220 in 1979. Previously, § 220 had proscribed only assault with intent to commit rape, sodomy (which, until 1975, was termed "the infamous crime against nature”), or mayhem. As of 1983, § 290 re-
. Although
Russell v. Gregoire,
. Agencies are authorized to make broader releases of information about serious offenders who qualify as "high-risk” by reason of multiple convictions or adjudication as "sexually violent predators.” § 290.45(b). Also, pursuant to a 2003 amendment enacted to comply with federal requirements, college and university police departments may disseminate limited information about any registered offender — not merely serious and high-risk offenders — to the entire campus community. § 290.01(d).
.
But see Early v. Packer,
. Because Petitioner expressly disavows any intent to make a procedural due process argument, the recent decision in
Connecticut Department of Public Safety v. Doe,
. Petitioner moved to Texas in 1985, the last year in which he registered as a sex offender in California. The California Superior Court corrected the record to reflect this fact.