After Rhonda Wendling and Darla Bou-relle were injured in the course of their employment at Sears Logistical Systems (SLS) in Manteno, Illinois, they both filed product liability and tort actions in the Illinois state court system. In their complaints, the two women alleged that the Crown Turret Stockpicker (TSP) 1 that they were operating, and which was manufactured and placed in the stream of commerce by Crown Equipment Corporation, was improperly designed. They also alleged that Crown was negligent in its maintenance of the TSP, as well as the operational warnings it provided for the forklift. Based on the diversity of the parties, Crown removed the two cases to the United States Federal Court for the Central District of Illinois. After the trial judge ruled that the plaintiffs’ expert witness, Daniel Pacheco, was “unreliable” within the meaning of Fed.R.Evid. 702, 2 he *534 granted summary judgment to Crown on the plaintiffs’ prоduct liability claim. 3 We affirm. 4
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Accidents
Because this case turns on the reliability of the plaintiffs’ expert witness and not on the nature nor the cause of their injuries, we need not undertake a long discussion dealing with the facts of the plaintiffs’ respective accidents. Suffice it to say, Wendling was transporting empty pallets which were stacked on the forks of the TSP directly in front of the operator’s compartment. As the TSP was traveling along the wirе system down a narrow warehouse aisle, a pallet became dislodged, hit the side of the aisle, entered the operator’s compartment, and violently struck Wendling in her abdomen. Bourelle was injured while operating the same TSP that was involved in Wendling’s accident; she was also transporting empty pallets down a narrow warehouse aisle when a pallet entered the operator’s compartment аnd struck her left knee, necessitating surgery.
B. The Expert
The plaintiffs’ proposed expert, Daniel Pacheco, is a mechanical engineer with experience investigating lift truck accidents. He received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Massachusetts in 1964, and his M.S. degree in management from the Graduate School of Management in Lake Forest, Illinois, in 1974. Additionally, Pacheco has been a registered Professional Engineer in Illinois since 1970, and was employed for seventeen years as an engineer for Fiat-Allis Construction Machinery Inc. of Deer-field, Illinois, and Pettibone Corporation of Chicago, Illinois, working on the product design and the development of heavy vehicles and forklift trucks. In 1982, Pacheco became a senior engineering consultant for Polytechnic, Inc. of Lincolnwood, Illinois. In 1989, Pacheco bеcame president of Polytechnic, Inc., and now specializes in the safety analysis of construction and industrial equipment. 5
Wishing to use Pacheco’s expertise in their suit, Wendling and Bourelle retained Pacheco, in November 1998, as an expert witness to perform an engineering investigation, and prepare a report, concerning their two accidents. 6 The trial judge described Pacheco’s investigation as consisting of:
reading the depositions of the plaintiffs and ten other people who had knowledge relevant to the occurrences that are the subject of the suit. Mr. Pacheco also reviewed Crown Equipment Corporation manufacturing and service documents for the TSP, Crown sales brochures, a *535 training manual and engineering drawings for the TSP.
On the basis of this investigation, Pacheco opined that the TSP was defective both because it was designed with inаdequate guarding and because it lacked an adequate warning regarding the risk of pallets becoming dislodged and entering the operator’s compartment. 7
Specifically, Pacheco stated that the wire mesh guarding, covering the area between the lower bar and the bottom of the operator’s compartment, could be' (and should have been) extended up to the mid-bar, and that such guarding would have prevented Bourelle’s injury. Pacheco also opined that the “same type of structure as utilized in the overhead guard could be placed in front of the operator’s compartment on top of the midrail,” and that such guarding would have prevented Wendling’s injury. In short, Pacheco would, as Wen-dling and Bourelle explain in their brief, “extend the already existing guarding.”
The district court found that although Pacheco was qualifiеd to testify as an expert witness, his testimony was unreliable under Fed.R.Evid. 702 because
[h]is opinion as to guarding has not been tested nor has any attempt been made to prove its feasibility. He did not prepare engineering drawings of his proposed design and undertook no study of strength of materials necessary to create the guards he proposes. His knowledge and experience with TSP’s is limited to his examination of photographs and manufacturer’s literature. He has never seen one in operation in the narrow warehouse aisles for which the TSP was designed. The court can only conclude that Mr. Pacheco’s opinions about an unreasonably dangerous condition in the TSP fall into the category of subjective belief or unsupported speculation.
The same can be said concerning his opinion about the absenсe of a warning about colliding with obstructions in the aisle and injury from intrusion.... He has not designed a warning for the TSP operator that would seek to ameliorate the unsafe condition he believes exists. It’s just his opinion that common sense would say that a warning would be appropriate.
The district court, after concluding that Pacheco’s opinions were not supported by sufficient scientific evidence (that is, Pacheсo’s lack of familiarity with both the product in question and the setting in which it was used), granted summary judgment in favor of Crown on the product liability count.
II. ISSUES
On appeal, Wendling and Bourelle contend that the trial judge abused his discretion in excluding Pacheco’s expert testimony regarding the allegedly defective design and labeling of Crown’s TSP.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
As the Supreme Court has stated repeatedly, we review the district judge’s decision whether to admit or exclude expert testimony for an abuse of discretion. See Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael,526 U.S. 137 ,119 S.Ct. 1167 , 1176,143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999); see also General Electric Co. v. Joiner,522 U.S. 136 ,118 S.Ct. 512 , 515,139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997). We are obligated to take cognizance of the fact that deference to the trial court’s decision is the “hallmark” of abuse of discretion review.
Clark v. Takata Corp.,
B. The Reliability of Expert Testimony
In the recent and well-recognized
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.,
Furthermore, as the Supreme Court elaborated:
The objective of [Daubert’s gatekeeping] requirement is to ensure the reliability and relevancy of expert testimony. It is to make certain that an expert, whether basing testimony upоn professional studies or personal experience, employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field.
Kumho,
In this case, the plaintiffs’ expert surmised and claimed that an alternative design should have been implemented fоr the TSP, and if it had, neither of the plaintiffs would have been injured. However, when questioned by Crown’s counsel, Pacheco admitted that he had not done any scientific testing to support his alternative design theory. In his deposition, Pacheco stated:
Q. Have you done any type of engineering testing to verify if your alternative design that you just described for us would eliminate the hazards that you claim exist?
A. I haven’t done any testing, no....
Q. Have you attempted to replicate the application of the TSP with this alternative design that you advocate? Have you done any studies to show that you could perform these applications with a barrier guard in front as you just described?
A. I haven’t done any studies. 9
*537
Also in his deposition, Pacheco admitted that he has not prepared “detailed design or calculations,” performed “an economic feasibility study,” prepared “preliminary design drawings,” or рerformed “any risk utility type testing.” The district judge stated that without such work or testing, “[t]he court can only conclude that Mr. Pacheco’s opinions about an unreasonably dangerous condition in the TSP fall into the category of subjective belief or unsupported speculation.”
10
Cf. Clark,
On appeal, Wendling and Bou-relle contend that the district judge “failed to be flexible” in determining the reliability of Pacheco’s opinion. They argue that “[although Pacheco may not have satisfied the specific factors delineated in Daubert, he did meet enough reliability factors to render his opinion admissible.” That is, although Wendling and Bourelle concede that Pacheco has failed to perform any studies or testing of his propоsed design and further acknowledge that their proposed expert never observed the TSP forklift in question (much less saw a loaded TSP operate in the narrow aisles of a warehouse), they contend that “[t]he necessity for testing is diminished” because “Pacheco is relying on the testing already performed by Crown.” 11
However, the appellants ignore the fact that Pacheco never: 1) saw or inspected the vehicle itself (only pictures and videotape); 2) never observed the vehicle loaded and operating within the narrow confines of the warehouse; 3) prepared any drawings in relation to his alternative design theory; 4) conducted any computer analysis; 5) submitted his alternative design theories to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), despite the fact that he was aware of the organization; nor 6) had any reсognized scientific approval of his alternative design theories. Furthermore, as the appellants admit, Pacheco did not satisfy the specific factors delineated in
Daubert.
And, although courts should be flexible in their application of
Daubert,
there is no requirement that judges apply only those criteria that the plaintiffs believe are important.
See Ancho,
*538
In this case, the trial judge focused on the lack of testing performed by thе plaintiffs’ expert and concluded that without such testing, Pacheco’s opinions were nothing more than speculation and were thus unreliable. Recognizing that “[t]he trial judge must have considerable leeway in deciding in a particular case how to go about determining whether particular expert testimony is reliable,”
Kumho Tire Co.,
C. Pacheco’s Expert Opinion Regarding a Warning for the TSP
As stated above, Pacheco also opined that the warning labels on the TSP were inadequate because they failed to provide an adequate warning regarding the risk of pallets becoming dislodged and entering the operator’s compartment. 13 Specifically, in his December 1, 1998 report, Pacheco stated that this warning was inadequate and that “Crown failed to adequately warn of the hazards and warn of necessary operational steps to be taken which would enable users to avoid the hazard.”
The same reliability requirements that apply to alternative design apply to alternative warnings.
See Cummins,
A. I think there needs to be a specific warning to the operator about this particular hazard.
Q. The hazard of pallets possibly entering the compartment?
A. Yes.
Q. And what kind of warning would you provide to so satisfy your belief one оught to be provided?
A. You mean the language of a warning?
Q. Yes, yes.
A. I haven’t created the language for a warning, so I would have to do that.
Q. So you haven’t done that task?
A. That’s right.
*539 A. You’re not going to get the answer because I told you I have not drafted a warning. But that is the subject of the warning, is [sic] the hazard.
Q. You can’t, as you’re sitting here today, give me the gist of the warning, the language that you would employ?
A. Correct.
Thus, like his proposed design, Pacheco’s failure to even draft a proposed alternative warning for the TSP’s operation manual renders his opinion regarding the alleged inadequacy of Crown’s existing warning concerning the risk of pallets entering the TSP operator’s compartment to be unreliable.
See, e.g., Jaurequi v. Carter Mfg. Co., Inc.,
The district judge’s decision to prevent [Pacheco] from testifying, far from being an abuse of discretion, see General Electric Co. v. Joiner,522 U.S. 136 ,118 S.Ct. 512 ,139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997), was absolutely correct. Many times we have emphasized that experts’ work is admissible only to the extent it is reasoned, uses the methods of the discipline, and is founded on data. Talking off the cuff — deploying neither data nor analysis — is not acсeptable methodology. See, e.g., McMahon v. Bunn-O-Matic Corp.,150 F.3d 651 , 657-58 (7th Cir.1998); Mid-State Fertilizer Co. v. Exchange National Bank,877 F.2d 1333 , 1339 (7th Cir.1989).
Lang v. Kohl’s Food Stores, Inc.,
Affirmed.
Notes
. According to the district court,
[a] TSP is a forklift truck designed to move full pallets in and out of warehouse racks and also for order picking partial loads. The turret on the TSP allows the operator to work either side of a narrow warehouse aisle without turning the truck around. The TSPs in this case were operated in the warehouse aisle on an electronic wire guidance system. The operator controls the speed and direction of the TSP’s movement but not the steering. That is controlled by the wire. The TSP is a "man-up” forklift, i.e, the operator’s cab elevates so that she is in close proximity to the work being performed.
. Fed.R.Evid. 702 states: "If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, *534 skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”
. Rather than proceed with their negligence claim in the district court, Wendling and Bou-relle voluntarily dismissed the negligence count without prejudice, and filed a notice of appeal'from the district court's order granting summary judgment for Crown on the product liability count. In an order dated November 24, 1999, this court expressed concern that the parties' stipulation to dismiss the negligence count without prejudice "manufactured a final judgment” and did not make the district court's summary judgment order final and appealable within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Subsequently, the parties stipulated to dismiss the negligence count with prejudice, and this appeal was allowed to proceed.
. We note that this court recently decided another case involving Crown and Pacheco,
see Weir v. Crown Equipment Corp.,
. In 1993, Pacheco co-authored a paper, Risk Analysis of Forklift Drivers.
. At oral argument counsel for Wendling and Bourelle explained that a previously retained expert became ill, and that Pacheco was a last minute substitute.
. Pacheco stated his opinion on three separate occasions: 1) in an engineering investigation report dated December 1, 1998; 2) in his deposition taken January 7, 1999; and 3) in an affidavit dated September 24, 1999.
.
Daubert
set forth the familiar nonexhaustive list of four fаctors that are helpful in gauging the reliability of expert testimony: 1) whether the theory is scientific knowledge that will assist the trier of fact and can be tested; 2) whether the theory has been subjected to peer review or publication; 3) the known or potential rate of error and the existence of standards controlling the technique's operation; and 4) the extent to which the methodology or technique emplоyed by the expert is generally accepted in the scientific community.
See Daubert,
[b]ecause the Daubert Court "emphasized that it did ‘not presume to set out a defini-live checklist or test,’ and that the district judge’s inquiry should be ’flexible,’ " United States v. Vitek Supply Corp.,144 F.3d 476 , 485 (7th Cir.1998) (citation omitted), there is no requirement that the district judge consider each one of these "guideposts” when making an admissibility ruling under Fed.R.Evid. 702.
Ancho,
. In his December 1, 1998 report, Pacheco recognized that ”[i]n the stockpiling operation, the standing оperator has a need to access racks outside the periphery of the truck and place loads onto the pallets in front of the operator's compartment without inter *537 ference by fixed barrier guards between the compartment and the forks.” (Emphasis added).
. The judge did not impose testing as an absolute requirement. Pacheco’s opinion is not reliable on any of the other Daubert factors. In his deposition, Pаcheco admitted: that no lab or organization has tested his theories, that no other manufacturer incorporates his proposed design, and that he has not reviewed any industry studies regarding accident experience with the TSP.
. Wendling and Bourelle also contend that Pacheco’s experience “is an important factor in determining the reliability of his opinions regarding the necessity of guarding on the TSP ... [and] the District Court should have given it more weight.” But this argument is misconceived because it fails to take into account the fact that this court treats the reliability of an expert's opinion in a particular case separately from his or her overall qualifications.
See Clark,
. As we stated in
Clark,
[g]iven the state of the record, including the absence of any stated methodology, it is difficult for this Court to evaluate the scientific technique used by Dr. Lafferty in formulating his opinions. Thus, we sympathize with the trial judge’s inability "to determine [if the] methods are consistent with the generally accepted method for *538 gathering and evaluating evidence in the field of biomechanics and mechanical engineering as applied to occupant dynamics and rеstraint system efficacy in motor vehicle accidents.” Dr. Lafferty’s second opinion, that a properly functioning lap bell would have prevented Clark from moving upward four inches and striking the roof of the vehicle, lacked reliance on any "stated methodology” or the scientific method.
See also Ancho,
. The TSP operator’s manual, which both Wendling and Bourelle admitted reading while training to operate the TSP, states: "All clearances must be checked before traveling due to various load lengths, widths, and/or misalignment which will affect load clearance.”