44 F.3d 1515 | 11th Cir. | 1995
Danny Eugene ESSLINGER, Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
Leoneal DAVIS, Warden; Attorney General of the State of
Alabama, Respondents-Appellees.
No. 93-6572.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
Jan. 20, 1995.
John C. Robbins, Polson & Robbins, Birmingham, AL, for appellant.
Shirley Z. Osborne Brown and Yvonne A. Henderson, Asst. Attys. Gen., Montgomery, AL., for appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama.
Before TJOFLAT, Chief Judge, KRAVITCH, Circuit Judge, and CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge.*
TJOFLAT, Chief Judge:
Danny Eugene Esslinger, having been convicted on a plea of guilty to a charge of first degree rape, is serving a ninety-nine year sentence in the Alabama prison system. He seeks a writ of habeas corpus, under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254, vacating that conviction on the ground, among others, that his court-appointed attorney rendered ineffective assistance in violation of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments by failing adequately to investigate his case and advising him to plead guilty.1 Following an evidentiary hearing before a magistrate judge, the district court, adopting the magistrate judge's findings and recommendation, denied the writ.2 We conclude that Esslinger's defense attorney's performance constituted ineffective assistance of counsel as a matter of law, and, therefore, direct that the writ issue.
I.
A.
On September 8, 1988, Carolyn Marshall reported to the Gadsden, Alabama Police that Esslinger had raped her twelve-year-old daughter at some time during the first week of August 1988. At the time of the alleged rape, Esslinger was living temporarily in Marshall's residence.3 A week after Marshall went to the police, the alleged victim was examined at the Gadsden Pediatric Clinic. The examining physician found that the victim's vaginal opening was enlarged and that her hymen was no longer intact. These findings indicated that the victim had engaged in sexual intercourse. There was no evidence other than the victim's statement, however, that connected Esslinger to the alleged offense.
Esslinger moved out of the Marshall residence in late August, when he found a job in Gadsden.4 In September, he left Gadsden and went to Ohio.5 Meanwhile, on September 8, the day Carolyn Marshall went to the police, a warrant was issued for Esslinger's arrest--on a charge of first degree rape. The warrant was not executed, however, until January 16, 1989, after Esslinger returned to Gadsden to find work.
On February 7, Esslinger appeared in court. Esslinger was indigent and requested the appointment of counsel. The court appointed Stephen E. Harrison to represent him. Esslinger's bond was set at $25,000. Esslinger, however, was financially unable to post bond and he remained in custody.6
On March 14, 1989, Esslinger was indicted by an Etowah County, Alabama, grand jury for first degree rape, a class A felony. Esslinger was arraigned in the Circuit Court for Etowah County on March 31, and, with Harrison representing him, entered alternative pleas of not guilty and not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect. Trial was set for April 17, 1989.
The trial was postponed, however, so that Esslinger could undergo a court-ordered forensic evaluation at the Taylor Hardin Secure Medical Facility. On July 13, 1989, the evaluation having been completed,7 the court found Esslinger competent to stand trial and set his trial for August 21, 1989. On that date, Esslinger appeared before Circuit Judge William W. Cardwell, Jr., and, pursuant to a plea agreement with the district attorney's office, pled guilty to first degree rape. In exchange for the plea, the district attorney agreed to recommend that Esslinger be sentenced to no more than the minimum prison term prescribed for a class A felony. The minimum prison term for a defendant with no previous felony convictions was ten years, see Ala.Code Sec. 13A-5-6 (1975); with one previous felony conviction the minimum was fifteen years; with two previous felony convictions the minimum was ninety-nine years. See Ala.Code Sec. 13A-5-9(a)(3), (b)(3) (1975) ("Habitual felony offenders"). Esslinger had two prior felony convictions: More than eighteen years earlier, on October 30, 1970, Esslinger pled guilty in the Etowah County Circuit Court to two separate forgery offenses; the same day, the court sentenced him to concurrent two-year prison terms, suspended the execution of the sentences, and then placed him on probation for one year.
During the colloquy that ensued between Judge Cardwell and Harrison after Esslinger tendered his plea of guilty, the prosecutor, Howard Keith Pitts, informed the court that Esslinger's plea agreement called for a sentence no greater than the statutory minimum. Because the length of the minimum term of imprisonment would depend on the extent of Esslinger's prior felony record, the court asked Harrison whether Esslinger had a prior record. Harrison, who knew that Esslinger had been convicted of forgery in 1970, replied: "I'm not aware of one at this time, your honor." Given this response, the court then informed Esslinger that the minimum prison term he could receive would be ten years; the maximum term would be life.
Having informed Esslinger as to the prison sentence he could receive, the court proceeded to determine whether Esslinger was tendering his guilty plea knowingly and voluntarily. The court asked Esslinger whether he had committed the offense charged in the indictment; he responded: "The truth, no, but the time wise I will plead guilty to it." Following this response, the court asked Pitts what the State could prove. Pitts said that the victim would testify that Esslinger forced her to have sexual intercourse, and that the examining physician would testify that the victim exhibited physical characteristics consistent with the victim's testimony. The court, apparently assuming that Harrison had investigated the case, asked Harrison whether Pitts' rendition of the State's case was accurate. Harrison said that it was. At this point, the court accepted Esslinger's plea and accepted the parties' plea agreement; if sentenced to prison, Esslinger would receive the minimum sentence the law would allow.
At Pitts' request, the court ordered a presentence investigation and said that sentencing would take place in thirty days, on September 20. When Harrison stated that he would be asking the court to place Esslinger on probation, the court replied that, because Esslinger was being held in custody, it would hold the sentencing hearing as soon as the probation officer completed the presentence report.8
Sentencing took place, as scheduled. Because the uncontested presentence report revealed that Esslinger had been convicted of forgery twice in 1970, he faced a minimum prison sentence of ninety-nine years or life. (For this reason, apparently, Harrison did not seek probation.) Therefore, the court asked the district attorney, James Hedgspeth, who was standing in for Pitts, whether, for purposes of parole, ninety-nine year sentences and life sentences were treated differently; Hedgspeth said that they were not.
Harrison realized that Esslinger's guilty plea had gained him nothing; Esslinger was going to receive the same sentence he would receive had he been found guilty of first degree rape at trial. When the court asked counsel to comment on the sentence that should be imposed, Harrison said that, when Esslinger tendered his plea, he expected that Esslinger would receive some benefit for pleading guilty; he thought that Esslinger had only one prior felony conviction and therefore would be eligible for the minimum fifteen year prison term, if not probation.9
The court did not respond to Harrison's remark, and proceeded to sentence Esslinger to the minimum prison term the law prescribed: ninety-nine years.
B.
Esslinger did not appeal his conviction or sentence.10 On September 26, 1989, however, six days after he was sentenced, Esslinger filed a pro se motion in the trial court to withdraw his guilty plea and for the appointment of a new attorney;11 Esslinger stated that he pled guilty without understanding the full consequences of his plea, and that this was due in part to Harrison's incompetence. Judge Cardwell summarily denied the motion the same day. On November 29, 1989, again proceeding pro se, Esslinger moved the court for a new trial. In this motion, he elaborated on his claim that Harrison was incompetent, stating, among other things, that Harrison did not properly investigate the case, and that he plead guilty on the basis of the State's offer of a ten-year sentence. Judge Cardwell summarily denied this motion as well. Esslinger appealed neither of these two dispositions.
On January 10, 1990, Esslinger, appearing pro se, petitioned the trial court pursuant to Temporary Rule 20 of the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure to set aside his sentence and guilty plea and to grant him a trial.12 Esslinger's motion claimed (1) that his guilty plea was involuntary because (a) it had been induced by the State's promise that his sentence would not exceed ten years in prison, and (b) he did not understand the consequences of his plea; (2) that his confession, i.e., his plea of guilty to the rape charge, had been coerced; (3) that he was denied the right to appeal his conviction; and (4) that Harrison's performance in representing him had been ineffective because (a) Harrison made a sentence bargain that he should have known the court would not accept, (b) Harrison failed to investigate the case, and (c) Harrison failed to challenge the sufficiency of the State's evidence.13 The court denied Esslinger's Rule 20 petition on February 22, 1990, without holding an evidentiary hearing. In its dispositive order, the court stated that the record of the proceedings in Esslinger's case demonstrated that Esslinger entered his guilty plea voluntarily and with a full understanding of its consequences, and that Harrison's performance satisfied the Sixth Amendment.
A copy of the court's order was mailed to Esslinger on February 22, the day it was entered; according to the case docket entries in the clerk's office, however, the order was not "served" on Esslinger at his place of confinement until March 8, 1990. Under Ala.R.App.P. 4(b), Esslinger had forty-two days to appeal the Rule 20 disposition;14 on April 17, 1990, Esslinger's notice of appeal was filed with the clerk of the Circuit Court for Etowah County.15 On April 20, 1990, Judge Cardwell signed a second order denying Esslinger Rule 20 relief; the order stated: "[A]ll relief prayed for by Petitioner is hereby denied as time for appeal has expired."16 On May 2, 1990, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals entered a "Certificate of Dismissal" denying Esslinger's appeal as untimely.
C.
On August 20, 1990, Esslinger, still proceeding pro se, commenced the present habeas corpus proceedings in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. His petition replicated the Rule 20 petition he had presented earlier to the state trial court. The district court referred Esslinger's petition to a magistrate judge, who ordered the State to show cause why habeas relief should not be granted. See Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts.17
The State answered Esslinger's petition, in conformance with Rule 5 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts, on November 7, 1990.18 Representing that "Petitioner has exhausted his State remedies for purposes of federal habeas review and he has not procedurally defaulted on any of his claims," the State asked the district court to deny each of Esslinger's claims on the merits. On February 1, 1991, after examining the copies of the state court proceedings that accompanied the State's answer to Esslinger's petition and noting that Esslinger's appeal from the denial of his Rule 20 petition had been dismissed as untimely, the magistrate judge sua sponte ordered Esslinger to show cause for that "procedural default" and any resulting prejudice. In his order, the magistrate judge informed Esslinger that, without such a showing, the court was "precluded from considering the merits of [his petition]."
Esslinger responded with an affidavit. The affidavit was rambling and disorganized, and reflected Esslinger's lack of a formal education and his unfamiliarity with the law. Taken as a whole, however, the document described a scheme at the Bullock County Correctional Facility, where Esslinger was incarcerated, that effectively denied him access to the courts. According to Esslinger, the inmates in control of the prison law library prevented him from obtaining the materials he needed to prosecute an appeal from Judge Cardwell's order rejecting his Rule 20 petition because he was unable to pay what they demanded; further, the prison officials charged with overseeing the library operation knew of the scheme and sanctioned it. The State filed no response to Esslinger's affidavit, and the magistrate judge did not pursue the procedural default issue.
On August 7, 1991, the magistrate judge granted Esslinger's request for the appointment of counsel; on October 16, 1991, counsel filed an amended habeas petition that elaborated on the claims presented in Esslinger's initial petition.19 With respect to Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim, counsel cited several additional grounds for concluding that Harrison had denied Esslinger his right to effective assistance of counsel. On November 19, 1991, the State, responding to Esslinger's petition as amended, filed a supplemental answer that (1) adopted its answer to Esslinger's initial petition, including the representation that Esslinger had exhausted his state remedies and had procedurally defaulted none of his claims in state court, and (2) asserted that the new matters Esslinger raised were barred because he had not presented them to the state trial court in his Rule 20 petition.20
On November 5, 1992, the magistrate judge held an evidentiary hearing on Esslinger's petition, as amended. Esslinger, Harrison, Pitts, and Esslinger's expert witness, a criminal defense attorney, testified. Esslinger testified that he told Harrison from the outset that he was not guilty of the alleged offense. Harrison, however, gave him little hope for an acquittal; he told Esslinger that he did not know how to defend him, that he had won few jury trials, and that he had rarely won a "sex" case.
Shortly before the case was to go to trial, Harrison told Esslinger that the district attorney had offered a twelve-year prison sentence in exchange for a plea of guilty to first degree rape. Esslinger rejected the offer. The district attorney returned with an offer of a ten-year sentence; Esslinger rejected that offer as well. On the morning the trial was to begin, Harrison told Esslinger that ten years was "the best he could do." If Esslinger accepted the offer, he would "be out in two and a half to three and a half years." Convinced that, if the case went to trial, Harrison would "mak[e] no kind of defense on [Esslinger's] behalf," Esslinger decided to plead guilty "to keep from getting what [Esslinger] believed would be a greater sentence."21
Harrison recalled the events somewhat differently. He testified that, although he waived a preliminary hearing and the opportunity it would have afforded him to discover the prosecution's case, he investigated the case as extensively as he thought necessary--he interviewed Marshall, the victim's mother, twice (but did not interview the victim), spoke with the deputy district attorney, Pitts (but, according to Pitts, did not take advantage of the district attorney's open-file policy), and interviewed Esslinger. In all, the out-of-court time Harrison spent on the case amounted to 7.17 hours.
Harrison said that he advised Esslinger to plead guilty because Esslinger had a weak case; it would be the word of a convicted felon against the word of a child. When Esslinger asked him how much time he would have to serve, Harrison told him that, inasmuch as he had one prior felony conviction,22 he would probably have to serve fifteen years. Harrison said that he cautioned Esslinger that, if he had more than one felony conviction, he would be sentenced to prison for life or ninety-nine years. When asked at the habeas hearing whether it was "essential that [he] know[ ] his client's prior record before entering the plea," Harrison responded: "Well, you certainly have got an advantage if you know [it] before entering the plea."
Harrison did not become aware of the extent of Esslinger's prior record until he read the probation officer's presentence report, which disclosed Esslinger's simultaneous convictions and sentences for forgery in 1970 and indicated that Esslinger's minimum sentence would be imprisonment for life or ninety-nine years. He was not asked at the habeas hearing, however, what advice, if any, he gave Esslinger when he realized what would be in store for Esslinger at the sentencing hearing. Nor was he asked about what, if anything, he said to Esslinger after it became apparent at the sentencing hearing that Esslinger was going to receive no benefit from pleading guilty.
Esslinger's failure to perfect a timely appeal from Judge Cardwell's order denying his Rule 20 petition and the effect, if any, that failure should have on Esslinger's application for federal habeas relief were not raised directly or indirectly either before or during the evidentiary hearing before the magistrate judge.23 Nor was it suggested at any time before or during the hearing that, while his habeas petition was pending and before the two-year period for filing a Rule 20 petition expired, Esslinger should have asked the district court for leave to return to state court to "exhaust" his claims in a second Rule 20 proceeding.24 Rather, Esslinger's failure to take these procedural steps was not mentioned until the magistrate judge, acting sua sponte, relied on them in his March 16, 1993 report and recommendation to the district court as an alternative basis for denying Esslinger habeas relief on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
In that report, the magistrate judge recommended that the district court reject Esslinger's first three claims, as stated in Esslinger's amended petition, on the merits.25 As for Esslinger's fourth claim, however, that Harrison had rendered ineffective assistance of counsel, the magistrate judge suggested alternative grounds for denying habeas relief. The first ground would deny Esslinger relief not on the merits but because of a "procedural default," namely, Esslinger's "failure to exhaust the claims in a [second Rule 20] post-conviction petition filed within two years of his conviction becoming final." The alternative ground would deny Esslinger's ineffective assistance claim on the merits.
The magistrate judge described Esslinger's procedural default of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim as follows. First, Esslinger failed timely to appeal to the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals Judge Cardwell's denial of his Rule 20 petition, and thus failed to "exhaust" his state court remedies. Second, having failed to exhaust his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Esslinger could have returned to state court and reasserted that claim in a new Rule 20 petition at any time prior to the expiration of the two-year limitations period on September 20, 1991.26 Esslinger did not take this step, however, and, when he let the September 20, 1991 filing deadline expire, he precluded the Alabama courts from ruling on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, thereby committing a procedural default.27 Because Esslinger had not shown cause for the default and resulting prejudice, the magistrate judge held that Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim was barred.
The magistrate judge concluded alternatively that the evidence Esslinger adduced at the hearing on his claims "failed to demonstrate that [Harrison's] performance was deficient" under the standards established by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). According to the magistrate judge, Harrison's investigation into Esslinger's criminal history was adequate, even though it failed to disclose Esslinger's prior felony convictions; therefore, Harrison's advice, based on that investigation, that Esslinger plead guilty to the first degree rape charge constituted an effective form of representation.
Esslinger's attorney filed several objections to the magistrate judge's report.28 In particular, he objected to the magistrate judge's sua sponte invocation--as an alternative bar to relief on Esslinger's ineffective assistance claim--of Esslinger's failure to return to state court with a second Rule 20 petition within the two-year limitation period prescribed by the Rule. Counsel also took issue with the magistrate judge's determination that Harrison's performance satisfied the Strickland standards.
On June 11, 1993, the district court issued an order overruling Esslinger's objections, adopting the magistrate judge's report and recommendation in full, and dismissing Esslinger's petition for federal habeas corpus relief.29 This appeal followed.
II.
Our disposition of this appeal eliminates the necessity of determining whether the district court, in adopting the magistrate judge's findings of fact and conclusions of law,30 erred in rejecting on the merits the first three claims of Esslinger's habeas petition as amended. Rather, we only address Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim. We consider that claim as it was stated in Esslinger's initial habeas petition to the district court, and earlier in his Rule 20 petition to Judge Cardwell.31
There are two questions with respect to this claim for relief. The first asks whether the magistrate judge abused his discretion in sua sponte barring Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim (as stated in his initial petition) on a procedural default ground despite the State's decision not to raise that ground. The second question assumes an affirmative response to the first and asks whether, contrary to the magistrate judge's determination, Harrison's performance denied Esslinger his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel.
A.
If this were a routine civil case, rather than a habeas corpus proceeding, we would not hesitate to condemn as a gross abuse of discretion, if not clear error, the trial court's sua sponte interposition of an affirmative defense that the defendant did not plead, and that the parties did not litigate by consent, after the case had been tried to the court and taken under submission. But this is a habeas corpus case, and in these cases circumstances may counsel that the district court raise sua sponte a procedural bar to relief that the state has "waived."32 One potential procedural bar to relief is the petitioner's failure to exhaust state remedies as required by 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254(b), (c);33 the district court may invoke the bar sua sponte where, notwithstanding the state's waiver, requiring the petitioner to return to state court to exhaust his claims serves an important federal interest.34 Another potential bar is the petitioner's failure to comply with a state procedural rule35--for example, a rule that specifies the time during a criminal prosecution, or collateral proceeding attacking a conviction, that a claim of error must be raised.36
The magistrate judge concluded that Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim was subject to a bar of this latter type--namely, Esslinger's failure to present that claim to the state courts in a second Rule 20 petition within the two-year limitations period prescribed by Rule 20.2(c). He made this conclusion despite the fact that the State had waived the bar (if, indeed, the bar was applicable under the circumstances) by asserting in its supplemental answer to Esslinger's amended petition that, with respect to the claims contained in his initial petition, Esslinger had exhausted his state remedies and had not committed any procedural defaults in doing so.37
We, therefore, return to the first question we pose above, although we rephrase it in more specific language: Whether the court's disregard of the State's waiver and its imposition of Esslinger's supposed Rule 20.2(c) "procedural default" as a bar to relief on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim served an important federal interest. We answer that question in the negative: A Rule 20.2(c) procedural default did not occur in this case; consequently, there could be no federal interest in refusing to entertain Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim, as stated in his initial petition, on the merits.
Esslinger did commit a procedural default, however, but it was not the Rule 20.2(c) default the court seized upon; rather, Esslinger's default was his failure to take a timely appeal from Judge Cardwell's February 22, 1990 order denying him Rule 20 relief. Assuming, without deciding, that the magistrate judge's report, and thus the district court's decision, can be read as interposing that default as a bar to habeas relief, we reach the same answer: The State waived the default; thus, invoking the bar would serve no important federal interest. We elaborate on these two answers below.
1.
Underlying the magistrate judge's conclusion that Esslinger could have returned to state court with a second Rule 20 petition--and thus "exhausted" his Sixth Amendment claim--is the erroneous assumption that Judge Cardwell would have entertained the petition on the merits. Had Esslinger filed a second petition, he would have been thrown out on his ear.38 Temporary Ala.R.Crim.P. 20.2(b) ("Successive Petitions") stated that:
The court shall not grant relief on a second or successive petition on the same or similar grounds on behalf of the same petitioner. A second or successive petition on different grounds shall be denied unless the petitioner shows both that good cause exists why the new ground or grounds were not known or could not have been ascertained through reasonable diligence when the first petition was heard, and that failure to entertain the petition will result in a miscarriage of justice.
Applying the first sentence of the Rule, Judge Cardwell would have dismissed the second petition--without addressing its merits--to the extent that it contained the same claims presented in the first petition. Applying both the first and second sentences of the Rule, Judge Cardwell would have dismissed the second petition--again, without passing on the merits--to the extent that it contained the additional grounds raised in the amendment to Esslinger's habeas petition, but not presented in Esslinger's first Rule 20 petition, because the additional grounds constituted "similar grounds" and they were either "known" to Esslinger, or he could have "ascertained [them] through reasonable diligence" at the time he filed his first petition.39
In sum, the magistrate judge's determination that Esslinger's failure to return to state court with a second Rule 20 petition deprived the Alabama courts of the opportunity to review his ineffective assistance claim was based on a rank misinterpretation of Alabama law. This misinterpretation resulted in a misapplication of Alabama law by the district court. What federal interest would be served by upholding a district court's misapplication of a state procedural bar to deny habeas relief? We can think of none. The district court's invocation of the Rule 20.2(c) procedural bar, therefore, constituted an abuse of discretion.402.
Esslinger did commit a procedural default in this case; he failed to perfect a timely appeal from Judge Cardwell's denial of Rule 20 relief. The magistrate judge correctly took note of this "untimely appeal" default after examining the State's answer to Esslinger's initial habeas petition. The record of the state proceedings appended to the answer indicated that Esslinger had appealed Judge Cardwell's Rule 20 ruling, but that the Court of Criminal Appeals had dismissed the appeal as untimely. Apparently recognizing that Rule 20's successive petition bar precluded Esslinger from filing another Rule 20 petition seeking the same relief, and that the untimely appeal therefore constituted a procedural default that could preclude federal habeas relief, the magistrate judge, on February 1, 1991, sua sponte ordered Esslinger to show cause for his failure to perfect a timely appeal. The magistrate judge did so notwithstanding the State's explicit assertion in its answer to Esslinger's petition that Esslinger had not procedurally defaulted any of his claims (and that they were exhausted).
As noted, Esslinger responded to the show-cause order with an affidavit stating that the inmates in control of the prison law library, with the knowledge and complicity of the prison officials in charge of the facility, had impaired his ability to prosecute a timely appeal from Judge Cardwell's order. The State stood silent in the face of Esslinger's allegations, and the magistrate judge did not pursue the matter until, two years later, he issued his report and recommendation to the district court. In his report, he cited Esslinger's failure to take a timely appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeals, but he labeled it a failure to exhaust--not a procedural default.41
Whether the district court used Esslinger's "untimely appeal" default, rather than his Rule 20.2(c) default, as the procedural basis for rejecting Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim, our conclusion is the same: The court's sua sponte invocation of the procedural default to bar relief, despite the State's waiver, served no important federal interest.
It is, of course, in the federal interest to vindicate, and thus enhance the enforcement of, procedural rules that a state has adopted to ensure the fair and efficient administration of justice. Alabama's rule denying appellate review to a criminal who takes an untimely appeal obviously serves such a purpose;42 timely appeals speed the correction of errors and hasten the finality of judgments.43 In a given case, however, the state is in the best position to know whether, in the interest of justice, its rule needs--indeed, deserves--federal court vindication.44 Accordingly, when, as here, the state waives a habeas petitioner's procedural default in failing to obtain appellate review of a claim, the district court should assume that the waiver is justified.
Here, the Attorney General may have concluded that Esslinger's appeal of Judge Cardwell's denial of Rule 20 relief was timely and, therefore, should not have been dismissed. According to the clerk's office docket sheet for Esslinger's Rule 20 proceedings, Esslinger received Judge Cardwell's order dismissing his petition on March 8, 1990. He filed his notice of appeal on April 17, 1990. If the forty-two day period for taking an appeal began the day Esslinger was served, his appeal was timely. It is also possible that the Attorney General concluded that the matter of when the appeal period began was an issue to be litigated. In either event, the Attorney General may have decided to avoid the issue by treating Esslinger as having done all that he could do to obtain appellate review of the Rule 20 disposition.
Another possibility is that the Attorney General waived Esslinger's default because he did not want to litigate the truth of the affidavit Esslinger filed in response to the magistrate judge's February 1, 1990 order requiring him to show cause for his failure to file his notice of appeal on time. Even if Esslinger failed to establish cause, litigating the issue might have been time consuming, and perhaps embarrassing to the State.
In addition to finding no federal interest served by the magistrate judge's sua sponte imposition of the procedural default to bar Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim, we also find his imposition of the bar disturbingly arbitrary. In his report to the district court, the magistrate judge did not explain why Esslinger's procedural default applied to bar relief on his Sixth Amendment claim but not on his other claims. All of the claims presented in Esslinger's initial habeas petition were subject to the same procedural default bar; yet, inexplicably, the court chose to apply the bar only to one claim. We are at a loss to discern a principled reason for sustaining such an arbitrary application of a bar.
Finally, we think it fundamentally unfair for a court sua sponte to invoke a procedural default without giving the petitioner an opportunity to show cause for the default. In this case, the magistrate judge, and the district court, effectively "sandbagged" the petitioner. After receiving Esslinger's affidavit in reply to his February 1, 1990 order requiring Esslinger to show cause why his claims should not be dismissed because of his failure to obtain appellate review of Judge Cardwell's Rule 20 ruling, the magistrate judge dropped the matter. In doing so, he lulled Esslinger and his attorney into believing that a procedural default would not be interposed as a bar to relief. Under the circumstances--and given the State's continuing waiver of the default--basic fairness required the magistrate judge to inform the petitioner prior to the evidentiary hearing of his intention to consider the default as a bar to relief.
In sum, the district court advanced no important federal interest in denying Esslinger Sixth Amendment relief on a procedural default ground;45 the court's ruling therefore constituted an abuse of discretion. We now turn to the merits of the claim.
B.
"The benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel's conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
A convicted defendant's claim that counsel's assistance was so defective as to require reversal of a conviction or death sentence has two components. First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.
Id. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. In the guilty plea context, to establish prejudice "the defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial." Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59, 106 S.Ct. 366, 370, 88 L.Ed.2d 203 (1985).
The transcript of the hearings at which Esslinger pled guilty and was sentenced, augmented by the transcript of the evidentiary hearing before the magistrate judge, demonstrates that Esslinger satisfied both prongs of the Strickland test as a matter of law. It is undisputed that, at the time of Esslinger's plea, Harrison did not know the full extent of Esslinger's criminal record; he thought that Esslinger had been convicted of forgery once, whereas Esslinger had been convicted twice.46 The magistrate judge, in his report and recommendation, blamed Esslinger for Harrison's lack of information.47 Harrison, however, did not rely on Esslinger for the truth about his prior criminal record. As Harrison testified at the evidentiary hearing before the magistrate judge, he customarily placed no significance on defendants' representations regarding their prior records because such representations were usually unreliable. In most cases, to ascertain a client's criminal record, Harrison checked with the district attorney's office and the court's probation office. In Esslinger's case he learned nothing from the district attorney's office; evidently Esslinger's forgery convictions, being nineteen years old, were not in the "NCIC" computer. Harrison knew, however, that Esslinger had at least one prior felony conviction. Nonetheless, he did not inquire of the probation office as was his custom; had he done so, he would have learned of Esslinger's two 1970 forgery convictions and could have negotiated a guilty plea to a reduced charge. According to Pitts, given the weaknesses in the State's case,48 he would have been willing to negotiate a plea to a reduced charge had he known that Esslinger had two prior felony convictions and, therefore, faced a mandatory ninety-nine year or life sentence. As Pitts explained, had Esslinger understood the full consequences of the "deal" Harrison had made--a plea of guilty to first degree rape in exchange for the minimum sentence the law would allow, a mandatory prison sentence of ninety-nine years or life--Esslinger would have known that he had "nothing to gain by pleading [guilty], nothing to lose by going to trial." According to Pitts, a plea to a lesser-included offense would have carried a maximum penalty "somewhere in the range of twenty-five, thirty years."
During the court-counsel colloquy that took place after Esslinger tendered his plea of guilty to first degree rape, Judge Cardwell, in explaining the possible sentence that Esslinger would face if the court accepted his plea, asked Harrison whether Esslinger had a prior felony record. Harrison replied that "I'm not aware of one at this time." We can only speculate as to what would have transpired had Harrison been candid with the court and revealed that Esslinger had told him that he had a felony record. For all we know, as a result of the ensuing dialogue, the plea bargain may have unravelled, and the hearing continued so that Harrison, and Pitts as well, could make the inquiries necessary to ascertain accurately Esslinger's criminal record.
Harrison's conduct in this case--specifically, in inducing his client to enter a blind guilty plea to a Class A felony which was subject to an enhanced penalty under Alabama's Habitual Offender Act--is simply unexcusable. We do not hold that an attorney who recommends a blind plea inherently fails to perform as required by the Sixth Amendment. We merely say that under the circumstances present in this case, in which there is "a reasonable probability that ... [Esslinger] would not have pleaded guilty [to first degree rape] and would have insisted on going to trial," Hill, 474 U.S. at 59, 106 S.Ct. at 370, counsel's recommendation that his client enter a blind guilty plea constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
In fine, Esslinger has satisfied both prongs of the Strickland test: Harrison provided him with representation clearly insufficient to protect his right to counsel under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments and, but for that representation, he would not have pled guilty to first degree rape.
III.
The judgment of the district court is therefore REVERSED. The case is REMANDED with the instruction that the writ issue.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
The opinion issued in this case on August 23, 1994 was withdrawn, 29 F.3d 594
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, in pertinent part: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the assistance of counsel for his defense." The Sixth Amendment right to counsel applies to the States. See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 342-44, 83 S.Ct. 792, 794-96, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963). For ease of discussion, we refer to Esslinger's ineffective assistance claim as a Sixth Amendment claim
As we relate infra part I.C., the district court denied relief on Esslinger's ineffective assistance of counsel claim on alternative grounds: (1) Esslinger procedurally defaulted the claim by failing to obtain appellate review thereof in the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals; and (2) his attorney's performance satisfied the Sixth Amendment
According to Esslinger's testimony at the evidentiary hearing before the magistrate judge, Marshall was the former spouse of Esslinger's uncle; the alleged victim was Esslinger's first cousin. Esslinger had separated from his wife and had moved in with Marshall and the victim at the beginning of August 1988. He was unemployed and planned to stay at the Marshall residence for at most two weeks. The victim apparently waited until Esslinger moved out of the residence before telling her mother about the alleged incident
The facts concerning Esslinger's whereabouts between the time of the alleged rape and his arrest in January 1989 come from the testimony Esslinger gave at the evidentiary hearing before the magistrate judge
The record does not indicate whether this was before or after Marshall reported the alleged rape to the police
Esslinger has remained in custody to this date
The report of the forensic evaluation concluded that Esslinger was competent to stand trial and suffered no mental defect or disease at the time of the alleged offense
Provided that Esslinger had no more than one prior felony conviction, the court had the statutory authority to place him on probation after imposing a prison sentence of not more than 15 years and then suspending the execution of that sentence. See Ala.Code Sec. 15-22-50 (1975 & Supp.1993). As we indicate in the text that follows, however, that disposition was out of the question; because Esslinger had two prior felony convictions, the minimum sentence he could receive was a prison term of ninety-nine years or life
This is contrary to what Harrison told the court at Esslinger's plea hearing. As already noted, at that hearing, Harrison told the court that, as far as he knew, Esslinger had no prior felony convictions
Esslinger had 42 days from the entry of judgment to appeal his conviction and sentence to the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals. See Ala.R.App.P. 4(b). In his subsequent collateral attacks on his conviction and sentence in the state trial court and in these habeas proceedings, Esslinger claimed that he wanted to appeal but that Harrison convinced him otherwise. According to Esslinger, Harrison told him that an appeal would be futile
This motion and the other motions, or petitions, Esslinger filed in the Alabama trial court were assigned to Judge Cardwell
Temporary Rule 20 (now essentially Ala.R.Crim.P. 32) provided in relevant part:
[A]ny person who has been convicted of a criminal offense may ... institute a proceeding in the court of original conviction to secure appropriate relief on the ground that:
(a) The Constitution of the United States or of the state of Alabama requires a new trial, a new sentence proceeding, or other relief.
We recite the claims Esslinger made in this and the other pro se pleadings he filed in state and federal court, all of which were unartfully drawn, by giving them a fair, objective reading
Judge Cardwell and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals treated the appeal period as running from February 22, the date the order denying Esslinger's petition was entered and docketed. If counted from this date, the 42-day period expired on April 5, 1990. If counted from the date the order was served on Esslinger, however, the period expired on April 19, 1990, and Esslinger's appeal was timely. (This discussion assumes, of course, that the time it took for Esslinger's notice of appeal to travel through the Alabama prison system to the clerk of the court--from April 3, when Esslinger dated and signed the notice, to April 17, when the clerk docketed it--was not a circumstance to be considered in determining the timeliness of Esslinger's appeal.)
As indicated supra note 14, Esslinger's notice of appeal was dated April 3, 1990. It evidently took 14 days for the notice to travel from Esslinger through the institution in which he was incarcerated to the clerk of the circuit court. The same period of time elapsed between the clerk's docket entry of Judge Cardwell's February 22 order and the service of that order on Esslinger on March 8, 1990
On the same day, Judge Cardwell made a hand-written entry, containing the same quoted language, on the clerk's office docket sheet for Esslinger's case
Rule 4 required the district court to order the State to answer Esslinger's petition unless "it plainly appear[ed] from the face of the petition and any exhibits annexed to it that [Esslinger was] not entitled to relief."
Among other things, Rule 5 required the State to indicate "whether [Esslinger had] exhausted his state remedies including any post-conviction remedies available to him under the statutes or procedural rules of the state...." Rule 5 implements the exhaustion requirement of 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254 which states:
(b) An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted unless it appears that the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State....
(c) An applicant shall not be deemed to have exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State ... if he has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented.
28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254(b), (c).
Counsel filed the amended petition just prior to the commencement of the evidentiary hearing the magistrate judge had scheduled for Esslinger's claims. The magistrate judge granted counsel leave to file the pleading, and then continued the evidentiary hearing to a date to be announced
In making this assertion, the State implied that, having failed to include the new grounds supporting his claims in his Rule 20 petition, Esslinger precluded the state courts from entertaining and deciding them on the merits. See Temporary Ala.R.Crim.P. 20.2(b) ("Successive Petitions") (now essentially Ala.R.Crim.P. 32.2(b))
According to Esslinger, during his conversation with Harrison that morning, Harrison indicated that he had filed no pretrial motions, had challenged "nothing," and "didn't know how to defend me."
Harrison knew that Esslinger had at least one felony conviction--Esslinger had told him that he had been convicted of forgery several years before. Harrison's independent investigation into Esslinger's criminal record consisted of a verbal inquiry to the district attorney's office; the inquiry, however, produced nothing. Esslinger's convictions were so old that they were not in the district attorney's computer records
As previously noted, after the State answered Esslinger's initial habeas petition, the magistrate judge observed that Esslinger's appeal from the denial of his Rule 20 petition had been dismissed as untimely, and, on February 1, 1991, he ordered Esslinger to show cause why his claims, all of which had been raised for the first time in his Rule 20 petition, should not be dismissed because of his "procedural default." Esslinger responded to the order with his affidavit to show cause; thereafter, neither the magistrate judge nor the State pursued the matter. The issue laid dormant until the magistrate judge issued his report and recommendation to the district court
Under Temporary Ala.R.Crim.P. 20.2(c) ("Statute of Limitations") (now essentially Ala.R.Crim.P. 32.2(c)), a convicted defendant had "two years after the time for filing an appeal [from his conviction] lapses" to petition the court in which he was convicted for relief. In Esslinger's case, the time for appeal lapsed on November 1, 1989; he had two years from that date to seek Rule 20 relief
These claims, as stated in Esslinger's Rule 20 petition in state court and in his initial habeas petition, are (1) that Esslinger's guilty plea was involuntary, (2) that his confession, i.e., his guilty plea, had been coerced, and (3) that he had been denied the right to appeal his conviction and sentence. As already noted, Esslinger's amended petition expanded on these claims with several additional grounds that had not been included in Esslinger's Rule 20 petition. The magistrate judge did not hold these additional grounds procedurally barred; rather, he ruled on the merits of these three claims as stated in Esslinger's initial and amended habeas petitions
As discussed in note 23 supra, Temporary Ala.R.Crim.P. 20.2(c) required a post-conviction petition for collateral relief to be filed "within two years after the time for filing an appeal lapses." The magistrate judge mistakenly found the two-year period in Esslinger's case to have begun on the date Esslinger was convicted and sentenced, September 20, 1989, rather than the date the time for appealing his conviction expired, November 1, 1989. The mistake, however, is not material to the disposition of this appeal
In concluding that this procedural default barred Esslinger's ineffective assistance claim for habeas relief, the magistrate judge ignored, and thus gave no effect to, the State's explicit concession--made in both its initial answer, filed November 14, 1990, and its supplemental answer, filed November 19, 1991--that Esslinger had not procedurally defaulted any of the claims presented to Judge Cardwell in his Rule 20 petition
Esslinger, appearing pro se, also filed objections to the magistrate judge's report. In the main, his objections merely duplicated his attorney's objections
The June 11, 1993 order stated that, in reaching its decision to dismiss Esslinger's petition, the district court considered de novo "all the materials in the court file, including the report and recommendation and the objections thereto." The order did not cite Esslinger's objections, however, or explain why they lacked merit
Because the district court adopted the magistrate judge's report, and thus its findings and conclusions, without discussion and without explicitly addressing any of Esslinger's objections--in particular, his objection to the propriety of the magistrate judge's sua sponte invocation, as a bar to relief, of Esslinger's "procedural default" in not returning to state court with a second Rule 20 petition--we treat the magistrate judge and the district judge as one for purposes of this appeal. We would not treat them as one, of course, were it the case that the district court, on receipt of Esslinger's objections, reopened the proceedings, permitted the State to amend its answer to Esslinger's petition and plead the procedural default invoked by the magistrate judge, and allowed Esslinger to show cause for the default and resulting prejudice. Had that occurred in the proceedings below, and had Esslinger objected to reopening the proceedings, the issue on appeal would be this: Whether the district court abused its discretion in allowing the State to amend its answer at the eleventh hour, after the parties had framed the issues--which did not include the alleged "procedural default"--and had tried the case to the magistrate judge
We do not address the ineffective assistance grounds raised by Esslinger's amendment to his habeas petition because Esslinger did not include those grounds in his Rule 20 petition, and the State, in its supplemental answer to Esslinger's petition as amended, asserted that he had defaulted those grounds by failing to do so. See Temporary Ala.R.Crim.P. 20.2(b) ("Successive Petitions"). As we discuss in the text infra, the magistrate judge, misinterpreting Rules 20 and 20.2(b), (1) erroneously assumed that Esslinger could have obtained a merits review of all of his ineffective assistance grounds in a second Rule 20 petition, and, then, (2) based on that assumption, concluded that Esslinger defaulted his ineffective assistance claim by failing to present it to the state courts in a second petition filed within the two-year limitations period prescribed by Temporary Ala.R.Crim.P. 20.2(c)
The state can waive a procedural bar to relief by explicitly waiving, or by merely failing to assert, the bar in its answer to the habeas petition
See supra note 18. It should be noted that want of exhaustion is not a jurisdictional bar to habeas relief. See Granberry v. Greer, 481 U.S. 129, 131, 107 S.Ct. 1671, 1673-74, 95 L.Ed.2d 119 (1987). Rather, when raised, the petitioner's failure to exhaust operates only as a procedural bar to habeas relief until the petitioner, returning to state court, pursues his state remedies. Id.; see also, Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 515-20, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 1201-04, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982)
The exhaustion doctrine acknowledges, among other things, the importance of the state courts in the overall administration of criminal justice by entrusting those tribunals with the interpretation of the federal constitution and the vindication of rights that constitution secures to those charged with crime. Indeed, the doctrine, in operation, gives the state courts "an impetus to develop and apply federal constitutional law." Galtieri v. Wainwright, 582 F.2d 348, 353-54 (5th Cir.1978) (en banc). Moreover, exhaustion permits the state courts to engage in constitutional adjudication without premature federal court interference. As the Supreme Court has observed, "[f]ederal intrusions into state criminal [proceedings] frustrate both the States' sovereign power to punish offenders and their good-faith attempts to honor constitutional rights." Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 128, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 1572, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982).
The state's waiver of exhaustion is, in essence, a statement that the federal court's entertainment of the petitioner's unexhausted claim will not offend any state interest, or disserve the interests of comity and federalism, and that, as a matter of justice, the claim should be heard and disposed of forthwith and on the merits without further state court litigation. Notwithstanding the state's position, however, it may be in the federal interest to require exhaustion:
If, for example, the case presents an issue on which an unresolved question of fact or of state law might have an important bearing, both comity and judicial efficiency may make it appropriate for the [district] court to insist on complete exhaustion to make sure that it may ultimately review the issue on a fully informed basis.
Granberry, 481 U.S. at 134-35, 107 S.Ct. at 1675-76.
Just as want of exhaustion is not a jurisdictional bar to habeas relief, neither is a petitioner's procedural default
[A] petitioner's failure to pursue an appeal of a state habeas court's denial of his writ does not defeat the subject matter jurisdiction of a federal court to rule on his petition. The procedural default doctrine ... is not jurisdictional but rather is based on considerations of comity and the orderly administration of criminal justice. See Fay v. Noia, [372 U.S. 391, 430-38, 83 S.Ct. 822, 844-49, 9 L.Ed.2d 837 (1963) ].
Gaddy v. Linahan, 780 F.2d 935, 942 n. 7 (11th Cir.1986) (citation omitted).
The type of state procedural rules that may foreclose habeas relief are those that require a criminal defendant to present his claims of error seasonably, so that, if meritorious, the error can be remedied efficiently and with minimum delay. These rules operate at the trial court level, on appeal, and in collateral attack proceedings. For example, a contemporaneous objection rule barring appellate review of objections not presented to the trial court promotes an error-free trial and fosters finality of judgments. A rule barring the consideration on collateral attack of claims that were cognizable on direct appeal, but not presented, induces an appellant to include all of his claims in his appeal, thus ensuring a complete review of the trial court proceedings and enhancing finality. A successive petition rule barring the piecemeal collateral litigation of claims in successive petitions preserves judicial and parajudicial resources, improves the quality of review that having all of the defendant's claims before the court in one proceeding engenders, and, like the other procedural rules of this type, fosters finality of judgments. See Presnell v. Kemp, 835 F.2d 1567, 1573-75 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1050, 109 S.Ct. 882, 102 L.Ed.2d 1004 (1989). These procedural rules also deter "sandbagging," the withholding of claims in an effort to get more than "one bite of the apple." See, e.g., Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 89-90, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 2508, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977); Spencer v. Kemp, 781 F.2d 1458, 1472-73 (11th Cir.1986) (Tjoflat, J., specially concurring); Cooper v. Wainwright, 807 F.2d 881, 886 (11th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1050, 107 S.Ct. 2183, 95 L.Ed.2d 839 (1987)
As with the exhaustion rule, comity considerations underlie the procedural default doctrine; the doctrine's principle purpose is to "lessen the injury to a State that results through reexamination of a state conviction on a ground that the State did not have the opportunity to address at a prior, appropriate time." McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 493-94, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 1470, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991). Thus, a habeas petitioner can obtain no relief on a claim that he has, by ignoring the state's procedural rules, prevented the state courts from considering on the merits, unless he can demonstrate "cause" for his default and resulting "prejudice." Id.
The State's supplemental answer simply replicated the State's answer to Esslinger's initial petition in asserting that Esslinger had exhausted his claims and, in doing so, had committed no procedural defaults
Under Rule 20.2(c), Esslinger had until November 1, 1991 to file a second Rule 20 petition. See supra note 26
Because Rule 20.2(b) would have foreclosed a second petition, the State properly asserted in its supplemental answer to Esslinger's amended petition that the Alabama courts would not have entertained the additional ineffective assistance grounds cited in that petition, and that Esslinger's Sixth Amendment claim, to the extent that it relied on such grounds, was procedurally defaulted. As for the claims stated in Esslinger's initial petition, however, in that the State took the position that none of those claims had been defaulted--rather, they had been exhausted on the merits--whether the Alabama courts would have entertained a second Rule 20 petition asserting such claims was of no moment. Hence, the State neither anticipated nor addressed in its supplemental answer the question whether Rule 20.2(b) would bar the relitigation of those claims
We should not leave the discussion of the Rule 20.2(c) default issue without noting in passing that, if the magistrate judge correctly determined that Esslinger could have obtained a merits determination of a second Rule 20 petition, he then should have considered whether to dismiss Esslinger's initial petition for want of exhaustion. See generally Granberry, 481 U.S. 129, 107 S.Ct. 1671. Cf. Rose, 455 U.S. 509, 102 S.Ct. 1198. According to Rule 20.2(c), Esslinger had two years and 42 days from September 20, 1989, the date of his conviction and sentence, in which to seek Rule 20 relief, i.e., Esslinger had until November 1, 1991 to file a second Rule 20 petition. Esslinger filed his initial habeas petition on August 20, 1990; the magistrate judge received it shortly thereafter. After receiving the State's answer to the petition, the magistrate judge noted that Esslinger's Rule 20 appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeals had been dismissed as untimely, so, on February 1, 1991, he ordered Esslinger to show cause why the claims in his petition should not be dismissed as procedurally barred
If the magistrate judge thought that the federal interest counselled a rejection of the State's position that Esslinger's claims were exhausted, and if filing a second Rule 20 petition would have solved the problem as the magistrate judge's report to the district court implied, then he should have recommended that the district court stay its hand until Esslinger returned to state court with another petition. Esslinger still had nine months, until November 1, 1991, before Rule 20.2(c)'s two-year time period for filing Rule 20 petitions expired.
In doing so, the magistrate judge ignored his February 1 show cause order, in which he treated Esslinger's failure to obtain appellate review of the Rule 20 disposition as a procedural default; he also ignored the affidavit Esslinger filed in response to the order
The rule requiring a defendant to prosecute his appeal in a timely fashion is reflected in the interaction of Alabama Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b) and Temporary Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 20.2(b) ("Successive Petitions"). Rule 4(b) requires that a Rule 20 petitioner seeking appellate review in the Court of Criminal Appeals appeal the trial court's disposition of his petition within 42 days. A Court of Criminal Appeals dismissal of an appeal as untimely operates as a bar to appellate review of the claims for relief contained in the petition because of Rule 20.2(b)'s successive petition provision. That provision precludes the trial court from revisiting those claims in a second or successive petition; the trial court must dismiss such a petition as procedurally barred without reaching the merits. The Court of Criminal Appeals, reviewing the dismissal, would also affirm, assuming that the trial court correctly dismissed the petition on procedural grounds, without reaching the merits. Consequently, Esslinger had but one opportunity to obtain appellate review of his claims
The requirement that an appeal be timely to obtain appellate review serves many of the objectives other state procedural rules are designed to achieve. See supra note 35
In another habeas context, in which the petitioner asks the federal court to disregard his procedural default and to reach the merits of his claim, the federal court may do so if it appears that the state courts have chosen, in the petitioner's case or in similar cases, to excuse the default and to dispose of the petitioner's claim on the merits. See, e.g., Mann v. Dugger, 844 F.2d 1446, 1448 n. 4 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1071, 109 S.Ct. 1353, 103 L.Ed.2d 821 (1989). The question in the case at hand is whether the district court should have accorded the Alabama Attorney General's decision to ignore a procedural default the same deference it would have accorded the Alabama courts' decision to ignore a default. We need not decide whether, as an abstract matter, the Attorney General and the courts are due the same deference; rather, we simply hold that, in this case, the district court abused its discretion in not honoring the Attorney General's waiver
It could be argued that the sua sponte invocation of a procedural default to bar habeas relief serves the federal interest because it relieves the district court of the task of considering the merits of the defaulted claim and, perhaps, holding an evidentiary hearing. Saving the time and the resources that would be committed to this task--for use in disposing of other cases on the court's docket--would, obviously, be of benefit to the court and to the judicial system as a whole
Looking at the other side of the coin, however, we note that the sua sponte invocation of a procedural default also burdens the court and the litigants. If the petitioner is to be afforded due process, he must receive notice of the court's inclination to interpose the default, an opportunity to demonstrate "cause" for the default and "prejudice," and, if material issues of fact are present, an opportunity to present his evidence. In the case at hand, by waiting until after the evidentiary hearing on the merits of the petitioner's claims to invoke the procedural default, the magistrate judge saved neither time nor resources. Thus, if obtaining such savings can justify the sua sponte invocation of a procedural default waived by the state, that justification was neither present, nor relied on, in this case.
As indicated supra part I.A. of this opinion, Harrison told Judge Cardwell during the court-counsel colloquy at Esslinger's plea hearing that, as far as he knew, Esslinger had no prior record. At Esslinger's sentencing hearing, Harrison effectively recanted that statement, telling the court that, at the time of the plea hearing, he knew that Esslinger had one prior felony conviction. Shortly before the sentencing hearing, Harrison learned from the probation officer's presentence report that Esslinger had been convicted of forgery twice in 1970
In the magistrate judge's view, Esslinger misled Harrison when he told him early in the proceedings that he had been convicted once. Esslinger knew that he had been convicted on two counts of forgery in 1970; he thought, however, that because he had plead guilty to the counts and had been sentenced on the same day, he had only one prior conviction
According to Pitts, the problems the prosecution faced were that the State had no physical evidence linking Esslinger to the offense; the victim's mother had delayed reporting the incident to the police; and they wanted to avoid the trauma the young victim would have encountered in testifying