PERVIS DANIELS, Appellant, v. THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION et al. (Archibald Candy Company, Appellee)
No. 90318
Supreme Court of Illinois
Opinion filed March 21, 2002
Rehearing denied August 29, 2002
201 Ill. 2d 160
For the foregoing reasons, I would hold that Oliveira‘s complaint was sufficient to allege a private right of action for damages under the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act and should not have been dismissed on the pleadings. I therefore dissent.
Nyhan, Pfister, Bambrick, Kinzie & Lowry, P.C., of Chicago (Edward M. Pfister and Bruce D. Crofts, of counsel), for appellee.
James E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Joel D. Bertocchi, Solicitor General, and Deborah L. Ahlstrand, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the Industrial Commission of Illinois.
CHIEF JUSTICE HARRISON delivered the judgment of the court:
Claimant, Pervis Daniels, filed an application for adjustment of claim pursuant to the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act) (
Daniels then appealed to the Industrial Commission division of the appellate court, contending that the Commission‘s decision was void because the panel that rendered it was illegally constituted. Daniels also argued, in the alternative, that the Commission‘s findings as to causal connection, TTD benefits, medical expenses and additional compensation were against the manifest weight of the evidence. The appellate court rejected both of Daniels’ arguments and affirmed the judgment of the circuit court over the dissent of two judges. 315 Ill. App. 3d 580. Three of the five members of the appellate court panel which heard the case subsequently certified that it involved a substantial question warranting review by this court. We then granted Daniels’ petition for leave to appeal. See
When Archibald Candy, Daniels’ employer, sought review of the arbitrator‘s award by the Commission, the case was assigned to panel “B,” consisting of Commissioners John Hallock, Jr., Barry Ketter and Linzey Jones. Before the matter was heard and decided, however, Commissioner Hallock was elevated to the post of acting Com
The promotion of Hallock and the resignation of Jones left two vacancies in the office of commissioner. Under section 13 of the Act (
Those procedures were not followed here. The Governor neither appointed nor nominated replacements for Hallock and Jones as specified in the Act. Instead, Hallock, in his capacity as the new Commission chairman, appointed a succession of arbitrators to temporarily fill his old Commission post and to fill the post formerly occupied by Jones. Arbitrator Kathleen Hagan took Hallock‘s post on panel “B,” serving as acting commissioner during the initial six-month period following his promotion. Arbitrator David Kane then succeeded her as acting commissioner during the subsequent six-month period.
When Commissioner Jones first went on medical leave and then resigned his office, the chairman designated arbitrator Calvin Tansor to serve as acting commissioner on panel “B” in his place. Tansor served for six months and was then replaced by arbitrator Joseph Reichart, who was designated to serve as acting commissioner for the following six-month period.
There is authority under section 13 of the Act (
Section 13 did apply to the designation of Calvin Tansor to serve for Linzey Jones because Jones’ initial absence from work was due to a medical leave. Once Jones resigned, however, his post became vacant too. Since he was now out of office, rather than being temporarily “unavailable” to work, his responsibilities could no longer be performed by an arbitrator acting in his place. Tansor‘s authority to serve as acting commissioner came to an end, and the chairman had no power to designate Reichart as a successor acting commissioner. Instead, it was up to the Governor to appoint a replacement for Jones by and with the consent of the Senate.
Such a conclusion is the only one consistent with the purposes of the Act. The law is carefully designed to insure that the Industrial Commission represents a balance of interests. Under the law the Governor is required to make his appointments to the Commission in such a way that two members represent employers, two represent employees, and three are representative of citizens “not identified with either the employing or employee classes.”
The present case was reviewed by the Commission during a time when arbitrators Reichart and Kane were both serving as acting commissioners on panel “B” through appointment by the chairman. Their votes were necessary to the decision in this case. The question we must therefore now address is what effect the absence of statutory authority for Kane‘s and Reichart‘s appointments had on the validity of their decision.
Central to resolution of that question is the Industrial Commission‘s status as an administrative agency. Because it is an administrative agency, the Commission has no general or common law powers. The only powers it possesses are those granted to it by the legislature. Any action it takes must be specifically authorized by statute. Business & Professional People for the Public Interest v. Illinois Commerce Comm‘n, 136 Ill. 2d 192, 243-44 (1989).
Where an administrative agency acts outside its specific statutory authority, as the Commission did when it appointed Kane and Reichart, it acts without jurisdiction. Its actions are void, a nullity from their inception. See Siddens v. Industrial Comm‘n, 304 Ill. App. 3d 506, 510-11 (1999). The appointment of Kane and Reichart therefore had no legal effect.
Our appellate court recently considered a similar situation in Gilchrist v. Human Rights Comm‘n, 312 Ill. App. 3d 597 (2000). In Gilchrist, the Commission rendered a decision based on the recommended order and decision of an administrative law judge. On reviewing the record, the appellate court discovered that the administrative law judge who had authored the recommended order and decision had not presided over the public hearing, as the Illinois Human Rights Act required. Because that administrative law judge had not presided, the Commission had no statutory authority to assign him to the case. Because his assignment exceeded the Commission‘s authority, the decision based on his recommended order and decision was likewise unauthorized. The court therefore declared it to be void.
The qualifications of Kane and Reichart were not challenged prior to the appeal to the appellate court. That, however, is of no consequence. Because agency action for which there is no statutory authority is void, it is subject to attack at any time in any court, either directly or collaterally. Business & Professional People, 136 Ill. 2d at 243-44. Even if the parties themselves do not raise the question, courts have an independent duty to vacate and expunge void orders and thus may sua sponte declare an order void. See Siddens, 304 Ill. App. 3d at 511. That is precisely what occurred in Gilchrist.
Finally, we reject the Commission‘s claim that the decision in this case can be validated on the grounds that Kane and Reichart were de facto officers. The doctrine recognizing de facto public officers prevents third parties or members of the public from raising collateral challenges to a public officer‘s qualifications to hold office if considerations of public policy require the officer‘s acts to be considered valid. See People ex rel. Rusch v. Wortman, 334 Ill. 298, 301-02 (1928). No considerations of public policy militate in favor of preventing workers’ compensation claimants from challenging the legal status of the commissioners who passed on their claims where,
For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the Commission at issue in this case is vacated, the judgments of the appellate and circuit courts are reversed, and the cause is remanded to the Commission for a decision by a legally constituted panel.
Reversed and remanded.
JUSTICE MCMORROW, specially concurring:
This case began when Daniels filed an application for adjustment of claim pursuant to the Workers’ Compensation Act.
Based on all of the information submitted, the appellate court considered and rejected Daniels’ claim that
Justice Thomas’ dissent lodges criticisms against this court for the court‘s consideration of the certified question. The dissent contends that this court should not address the issue of first impression presented in this case, i.e., whether section 13 of the Workers’ Compensation Act (
Newkirk, however, does not support Justice Thomas’ position. In Newkirk, plaintiffs never sought administrative review of the mining board order at issue. Instead, two years after the order was entered, plaintiffs brought a declaratory judgment action, seeking to have the mining board‘s order declared void ab initio because it did not contain certain provisions. We first examined the statute, which provided that integration orders “shall” contain election provisions and equitable alternatives. Newkirk, 109 Ill. 2d at 32-33. Then, after discussing the distinction between an action for judicial review and a collateral attack, this court held that the mining board‘s
I note that, in the present case, unlike the situation in Newkirk, Daniels is seeking judicial review of an Industrial Commission‘s decision. Although Daniels did not question the validity of the panel of commissioners when he appeared before that tribunal, he did so when the case was in the appellate court. Thus, while Daniels may have been untimely in raising the issue, that fact does not convert this case into a collateral proceeding.
More importantly, I point out that, in Newkirk, this court did not summarily dispose of the voidness argument. We found it necessary to examine the pertinent statutory provision to determine whether the mining board‘s order contained error before deciding whether the order was void. It was only after we had examined the statute and found that the order contained error—the failure to include certain provisions and equitable alternatives—that we were able to determine that, because of the nature of the error, jurisdiction was unaffected. Having made that assessment, we were able to conclude that the error did not render the order void. Further, in that case, because the order was being attacked collaterally, no remedy was available.
I believe that this court is similarly bound, in the present case, to examine the pertinent statutory provisions to determine whether, as Daniels contends, two of the commissioners on his panel were illegally appointed. The Industrial Commission is an administrative body created by legislative enactment, which can only enter such orders as are within its statutorily granted powers. See Michelson v. Industrial Comm‘n, 375 Ill. 462 (1941); Central Illinois Public Service Co. v. Pollution Control Board, 36 Ill. App. 3d 397 (1976) (it is a commanding
It is true that, as a general proposition, issues not raised before an administrative agency will be deemed “waived” for purposes of review. Voidness, however, is a fundamental defect that cannot be waived by a failure to object. Whether there is a lack of jurisdiction which renders a judgment void is a matter which can be raised at any time (City of Chicago v. Fair Employment Practices Comm‘n, 65 Ill. 2d 108, 112 (1976)), either on direct review or collaterally, as in Newkirk. Thus, Daniels’ argument that the Industrial Commission‘s decision is void must be addressed. Here, as in Newkirk, it is only after this court determines whether the appointments constituted error that this court can consider whether the error is serious enough to constitute a jurisdictional defect. In other words, this court can make no reasoned decision on Daniels’ voidness claim unless this court first determines whether there was error in the appointment procedures followed and whether the error was of such a nature that it affected the Commission‘s jurisdiction.
Finally, even if there were a reasoned means to summarily dispose of Daniels’ voidness argument, procedural default or “waiver” would pose no barrier to our consideration of Daniels’ claim that the Industrial Commission panel which reviewed his case was illegally constituted. The fact that Daniels’ attack on the validity of the commissioners’ appointments may have been
Here, in the course of seeking judicial review of the Commission‘s ruling, Daniels called into question the legitimacy of the appointment procedures being followed by that administrative body. The matter presented a question of statutory construction—a legal question—which could readily be answered by a reviewing court. Moreover, a decision on whether the appointment procedures were in conformance with statutory requirements is a matter of significant importance. As Chief Justice Harrison notes in his plurality opinion, if commissioners are not appointed in conformity with the statute, there exists the potential for undermining “the balance of interests contemplated by the Act.” 201 Ill. 2d at 165. Under these circumstances, I believe the interests of justice require that the matter be addressed.
Turning now to the merits, I fully concur with Chief
The definition of a de facto officer, set forth in State v. Carroll, 38 Conn. 449, 471-72 (1871), and adopted by this court in People ex rel. Rusch v. Wortman, 334 Ill. 298, 301 (1928), is as follows:
“An officer de facto is one whose acts, though not those of a lawful officer, the law, upon principles of policy and justice, will hold valid so far as they involve the interests of the public and third persons, where the duties of the office were exercised *** under color of a known election or
appointment [which was] void because the officer was not eligible or because there was a want of power in the electing or appointing body, or by reason of some defect or irregularity in its exercise, such ineligibility, want of power or defect being unknown to the public.”
Although the common law de facto officer doctrine has its roots in antiquity, it has retained its vitality through the years because of its practicality. See In re Fichner, 144 N.J. 459, 677 A.2d 201 (1996); K. Clokey, Note, The De Facto Officer Doctrine: The Case for Continued Application, 85 Colum. L. Rev. 1121 (1985). The United States Supreme Court in Ryder v. United States, 515 U.S. 177, 180-81 (1995), quoting 63A Am. Jur. 2d Public Officers & Employees § 578, at 1080-81 (1984), states:
” ‘The de facto doctrine springs from the fear of the chaos that would result from multiple and repetitious suits challenging every action taken by every official whose claim to office could be open to question, and seeks to protect the public by insuring the orderly functioning of the government despite technical defects in title to office.’ ”
Pursuant to the de facto officer doctrine, a litigant may be prevented from contesting the legality of the acts of an officer by calling into question the validity of the officer‘s title to office. This doctrine, however, like any other equitable doctrine, must not be applied mechanically. As noted in Glidden Co. v. Zdanok, 370 U.S. 530, 535-36 (1962), “[t]he rule does not obtain, of course, when the alleged defect of authority operates also as a limitation on this Court‘s appellate jurisdiction *** [or] when the statute claimed to restrict authority is not merely technical but embodies a strong policy concerning the proper administration of judicial business, [so that] this Court has treated the alleged defect as ‘jurisdictional’ and agreed to consider it on direct review even though not raised at the earliest practicable opportunity *** [or] when the challenge is based upon nonfrivolous constitu
In the present case, the error in the composition of the panel of commissioners who reviewed Daniels’ claim stemmed from a statutory, not a constitutional, violation. Moreover, it has never been alleged that the commissioners who were not validly appointed were otherwise unqualified to hold their positions. Nor has it been claimed that these commissioners’ appointments were the result of malfeasance or a deliberate attempt to subvert the goals of the Act. Kane and Reichart exercised the duties of their office under color of lawful appointment, which only now has been found to be defective. For this reason, I would hold that the decisions rendered by Kane and Reichart may be afforded de facto validity. Applying the de facto officer doctrine to uphold the many decisions of the duly-appointed commissioners, despite defects in their appointments, serves the public‘s interest in promoting the orderly functioning of the Commission. See Ryder v. United States, 515 U.S. 177, 180-81 (1995).
Applying the de facto doctrine to the plaintiff‘s case at bar, however, would, in my view, run counter to a competing public interest—uncovering illegal appointment procedures, thereby ensuring that administrative agencies comply with the statutory mandates which govern them. Accordingly, I believe that the equities, on
If it were the established law of this state that the de facto officer doctrine always applied to validate all decisions of the Commission, there would be little or no incentive for claimants, such as Daniels, to bring illegalities in the appointment of commissioners before the judiciary for review. Claimants would have no reason to bring irregularities, such as those in the case at bar, to the attention of the courts if it were the rule that they could never obtain relief. In my view, the de facto officer doctrine should not be employed in such a way that it forecloses judicial review of matters, such as irregularities in appointment procedures, when brought to the attention of the judiciary as a matter of first impression. The public clearly has an interest in having illegal actions uncovered, reported and addressed by the courts. Therefore, it is not in the public‘s interest to implement a rule of equity so broadly that it eliminates the incentive to bring illegal actions to light.
The position I take in this opinion—permitting Daniels, but no others, to have a new hearing—strikes an equitable balance between the identified competing interests. By permitting the claimant who brought the illegal appointments to light to receive a new hearing, the incentive to discover and pursue such illegality is maintained. Once the matter has been litigated and decided by the courts, however, the public interest in uncovering and addressing illegality is served. At that juncture, the public interest in preserving the validity of a large multitude of commission decisions takes precedence. Public policy and competing public interests often require courts to draw equitable lines. That line is best drawn in this case by permitting Daniels a new hearing, but by applying the de facto officer doctrine to maintain
In Fichner, the respondent appealed after he was sanctioned by the Board of Examiners of Master Plumbers. Eighteen months after the appeal was filed, respondent moved to amend the appeal to add a claim that the board was illegally constituted because three members of the seven-member board, though duly appointed, lacked certain qualifications. The appellate court refused to apply the de facto officer doctrine and examined the qualifications of the board members. Finding that three members were ineligible, the appellate court remanded for a new hearing. The New Jersey Supreme Court, however, concluded that the board‘s decisions were valid by application of the de facto officer doctrine, yet “was satisfied” to let the appellate court‘s disposition stand. In re Fichner, 144 N.J. at 471. The supreme court stated:
“We believe that a remand for reconsideration of the matter by a properly composed board will serve the interests of the public and the licensee in this case.” In re Fichner, 144 N.J. at 471.
Here, too, I am persuaded that, under the particular circumstances of this case, Daniels should be granted a remand so that a properly constituted panel of commissioners can review the arbitrator‘s award on his workers’ compensation claim.
In sum, I find that Daniels’ claim that the improper appointment of Commissioners Kane and Reichart rendered the Commission‘s decision void in this case is a matter properly addressed by this court. Although there was a procedural default because Daniels failed to challenge the validity of the appointments before the Board, the claim of voidness, like a claim of plain error, had to be examined substantively before it could be disposed of.
Nevertheless, faced with the possibility of upheaval—of invalidating the hundreds of decisions rendered by the illegally constituted panel—I would opt to preserve the integrity of those decisions. The invalid appointments of Kane and Reichart did not render void every decision of the Commission in which Kane and Reichart participated. Kane and Reichart were appointed under color of law and, according to the common law de facto officer doctrine, their decisions are given de facto validity.
At the same time, I believe providing Daniels with an opportunity to have his worker‘s compensation award reviewed by a properly constituted panel of commissioners promotes the public‘s interest in having illegalities brought to the court‘s attention for review. This court would not be ruling favorably or unfavorably on the merits of Daniels’ claim, but merely be providing him with a hearing on his substantive claim. Again, I emphasize that I reach this conclusion, not for the court to show favoritism to Daniels, but because granting him a hearing before a duly constituted panel best serves the public interests. For this reason, I join Chief Justice Harrison in concluding that this matter should be reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
JUSTICE FREEMAN joins in this special concurrence.
JUSTICE FITZGERALD, dissenting:
I agree with the view expressed in Justice Thomas’ dissent—the record in this case precludes consideration of whether Commissioners Kane and Reichart were ap
Under the de facto officer doctrine, “[a] person actually performing the duties of an office under color of title is an officer de facto, and his acts as such officer are valid so far as the public or third parties who have an interest in them are concerned.” People ex rel. Chillicothe Township v. Board of Review, 19 Ill. 2d 424, 426 (1960). On grounds of public policy and justice, the acts of a de facto officer are as valid as the acts of an officer de jure. People ex rel. Rusch v. Wortman, 334 Ill. 298, 302 (1928); see also 63C Am. Jur. 2d Public Officers & Employees § 23 (1997) (purpose of the de facto officer doctrine is to “protect the public‘s reliance on an officer‘s authority and to ensure the orderly administration of government“). Importantly, an officeholder‘s eligibility to appointment and the validity of his or her official acts may be challenged only in a proceeding brought directly for that purpose. Wortman, 334 Ill. at 301; see also People v. Woodruff, 9 Ill. 2d 429, 437 (1956); Cleary v. Chicago Title & Trust Co., 4 Ill. 2d 57, 58-59 (1954) (title to a public office cannot be questioned in a mere collateral proceeding).
In Chillicothe Township, we applied the de facto officer doctrine and held valid the actions of a county board of review increasing the assessed valuation of the plaintiffs’ property. It was stipulated that, based upon the results of the immediately prior general election, the county board of review should have been composed of two Republicans and one Democrat. The board, however, was composed of two Democrats and one Republican.
“Whether the Board of Review was legally constituted or not, the persons acting as such board were performing the duties of the board with apparent right under color of office, and their acts were thus valid as to the public and persons having an interest in them. [Citation.] The Board of Review was thus composed of, at least, de facto officers, and from a review of the record and the authorities presented, its acts were apparently valid.” Chillicothe Township, 19 Ill. 2d at 426-27.
We reached a similar conclusion in People v. O‘Neill, 33 Ill. 2d 184 (1965). In O‘Neill, the State brought an action against the defendant taxpayer for delinquent personal property taxes. The defendant argued that the county board of supervisors was not validly constituted because each township had one supervisor on the board without regard to population, thus violating the “one man, one vote” rule. According to the defendant, because the composition of the board was unconstitutional, its act of levying the personal property tax was illegal. We rejected the defendant‘s argument:
“We think it is clear beyond question that the members of the Peoria County board of supervisors were at least de facto officers within the traditional definition ***. Their acts in levying, extending and collecting taxes cannot therefore be attacked because of some alleged defect in the apportionment of their membership.” O‘Neill, 33 Ill. 2d at 187.
See also People ex rel. Engle v. Kerner, 32 Ill. 2d 212, 222-23 (1965) (holding that state senators, although elected from unconstitutionally apportioned districts, were de facto officeholders with authority to act); Cleary, 4 Ill. 2d at 59 (holding that, even assuming the invalidity of the appointment of appellate court justices, such appointment still conferred color of office, and judgments
Here, Daniels’ challenge to the appointments of Kane and Reichart, raised for the first time in the appellate court, amounts to an improper collateral attack on their office. Even assuming that Kane and Reichart were not appointed in accordance with the governing statute, they were at least de facto commissioners with authority to act. Accordingly, I dissent.
JUSTICE THOMAS, also dissenting:
While the plurality purports to invalidate only “the decision of the Commission at issue in this case” (201 Ill. 2d at 167), the plurality in fact invalidates this and every other decision of the Commission in which Commissioners Kane and Reichart participated. Indeed, if, as the plurality insists, Commissioners Kane and Reichart were not lawfully appointed, the consequence of their unlawful appointments cannot, on any principled basis, be confined to this case. As sobering as I find the catastrophic sweep of today‘s decision, I am genuinely troubled by the fact that the court inflicts such a broadside in the obvious absence of jurisdiction over this case. Faced with such gratuitous overreaching, I have no choice but to dissent.
Understandably, the plurality‘s discussion of the procedural posture of this case is incomplete. After reading the plurality opinion, the uninformed reader might justifiably assume that the issue addressed by the plural
Of course, it is well established that, in reviewing a decision of the Commission, a court may consider only the record and arguments that were before the Commission. Fitts v. Industrial Comm‘n, 172 Ill. 2d 303, 308 (1996). Arguments raised for the first time on appeal are waived. Thomas v. Industrial Comm‘n, 78 Ill. 2d 327, 336 (1980). Here, neither the Commission nor even the circuit court considered the legality of the acting commissioners’ appointments, as Daniels raised this issue for the first time in the appellate court. And the factual basis for that claim was never litigated and is found nowhere in the record on appeal. The issue therefore is waived, plain and simple.
But no. Eager to dismantle countless Commission decisions, the plurality ignores the obvious waiver in this case and simply proclaims every action taken by Commissioners Kane and Reichart “void.” 201 Ill. 2d at 165. What the plurality must have in mind is that, if they call the panel‘s decision “void,” then that decision is open to collateral attack. See, e.g., Weingart v. Department of Labor, 122 Ill. 2d 1, 17-18 (1988). But this cannot be, as “a party cannot collaterally attack an agency order *** unless the order is void on its face as being unauthorized by statute.” (Emphasis added.) Newkirk v. Bigard, 109
On the distinction between a direct and collateral attack, this court has explained:
“A direct attack may be based upon infirmities in the judgment which render the judgment void as well as those defects which make it merely voidable. On the other hand, a collateral attack is limited to those defects which are of a character to render the judgment void on jurisdictional grounds. A direct attack on a judgment is a proceeding instituted for the very purpose of avoiding or correcting a judgment in some particular and is brought in the same action and in the same court. *** ‘The judgment of a court is collaterally assailed when it is sought to be impeached in an action other than that in which it was rendered.’ [Citations.] A direct attack may be made by motion or petition *** filed in the same cause in which the original judgment was entered.” (Emphases added.) City of Des Plaines v. Boeckenhauer, 383 Ill. 475, 480-81 (1943).
Similarly, this court has explained the distinction between a direct and collateral attack as follows:
“An application to vacate a judgment or decree, made to the court that rendered it within thirty days after its entry, is a direct attack upon the judgment or decree, but if made after the expiration of thirty days it is a collateral attack.” (Emphases added.) Barnard v. Michael, 392 Ill. 130, 135 (1945).
See also People v. O‘Keefe, 18 Ill. 2d 386, 391 (1960).
Thus, under this court‘s established precedent, a direct attack on a judgment is one that is brought (1) by motion or petition, (2) in the same court that rendered the judgment, (3) in the same cause in which the judgment was rendered, and (4) within 30 days after the judgment‘s entry. All other attacks (i.e., attempts to vacate a judgment as void) are collateral. Here, the Commission entered its order on June 25, 1997. Daniels first attacked that order 632 days later on March 19, 1999,
The special concurrence posits that “while Daniels may have been untimely in raising the issue, that fact does not convert this case into a collateral proceeding.” 201 Ill. 2d at 170 (McMorrow, J., specially concurring, joined by Freeman, J.) No, it does not. This undeniably remains a direct appeal. But such untimeliness does render collateral Daniels’ attack on the judgment. What the special concurrence misses is that whether the Commission‘s order is on direct review has nothing to do with whether an attack leveled against that judgment is direct or collateral. Again, a direct attack on a judgment is one that is brought (1) by motion or petition, (2) in the same court that rendered the judgment, (3) in the same cause in which the judgment was rendered, and (4) within 30 days after the judgment‘s entry. All other attacks (i.e., attempts to vacate a judgment as void) are collateral. Thus, as this court defines it, a direct attack may be brought only before a direct appeal is taken. Once a direct appeal is taken, any new attack is, by definition, collateral. Admittedly, some confusion is bound to creep in whenever the same adjective precedes two distinct legal concepts. Nevertheless, “direct appeal” and “direct attack” remain distinct.3
Given that Daniels’ attack is collateral, that attack is permissible only if the Commission‘s order is void on its face. Newkirk, 109 Ill. 2d at 39. An agency‘s order is void if the agency lacks (1) jurisdiction over the parties, (2)
This conclusion is confirmed by the fact that the factual basis for Daniels’ collateral attack—i.e., the manner in which acting Commissioners Kane and Reichart were appointed—appears nowhere in the record on appeal, least of all on the face of the contested order. Again, Daniels’ entire argument before this court is based upon two affidavits, one from Daniels’ attorney that was attached to Daniels’ appellate court brief and one from the Commission‘s attorney that was attached to the Commis
In conclusion, I note only that, unlike the appellate court, this court cannot issue nonprecedential orders under Supreme Court Rule 23 (
I dissent.
JUSTICES FITZGERALD and GARMAN join in this dissent.