52 N.C. 210 | N.C. | 1859
The defendant's testator was in sole possession, and it appeared that the lands, held in common, consisted of a tract of about 500 acres, 400 of which were valuable for tillage, the residue a swamp, with little or no timber, and of no value. Of the tillable land when defendant's testator went into possession, 250 acres were under fence and in cultivation; the residue was in the primitive forest, and well covered with timber. The defendant's testator, in his use of the lands, proceeded to cut down and clear up and reduce to cultivation the entire 150 acres which he found in forest, not leaving timber on the lands for repairing fences or for other necessary purposes, and declared his purpose (211) to be to wear it out, and then remove his slaves to the Southwest. He accordingly removed, after having cultivated the land every year until it was exhausted. By the defendant's use of the land, and especially by his destruction of all the timber suitable for fencing, etc., it was proved that a permanent and irreparable injury had been done to the land by depreciating the value of it, either for sale or for use.
The court was of opinion that injuries to the extent and of the kind proved, permanent and irreparable in their nature, constituted waste, and would sustain an action by one tenant in common against another.
Verdict for plaintiff. Judgment. Appeal by defendant. We do not concur in the opinion of his Honor, that the evidence establishes such an injury to the land and wrong on the part of the defendant as will enable a tenant in common to maintain an action on the case, in the nature of waste, against his cotenant.
There is a marked distinction in respect of what constitutes waste, in the relation of a remainderman, or reversioner after an estate for life or years, and the particular tenant, and the relation of tenants in common who have each an estate of inheritance in possession.
If a tenant in common receives more than his share of the profits by anexcessive use of the property, as by wearing out the land, or by animproper use of it, as by cutting down the timber and selling it, he cannot be treated as a tort feasor, but the remedy of the cotenant is by *165
an action of account, or a bill in equity for an account. Walling v.Burroughs,
A tenant in common of personal property cannot bring trover (212) against his cotenant unless the thing is destroyed, either actually or in effect, as by removing it to parts unknown. On the same principle, a tenant in common of land cannot bring an action for waste, against his cotenant, or an action on the case in the nature of waste, which is a substitute for the action of waste, unless there be destruction, so that an action of account, or a bill in equity for an account, would not be available, because nothing was received whereof an account could be taken; for instance, where a tenant in common willfully burns down the houses, or cuts down ornamental shade trees. Indeed, a question may be made whether a tenant in common can, even for destruction, maintain an action on the case in the nature of waste, for his right to bring an action of waste is given by a different statute than the one which gives the action to a remainderman or reversioner, and the remedy is not by the recovery of damages, but to compel partition, and in the allotment to have the place wasted assigned to the lot of the tenant who committed the waste; whereas the remedy given to a remainderman or reversioner is to recover the place wasted and also damages for the injury to his fee-simple estate. But we will not enter into this subject, because the point is not presented by the case under consideration, for there is no evidence of destruction or irreparable injury which could not be charged to the defendant in stating an account for what he had received over and above his share of the profits. It is true, the case sets out "It was proved that a permanent and irreparable injury had been done to the land," but this is explained by other parts of the case, and the amount of it is that the defendant had cleared all of the tract of land which was fit for cultivation, and had, by successive crops, worn it out, so as to leave no timber or fencing, and no soil on the land, whereby its value, either for sale or use, was much depreciated. Suppose all of this to be true, it is only an excessive or improper use of the land whereby the defendant is liable to be charged in account for the larger amount of profits which he has or ought to have received; but it does not amount to what the law understands to be destruction (213) or irreparable injury, which cannot be compensated for in money, for, at most, it would only subject the defendant to a charge for the full value of the land, as if he had not made this excessive use of it, or to an extra charge for profits which he ought to have received *166 by reason of such excessive use, supposing it to have been excessive; for, under certain circumstances, a "prudent proprietor" who owns a body of rich land will clear every foot of it and put it in cultivation, and depend on getting rail timber and firewood from the ridges if it be in the mountain country, or from the swamps if it be in the low country. And it would be considered bad management if an owner of river bottoms, in the western portion of our State, or of upland dry enough for cultivation in the eastern portion, should let it remain uncleared merely for the sake of the wood. At all events, clearing and cultivating it would not be considered destruction, or such an injury as could be deemed irreparable, and for which damages would not be ample compensation, provided he was able to pay.
PER CURIAM. Venire de novo.