208 F. 237 | 7th Cir. | 1913
(after stating the facts as above). It is urged that the offense defined by section 135 is a misdemeanor, and that the statement in the indictment that the plaintiff in error acted “feloniously” took the charge out of the terms of the law.
“It tías been justly observed that no act of Congress directs grand juries or defines their powers. By what authority then are they summoned, and whence do they derive their powers? The answer is that the laws of the United States have created courts, which are invested with criminal jurisdiction. This jurisdiction they are bound to exercise, and it can only be exercised ihrough the instrumentality of grand juries. They are therefore given by a necessary and indispensable implication. But how far is this implication necessary and indispensable? The answer is obvious. Its necessity is coextensive with that jurisdiction to which it is essential.” Marshall, Chief Justice, in United States v. Hill, 1 Brock. 150, Fed. Cas. No. 15,364.
“The grand jury, * * * like the petit jury, is an appendage of the court, acting under the authority of the court, and the witnesses summoned before them are amenable to the court precisely as the witnesses testifying before the petit jury are amenable to the court.” Heard v. Pierce, 8 Cush. (Mass.) 338, 54 Am. Dec. 757.
We are of the opinion that a witness called before the grand jury is a witness in a “court of the United States,” as contemplated by section 135. See, also, the case of Savin, Petitioner, 131 U. S. 267, 9 Sup. Ct. 699, 33 L. Ed. 150, which we deem controlling.
At common law there was no such offense as aiding and abetting a misdemeanor. Congress, in section 322, created a new crime and provided in effect that an accessory to an offense against the government should be punished as a principal. The fact that the statute provided that whoever directly commits an offense, and also whoever aids and abets the commission of the offense, are both principals and punishable as such does not relieve the government from charging the facts which make up the crime. Two distinct crimes are covered by sections 135 and 322. In one the crime is doing something directly; in the other doing the same thing indirectly. It is clear that, in order to convict a man of doing something indirectly, he must be so charged, although, if found guilty, his punishment may be that of a principal.
In Kibs v. People, 81 Ill. 599, the plaintiff in error was indicted for larceny. Section 74 of the Illinois Criminal Code provides:
“Whoever embezzles or fraudulently converts to liis own use, or secretes with intent to embezzle or fraudulently convert to his own use, moneys, goods,*242 or property, delivered to him, which may he the subject of larceny, or any part thereof, shall be deemed guilty of larceny.”
On the trial proof was made of facts which amounted, in law, to embezzlement. The court said:
“The indictment is for larceny simply, as at common law. The uniform construction of similar statutes, both in this country and in England, is that the indictment must set out the acts of embezzlement and then aver that so the defendant committed larceny [citing authorities]. The defendant’s fiduciary character is the distinguishing feature between embezzlement and larceny and must be specially averred. * * * But the section of the Criminal Code quoted relates to a class of cases which were not larceny at common law. It is said by eminent writers on criminal law that the statutes in relation to embezzlement were passed solely and exclusively to provide for cases which larceny at common law did not include; hence nothing that was. larceny at common law is larceny under the embezzlement statutes; and nothing that is larceny under the embezzlement statutes is larceny at common law.”
The convi.ction was accordingly reversed, because the statute making one guilty of embezzlement guilty of larceny created a new crime, and it was incumbent upon the grand jury to advise the accused of the specific crime of which he was charged.
In United States v. Mills, 7 Pet. 138, 8 T. Ed. 636, the defendant .Mills was indicted for aiding and abetting Straughan to rob the mail. The offense was defined by two sections of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1825 (4 Stat. at Targe, 102, c. 64), just as the offense in the indictment in the case now under consideration was defined as to Davey by two sections of the Criminal Code. The sections were:
“Sec. 21. If any person employed in any of the departments of the post office establishment, shall unlawfully * * * secrete, embezzle, or destroy, any letter, packet, bag, or mail of letters, with which he or she shall be intrusted, or which shall have come to his or her possession, * * * every such offender being thereof duly convicted, shall, for every such offense, be fined, * * * or imprisoned, * * * or both.”
“Sec. 24. Every person who, from and after the passage of this act, shall procure, and advise, or assist, in the doing or perpetration of any of the acts or crimes by this act forbidden, shall be subject to the same penalties and punishments as the persons are subject to,, who shall actually do or perpetrate any of the said acts or crimes, according to the provisions of this act.”
Section 24 did not provide in so many words that the aider and abettor was a principal, but it did provide that he should be subject to the same penalties and punishments as the person who should actually do any of the acts or crimes legislated against, which, legally speaking, is only another way of enacting the same thing.
Section 322 of the Criminal Code, in declaring that whoever aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces, or procures the commission of any act constituting an offense defined in any law of the United States is a principal merely defines the crime of aiding and abetting and provides in effect that one found guilty shall be punished as a principal would be punished.
The defendant in the Mills Case moved in arrest of judgment. The court, in the course of its opinion, said:
“Tbe offense charged in this indictment is a misdemeanor, where all are principals; and the doctrine applicable to principal and accessory in cases of*243 felony does not apply. The offense, however, charged against the defendant is secondary in its character; and there can be no doubt that it must sufficiently .appear upon the indictment that the offense alleged against the chief actor had in fact been committed.”
In United States v. Gooding, 12 Wheat. 460, 6 L. Ed. 693, the court said;
“The fifth instruction turns upon a doctrine applicable to principal and accessory in cases of felony, either at the common law or by statute. The present is a case of a misdemeanor, and the doctrine, therefore, cannot be applied to it, for in cases of misdemeanor all those who are concerned in aiding and abetting, as well as in perpetrating tiie act, are principals. Under such circumstances, there is no room for the question of actual or constructive presence or absence, for, whether present or absent, all are principals. They may be indicted and punished accordingly. Nor is the trial or conviction of an actor indispensable to furnish a right to try the person who aids or abets the act; each, in the eye of the law, is deemed guilty as a principal. In the present indictment the offense is in the third and fourth counts laid, by aiding and abetting, in the very terms of the act of Congress. If the crime, therefore, could be supposed to be of an accessorial nature, it is truly alleged, according to the fact, and not merely according to the intendment of law. We do not consider that the terms ‘aid’ and ‘abet,’ used in this statute, are used as technical phrases belonging to the common law, because the offense is not made a felony, and therefore the words require no such interpretation. The statute punishes them as substantive offenses and not as accessorial, and the words are therefore to be understood as in the common parlance and import assistance, co-operation, and encouragement.”
The indictment in the instant case was laid in the terms of the act of Congress defining the offense, with such additional averments as were necessary to appraise the plaintiff in error of the precise nature of the crime of which he was accused. The averments as to the acts done by Walker are direct and specific and sufficient to charge him with a crime. They are followed by language aptly charging that Davey unlawfully and knowingly, and with corrupt intent, aided and abetted, induced, and procured Walker unlawfully, knowingly, and corruptly to obstruct and impede the due administration of justice in a case pending in the District Court of the United States.
The crime of which plaintiff in error was found guilty was defined by section 322; the crime of which lie was found not guilty was defined by section 135. The mere fact that the punishment for one who aids and abets is the same as that of a principal or that one who aids and abets may be charged as a principal does not render the verdict inconsistent, because, in order to hold the accused under section 322, it was necessary for the grand jury to define what law was violated and the manner of that violation.
Counsel for plaintiff in error say that the accused has been found guilty and not guilty of the same offense. The error in their reasoning lies in the assumption that the crime of doing a thing directly and the crime of aiding and abetting in a violation of the law is the same offense.
An argument based upon inconsistency and repugnancy in verdicts is not favored by the law. In theory each count charges a distinct substantive offense, and the finding of the jury as to a particular count is independent of and unaffected by the finding upon any other count.
Many other points are made by counsel for the plaintiff in error which go rather to matters of form than to matters of substance. An indictment is well enough which states facts that constitute a crime in language which leaves no doubt in the mind of the defendant of what he is accused. It is true that a defendant should be informed clearly by the indictment of the exact and full charge made against him; yet the manner in which the information is given is unimportant. The function of an indictment is performed when it announces a substantial accusation of crime, states facts sufficient in law to support a conviction, and' furnishes the accused with such a description of the charge as will enable him to make his defense and avail himself of a conviction or acquittal for protection against further prosecution for the same offense. Hume v. United States, 118 Fed. 689, 55 C. C. A. 407.
Moreover, section 1025 of the Revised Statutes (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 720) provides:
“No indictment found and presented by a grand jury in any District or Circuit or other court of the United States shall be deemed insufficient, nor shall the trial, judgment, or other proceedings thereon be affected by reason of any defect or imperfection in matter of form only, which shall not tend to the prejudice of the defendant.”
In this case there is no question but that the trial Jury were of the opinion that', on the charge of directly interfering with the witness, plaintiff in error was not guilty; but that on the charge of indirectly interfering with the witness, or assisting in such interference, he was guilty. So long as Davey was advised clearly of the crime with which he was accused, and so long as there can be no doubt as to what was in the minds of the jury when they rendered their verdict, no fundamental principle being involved, the judgment of the trial court should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.