80 F.2d 893 | 3rd Cir. | 1935
This case involves the claimed right of the government to exact a documentary tax
The facts of the case are these: The taxpayer is a chartered bank of Pennsylvania which is authorized to, and does, conduct two distinct departments—one, banking; the other, the administration of trust. The funds of each are kept separate. In the course of its business, the banking department takes mortgages, which pay 6 per cent, interest, from individuals, upon their real estate and holds the same for temporary investment. In conducting its business, the trust department comes in contact with persons who desire to invest in individual mortgages. Thereupon, the trust department takes the money of the customer, say, for example, $500, and with such money buys from the banking department a $500 individual mortgage. Instead of delivering the mortgage to the customer, the trust department gives- the customer a certificate of mortgage ownership of the entire amount of the mortgage and an agreement that when and if the 6 per cent, interest is paid by the individual mortgagor, the trust company will pay 5% per cent, thereof to the customer. By this arrangement, the customer becomes the owner of the $500 mortgage principal and, when paid, gets 5% per cent, interest on said principal and the trust company retains one-half of 1 per cent, interest for its services. The transaction is evidenced by the writing following:
“Certificate of Participation
“No. 6000
“December 1, 1930
“This is to certify, that the following described mortgage:
“Mortgagor John Doe
“For $5,000.00
“Dated August 1, 1930 Payable August 1, 1931 •
“Interest Payable February 1 and' August 1
“Recorded (Recording data here inserted)
“Property (Description of property here inserted)
“Although standing in the name of Dauphin Deposit Trust Company, Harrisburg, Pa., is not entirely the property of the Company, but that Five Hundred ...... Dollars of the mortgage is held by the Company, in trust for Richard Roe and that as the interest is paid to us, we will remit 5%% on this amount from December 1, 1930.
“Dauphin Deposit Trust Company does not agree to repurchase this Certificate except upon payment of the principal of the mortgage.
“Dauphin Deposit Trust Company
“By (Signature)
“Trust Officer
“$500.00 (Signature)
“Vice President
“Asst. Treasurer.”
It will be noted that the transaction is what may be called an individual, personal transaction, in that the customer selects the particular mortgage he wishes to buy and sometimes visits and inspects the property before he buys the mortgage. He pools his purchase with no one. In this regard the proof is:
“Q. Now, these mortgages which you took from your customers in loaning money, were they the usual straight Pennsylvania mortgages which accompanied a bond? A. Yes, they were. A single bond.
“Q. Just the usual single bond for the amount of the loan accompanied by the Pennsylvania standard form of mortgage securing that loan? A. Yes.
“Q. Were these certificates of participation issued against particular mortgages or were they issued against the so-called pool of mortgages? A. They were issued against particular mortgages in every cast.
“Q. During the period from 1927 to and including 1931 in particular, being the tax period involved, did your company have any mortgage pool? A. We have never had any mortgage pool.
“Q. Just describe how these certificates of participation were handled after you had given a loan and taken the bond and mortgage? A. You mean as to the internal handling ?
“Q. As to the customer’s purchase and how to handle it. A. We frequently have customers who wish to invest in mortgages and rather than take the mortgage direct, which would involve the looking after the details, collecting the interest and that sort of thing, they would ask us to invest the money for them in mortgages, and the method of doing that is to sell them a portion of a mortgage which we had previously taken from a borrower. Then we would issue our certificate of participation as evidence of that sale of part of a mortgage.
*895 “Q. Were these mortgages which you had taken from the borrowers usually from individuals or usually from corporations? A. A few were from corporations hut the great majority were from individual borrowers.
“Q. Now, when a purchaser came in to invest in mortgages, would you tell them the premises and the amount, and would they make any investigation of the premises? A. We always told them the prop'erty the mortgage was on and in some cases the customers would actually go out and inspect the premises before purchasing the participation, but in other cases they would rely on the judgment of the trust company and not make a personal inspection.”
It is clear that the business was a local practice of the trust company and its customers.
The further proof is that the certificates were not assignable, were never listed, and were never known as or called, corporate securities. In that regard the proof is:
“Q. Now, Mr. Keister, I note that these certificates are not expressly made assignable. That is true, is it not? A. Yes.
“Q. Now, Mr. Keister, were these mortgage participation certificates ever listed, to your knowledge, in any exchange or place for the sale or transfer of them in Harrisburg? A. No.
“Q. During your connection with Dauphin Deposit Trust Company you have bought a great many so-called corporate securities for the bank, as well as for the bank’s customers? A. Yes.
“Q. Have you ever heard of these mortgage participation certificates being generally referred to as corporate securities? A. No.
“Q. To your knowledge, are they generally known as corporate securities? A. I think not. I never heard them referred to in that way at all. As a matter of fact, the holders usually consider, if not always, that they are the owners of a mortgage and of course that is what they really are.
“Q. Were some of these certificates of participation issued against the entire mortgage. In other words, was the. certificate for 100 per cent, of the mortgage? A. Yes, frequently.
“Q. Mr. Keister, I notice that these certificates of participation are uumbered. Were they always numbered? A. When the trust company first started to issue these certificates, they were issued in substantially the same form as now but were simply typewritten on a letterhead without any number. As the volume increased, both for our own convenience and at the request of the Pennsylvania Banking Department, the certificates were numbered for the purpose of obtaining a better control of the total number and amount of such certificates outstanding.”
As to the restricted, nonassignable character of the transaction, the further proof is:
“Q. When these certificates reach maturity, do you make payment of the interest and the principal on the due date? A. Interest is paid only when actually collected and the principal is paid only when actually collected.
“Q. During the period in question, did you have any certificates returned to you at maturity assigned to another person or persons other than those to whom the certificate was originally issued? A. That is difficult to answer positively. There never were general assignments made from one holder to another, but in a few instances a holder would come into the trust company and ask us to transfer his certificate to another holder. Such transfers were almost always in the distribution of an estate which was the former holder.
“Q. In those cases where a transfer was made, would you make a note of the transfer on your records in the trust department? A. The old certificate would be cancelled and a new certificate issued to the new holder and a new account opened on our books as trustee for the new holder. * * *
“Q. Now, then, if a holder of a participation certificate would come to your bank and ask that it be assigned to a third person, would your bank consent to that assignment? A. We never have consented to the assignment of a particular certificate. However, we will accept the outstanding certificate for cancellation and issue a new certificate to the new holder.
“Q. Did you ever issue any of the participation certificates against a group of mortgages? A. No.”
From the above proofs—and the government offered no proof to the contrary—it is clear that the transaction was an assignment, without recourse, of a mortgage and its accompanying bond, of the principal and a part of the interest, when and if paid, and falls within Treasury Reg
Dealing with three corporate parties, each taking part in this certificate, we have a different situation in the facts, proofs, and relations of the present case. In it we have an individual giving a bond and mortgage, an individual buying that mortgage, and the issuance of a certificate evidencing the purchasing and ownership of the individual buying the same. The certificate has not the “interest coupons,” nor is it “in registered form” as specified by the statute. It was not, and could not from its nature be, sold in security exchanges and, being of this local, individual character, it never did or never could be known as a corporate security. The taxpayer’s proof of this latter fact is positive, and in the absence of any contradicting proof by the government, we are constrained to hold that the certificate which evidenced the purchase by an individual buyer of an individual debt was neither in name, fact, nor the mind of Congress subjected to tax when it used the statutory'requirement of having “interest coupons,” “in registered form,” or being “known generally as corporate securities.” It being shown that these mortgage purchases were in general use, that in the absence of such general use there was no opportunity for them to have been given any particular name, it follows that as a fact they could not in the nature of things and were not “generally known as corporate securities,” and the uncontradicted proof that these certificates of mortgage ownership never did acquire, and never could have, such a meaning either now or when this statute was enacted — -and in these days of universal and increasing taxation courts should not lose sight of the hitherto settled policy of the law to adjudge ambiguity or uncertainty in the taxing statute as relieving the taxpayer — the judgment below is reversed and the record remanded with directions to enter a judgment n. o. v. (see Baltimore & Carolina Line, Inc. v.