205 F. 235 | 9th Cir. | 1913
(after stating the facts as above.) The appellant contends that by virtue of his offer to select the lands in question, and the tender in exchange therefor of a deed and abstract of title to the lands offered for surrender, he thereby became the equitable owner of the lands so sought to be selected, notwithstanding that his selection was rejected by the officers of the local land office, and that their rejection was affirmed by the Secretary of the Interior, .and that the patent having issued to the appellees, when in equity and good conscience, and according to law, it should have gone to the appellant, the court should convert the holder of the legal title into a trustee for the appellant, and compel conveyance of the legal title to him.
In considering in the light of the adjudications the question here presented, it is essential to bear in mind the distinction between the right acquired by a railroad company, under a congressional grant of lauds to aid the construction of a railroad, to select within the indemnity limits lands in lieu of those which are lost in the place limits, and the right of a lieu land selector under the act of June 4, 1897. The former is a substantial right in the lands lying in the indemnity limits, given in consideration of the construction of a railroad, and is confined to specific lands within certain boundaries which are defined in the grant. It is a vested right, of which the grantee could not be deprived, by an act of Congress or by other authority, in Weyerhaeuser v. Hoyt, 219 U. S. 387, 31 Sup. Ct. 303, 55 L. Ed. 258, the court declared that it was the intention of Congress in making such a grant “to confer a substantial right to land within the indemnity limits in lieu of land lost within the place limits.” The right of selection of lieu land given under the act of June 4, 1897, however, is in the first instance but an offer by the government to exchange lands. It is based upon no valuable consideration actually received. It attaches to no specific lands, nor to lands within any defined limits. It does not attach upon the mere presentation of the' requisite papers. It attaches only when the authorized officers of
"Manifestly there must be an acceptance of the relinquishment by some one authorized to decide upon its sufficiency, and an assent to the particular selection made in lieu.”
In Cosmos Exploration Co. v. Gray Eagle Oil Co., 190 U. S. 310, 23 Sup. Ct. 697, 47 L. Ed. 1064, lieu land had been selected under the act of June 4, 1897. The selector complied with the provisions of the act. His selection was received and accepted, and entered on the records of the local land office. At that time there was no adverse claim. Before the issuance of a patent, the selector’s grantee brought a suit against the defendants, who had entered the land as a mineral claim; he claiming that his grantor had become vested with the complete equitable title to the land so selected, and had become entitled •to receive a patent. The court held that it had no jurisdiction, prior to the issuance of the patent, to determine who was entitled to receive it, and 'that under the act of June 4, 1897, the officers of the local land office had no authority to decide whether the selector had complied with the provisions of the act; that authority being vested in the Commissioner of the General Eand Office. The court said:
"But even tne complete equitable title asserted by a complainant must, as it would seem, be based upon the alleged right of the local land officers to accept the deed and approve the selection, even though such approval may be thereafter the subject of a review in the nature of an appeal from the action of the local officers. There must be a decision made somewhere regarding the rights asserted by the selector of land under the act, before a complete equitable title to the land can exist. The mere filing of papers cannot create such title. The application must comply with and conform to the statute, and the selector cannot decide the question for himself. We do not see how it can be successfully maintained that without any decision by any official representing the government, 'and by merely filing the deed relinquishing to the government a tract of forest reserve land, and assuming to select a similar area of vacant land open to settlement, the selector has thereby acquired a complete equitable title to the selected land.”
It is urged that this language of the court is dictum, but we do not so regard it. It contains the reasoning of the court in determining the nature of the rights of the complainant in that case. But if, indeed, it is true that the expression of such views was unnecessary to the determination of the case which was before the court, the language used sets forth the mature and unanimous judgment of the members of that court on the question of law which is involved in .the case at bar, and we deem it controlling in the decision of the present case.
Nor do we find ground to sustain the appellant’s contention that •the views of the court so expressed in the Cosmos Exploration Co. Case have been modified by the decision in Weyerhaeuser v. Hoyt, 219 U. S. 380, 31 Sup. Ct. 300, 55 L. Ed. 258. That was a case which
“As to lands -within tlie indemnity limits, it has always been held that no title is acquired until the specific parcels have been selected by the grantee and approved by the Secretary of the Interior.”
The same was held in Humbird v. Avery, 195 U. S. 507, 25 Sup. Ct. 123, 49 L. Ed. 286. In Wisconsin Central Ry. Co. v. Price County. 133 U. S. 496, 512, 10 Sup. Ct. 341, 347 (33 L. Ed. 687), the court said:
“Until the selections were approved there were no selections in fact, only preliminary proceedings taken for that purpose; and the indemnity lands remained unaffected in their title.”
And in Sjoli v. Dreschel, 199 U. S. 565, 26 Sup. Ct. 155, 50 L. Ed. 311, the court held it to be established doctrine:
“That no rights to lands within indemnity limits will attach In favor of the railroad company until after selections made by it with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior; that, up to the time such approval is given, lands within indemnity limits, although embraced by the company’s list of selections, are subject to be disposed of by the United States or to be settled upon and occupied under the preemption and homestead laws of the United States; and that the Secretary of the Interior has no authority to withdraw from sale or settlement lands that are within indemnity limits which have not been previously selected, with his approval, to supply deficiencies within the place'limits of the company’s road.”
In the Weyerhaeuser Case, the court distinguished the Sjoli Case by saying that it belonged to a class of cases in which,there was no question of right by relation involved, and that the general language which we have quoted from the opinion was to be considered in view of the questions which were presented in that case, and that to apply it in the Weyerhaeuser Case would be in effect to destroy the indemnity provisions of the granting act. No reference was made to the decision in the Cosmos Exploration Company Case, and this was evidently for the reason that the language of the court in that case was deemed to be applicable solely to the right of selection granted by the act of June 4, 1897, and that the court recognized and intended to reaffirm the vital distinction which it had found between such rights and the rights of a selector of indemnity lands under a grant to a railway company in aid of the construction of its road. Stalker v. Oregon Short Line, 225 U. S. 142, 32 Sup. Ct. 636, 56 L. Ed. 1027, is in line with Weyerhaeuser v. Hoyt, and so is Svor v. Morris, 227 U. S. 524, 33 Sup. Ct. 385, 57 L. Ed.-. We consider the decision
The decree in each of the 16 suits, Nos. 2,212 to 2,227, is affirmed.
