23 Fla. 316 | Fla. | 1887
delivered the opinion of the court:
The plaintiff in error was indicted and convicted for selling spirituous liquors without having procured a license.
I. The first error assigned is the refusal of a continuance of the cause to a succeeding term. The aupli nation for the continuance was made on the 15th day of May at the spring term, 1886, of the Alachua Circuit Court, and denied the same day. The indictment was found on the 9th day of December of the preceding year at the fall term.
The affidavit of the prisoner, upon which the motion for the continuance was based, states that R. A. Coleman, A. Carn and TJ. Washington are material witnesses, that they have not been served with subpoena for the reason that the indictment was found at the last term of the court, and he has been and is utterly unable to pay the costs for having his witnesses served with subpoena, and he could not get an order for subpoenas until this term, but has at such term applied for and obtained the order and the subpoenas are now in the hands of the Sheriff ; that the witnesses are ab
The subpoena spoken of was issued on the day preceding the application for the continuance, and was returned as having been executed on the day of its issue, by serving a copy on each of the named witnesses.
In face of the statement of the affidavit that the prisoner is informed that the witnesses are temporarily absent from Alachua county and have not been served with subpoena, we have the return of the Sheriff that they had been served. This service appears to have been made the day before the affidavit was sworn to. The refusal of the continuance may have been for the reason that they had been served and were not absent, and we think the Sheriff’s return of the fact of such service is sufficient to support the ruling of the Judge as against an affidavit of the prisoner, which, as to the alleged absence is made simply upon information. What the source of the information was, we are not informed. There are, moreover, no .circumstances stated to justify us in holdiug that the witnesses had absented themselves after service was made on them, (as in Blige vs. State, 20 Fla., 742,) or if so that they could not be had at the pending term by attachment.
II. The testimony on the trial was in substance as follows : Frank Brown testified that he knew the prisoner, knew he sold whiskey, because he, witness, got some of it;
Sam Stephens testified that he bought a half-pint flask of whiskey from prisoner “ about April, 1885, and paid him a quarter for it,” at the place mentioned by Brown. ,
Another witness testified that he purchased whiskey of defendant about Christmas, 1881, and agaiu about April, 1885, out of the jug at the fish house.
The witness admitted having had “ words,” “ trouble or -difficulty,” with the prisoner about politics. One of them admitted having shot into the home of defendant’s mother and having run him, not as having anything to do with this ease, but because the prisoner thinks himself better than others of his race, and for this he was fined, and two weeks after he made affidavit that defendant was doing business without a license.
It was admitted that defendant had .no license for the years 1884 and 1885, and that the magistrate before whom the witness last spoken of made the affidavit would testify that such affidavit was made about April 1st,, and only a few days after such witness was fined ; and that such afik davit was the commencement and basis of this prosecution.
The offence is charged to have been committed on the first day of April, 1885, and divers other days and times
The prisoner’s counsel requested the judge to charge the jury : 1st, That they could not convict the prisoner for any sale of liquor prior to April 1st, 1885, but it must be proved to their satisfaction that the sale was made some time since the beginning of such day.
2d, That to convict they must find that he carried on the business between the times stated in the indictment, and evidence of selling at'anyothe1' times is not to be considered, that time is of the essence of the oifence under the indictment in this case.
3d, That to constitute a dealer ia liquors, under our statute, the evidence must show that the defendant was openly carrying on the business of a dealer in liquors generally, that he kept them exposed for sale, that a mere single sale in secret will not do.
’ The judge refused to give these instructions, and charged the jury that if it was proved that the defendant sold liquor in Alachua county, Florida, at any time within two years before the finding of the indictment, without license, they could convict the prisoner regardless of the time laid in the indictment.
The instruction given as well as the refusal to give the instructions asked was excepted to, and this action of the judge and his permitting, against objection, the introduction of testimony as to the sale of liquor prior to April 1st, 1885, were, with the assertion that the verdict is contrary to the evidence, urged as grounds for a new trial, and are with the denial of such motion assigned as error here.
It has been held in two cases (Jordan vs. State, 22 Fla., 528 ; and Freze vs. State, 23 Fla., and Yol. 2 of Southern Reporter, p. 1,) by this court that a single sale of spirituous
In view of the decision just mentioned it cannot be held that to sell spirituous liquors without a license, or in other words, of the statute to “ carry-on, conduct or manage the business of a dealer in spirituous liquors without a license,” is a “continuing offence,” or one which a series or repetition of acts is required to constitute. The rule followed in Brevaldo vs. State, 21 Fla., 789, is one which we find applied to only continuing offences and to perhaps all charges of illicit intercourse within a limited period. Com. vs. Briggs, 11 Metcalf, 573; 1 Bp. Cr. Pro., §402; Alsabrooks vs. State, 52 Ala., 24; Lawson & Swinney vs. State, 20 Ala., 65, 75 ; 8 Rich. Law Repts., 313. The offence now under consideration not being a continuing offence, it is-not one to be charged with a continuando, but simply as having been committed on a particular day; and there being an allegation of a particular day—April 1st, 1885, the-balance of the averment as to time may be treated as surplusage, as in People vs. Adams, 17 Wend., 475 ; 1 Bp. Cr. Pro., 388 ; State vs. Munger, 15 Vt., 290. We do not feel justified in carrying the doctrine followed in the Brevaldo ease, which is an exception to the general rule, further than adjudicated cases have done, and hence we conclude that there was no error in the refusal of the Circuit Judge to give the other instructions asked for in behalf of the prisoner. There was no objection to any -testimony, except that as to the sale in December, 1884, and if for any reason there was error in admitting that, there is still ample evidence besides to sus
There was, we think, no error in the charge given by the Judge nor in his refusal to grant a new trial.
III. There was also a motion in arrest of judgment. It is urged in support of such motion that'the indictment does not charge the defendant with having a place of business, nor that such place of business was in an election district in the county, uor the person to whom the sale was made, nor the time or any other identifying circumstances.
The indictment states the time as indicated in the first sub-division of this opinion, that in the county of Alachua, in the State of Florida, the defendant “did' sell then and there spirituous liquors, and was then and there a dealer in spirituous liquors,” not having procured a license therefor.
The following authorities, though there are some to the contrary, satisfy us that the indictment is sufficiently specific: People vs. Adams, 17 Wend., 475; State vs. Munger, 15 Vermont, 290 ; State vs. Spain, 29 Mo., 414; State vs. Ladd, 15 Mo., 432 ; State vs. Melton, 38 Mo., 369; State vs. Fanning, 38 Mo., 359 ; Riley vs. State, 43 Miss., 397; Cannedy vs. People, 17 Ill., 158; State vs. Bielby, 21 Wis., 204; State vs. Gunmer, 22 Wis., 441; State vs. Becker, 20 Iowa, 438 ; State vs. Schweiter, 27 Kansas, 499; Myers vs. People, 67 Ill., 503 ; State vs. Kuhn, 24 La. Ann., 474; State vs. Hickerson, 3 Heiskel, 375; State vs. Staley, 3 Lea, 565 ; State vs. Parnell, 16 Ark., 506 ; 19 Ark., 60 ; Hulstead vs. Commonwealth, 5 Leigh, 786, where it was held that the name or names of the person or persons to whom the liquor was sold need not be averred; and Commonwealth vs. Conant, 6th Gray, 482; Commonwealth vs. Ryan, 9th Gray, 137; State vs. Blaisdell, 33 N. H., 388; Plunkett vs. State, 69 Ind., 68 ; Buell vs. State, 72 Ind., 523, where
The above cases show that an indictment no more specific than the one before us is sufficient. The fact that there is no charge that tüe defendant had a place of business, nor that such place of business was in an election district, is not only immaterial, but would, we think, he an unnecessary and perhaps improper averment in an indictment like this under sections 11,12, of the General Revenue Act of 1883, chapter 3413. Though this statute requires a liquor dealer to pay the license tax for each place in the county at which he may carry on business, and chapter 3416 requires a petition from a majority of the registered voters of the election district in which it is proposed to do the business, and a permit based thereon from the County Commissioners to do business in such district, before a license under the former act can be obtained, yet these provisions do not change the rule of pleading where a party is charged with carrying on the business in the county without having obtained a license under the former or General Revenue Act. What should he the form of an indictment where a party had obtained a permit for one election district and a license, and did
The objections as to the insufficiency of the indictment to enable the defendant either to prepare his defence or to avail himself of the judgment thereon, are answered by the above authorities (Commonwealth vs. Conant, supra ; Riley vs. State, supra, and others), and the applicability of such authorities t© our system is emphasized by sections 10 to 13, pp. 110, 443, 444, of McC.’s Digest, which provides against the quashing of indictments and arrest of judgment on account of certain defects in indictments, and declare the remedy for the specific objections just mentioned.
The judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed;