150 Ct. Cl. 525 | Ct. Cl. | 1960
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court;
Plaintiff sues for the refund of excess profits taxes paid for the years 1951, 1952, and 1953, in the total amount of $24,117.78, plus interest thereon as provided by law.
The facts in this case haye been stipulated and are summarized as follows:
The plaintiff filed its corporate income tax return (Form 1120) and a computation of its excess profits tax (Schedule EP, Form 1120) for the year 1950, on May 14, 1951. Similar returns for the years 1951,1952, and 1953, were filed on April 25, 1952, March 16, 1953, and May 14, 1954. All the taxes due under these returns have been paid. In each of the returns, plaintiff reported income from installment sales on the installment basis provided for by Section 44(a) of the Internal Eevenue Code of 1939.
On October 13,1955, the plaintiff filed amended returns for each of the four years involved. The basis for the amended returns was an election pursuant to Section 455 of the Excess
(a) Election to Accrue Income. — Any taxpayer computing income from instalment sales under the method provided by section 44(a) or whose principal business consists in purchasing instalment sales obligations may elect, in its return for the taxable year, for the purposes of the tax imposed by this subchapter, to compute, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary, its income from instalment sales or instalment sales obligations on the basis of the taxable period for which such income is accrued without treating any portion of such income as unrealized at the close of such period, in lieu of the basis provided by Section 44(a). Such election shall be irrevocable when once made and shall apply also to all subsequent taxable years to which this subchapter is applicable and the income from instalment sales or instalment sales obligations for each taxable year before the first year with respect to which the election is made which ended after June 30, 1950, shall be adjusted for the purposes of this subchapter to conform to such election. In making such adjustments, no amount shall be included in computing excess profits net income for any excess profits tax taxable year on account of instalment sales made in taxable years ending before July 1,1950.
* * # * #
(c) Adjustment on Account of Changes With Respect to Installment Basis Taxpayers a/nd With Respect to Taxpayers With Income From Long-Term Contracts.— If an adjustment specified in subsection (a) or subsection (b) is, with respect to any taxable year, prevented on the date of the election by the taxpayer under subsection (a) or subsection (b), as the case may be, or within two years from such date, by any provision or rule of law (other than this subsection and other than section 3761, relating to compromises), such adjustment shall nevertheless be made if in respect of the taxable year for which adjustment is sought a notice of deficiency is mailed or a claim for refund is filed, as the case may be, within two years after the date such election is made. If at the time of the mailing of such notice of*528 deficiency or tbe filing of such claim for refund, the adjustment is so prevented, then the amount of the adjustment authorized by this subsection shall be limited to the increase or decrease in the tax imposed by this chapter previously determined for such taxable year which results solely from the effect of subsection (a) or subsection (b), as the case may be, and such amount shall be assessed and collected, or credited or refunded, in the same manner as if it were a deficiency or an overpayment, as the case may be, for such taxable year and as if on the date of such election, two years remain before the expiration of the period of limitation upon the assessment or the filing of claim for refund for the taxable year. The tax previously determined shall be ascertained in accordance with section 452(d). The amount to be assessed and collected under this section in the same manner as if it were a deficiency or to be refunded or credited in the same manner as if it were an overpayment, shall not be diminished by any credit or set-off based upon any item, inclusion, deduction, credit, exemption, gain or loss, other than one resulting from the effect of subsection (a) or subsection (b), as the case may be. Such amount, if paid, shall not be recovered by a claim or suit for refund, or suit for erroneous refund based upon any item, inclusion, deduction, credit, exemption, gain or loss, other than one resulting from the effect of subsection (a) or subsection (b), as the case may be.
Computing its excess profits taxes for the years involved under the accrual method resulted, plaintiff contends, in an underpayment of $649.97 for the year 1950, and an overpayment in the total amount of $24,117.78 for the years 1951 through 1953. On October 12, 1955, the day preceding the filing of the amended returns, the plaintiff filed refund claims for the years 1951 through 1953, seeking to recover the $24,117.78 based on the contention that it had exercised the election to use the accrual method in its amended returns.
On November 28, 1955, taxpayer received a statement of income tax due (Form 17a) for $831.97 reflecting a deficiency for 1950 of $649.97 plus interest of $182.00. On December 8, 1955, plaintiff paid the deficiency plus interest, pursuant to the said demand.
Each of the claims for refund was rejected in full on October 1, 1957, according to the maimer prescribed by law and the plaintiff thereafter timely brought the instant suit.
If we find that the Commissioner did in fact waive any procedural irregularities by accepting the amended return for 1950, then it is not necessary to determine whether the election was timely. Therefore, we will first discuss the waiver question.
Section 455(a) provides that the taxpayer in computing excess profits taxes “may elect, in its return for the taxable year,” to use the accrual method in lieu of the installment basis. The taxpayer, admittedly, did not so elect in any of its original returns for the years involved, the only years the tax was in effect.
Neither Section 455, nor the regulations promulgated pursuant thereto specified a period within which an amended return could be filed, or what the effect of such a return would be. Whereas the filing of amended returns under the 1939 Code was not a matter of right, in such circumstances, their acceptance or rejection has been considered a matter of internal administration, solely within the discretion of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Schall & Co. v. United States, 129 F. Supp. 137; Levy v. United States, 271 Fed. 942; Kunkel & Co., Inc., 3 B.T.A. 133.
We think that the defendant is in error when it urges that it would have been a clear abuse of authority for the Commissioner to have allowed the election to be made more than four years after the due date of the original return.
In so urging, the defendant relies on Riley Co. v. Commissioner, 311 U.S. 55. That case is clearly distinguishable from the case at bar. There, in the computation of net income from mines, the statute permitted deductions for depletion on a percentage basis provided that the taxpayer in making his “first return” under the Act elected to so do. The Supreme Court held that the words “first return” required election within the due date of the original return. Here, the language used allowed the election to be made in
The respective purposes of the two enactments were also markedly different. The requirement to elect in the first year after the enactment of Section 114(b) (4) of the Revenue Act of 1934 was designed to put all competitors on an equal basis, Mother Lode Co. v. Commissioner, 317 U.S. 222. In enacting Section 455 (a) Congress intended to allow taxpayers with income from installment sales made prior to June 30,1950, to exclude this income from the excess profits tax by using the accrual method. Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, Vol. 7A, §42.59, pp. 195-96 (1955 Ed.), citing H.R. Rep. No. 3142, 81st Cong., 2d Sess. 13-14 (1950).
The defendant contends that it cannot be said on the basis of the record in the case that the assessed deficiency for 1950 was founded upon an election in the amended return. It is contended that all that can be supported is that the District Director’s Office issued a routine notice that the plaintiff stated it owed more taxes than it had paid for the year 1950, and that such taxes were paid as soon as the plaintiff received the notice.
We cannot agree with this interpretation. Each of the four amended returns had attached to it a Schedule EP-1 which contained the phrase “Pursuant to election under Section 455”. This made it plain that the amended return was being filed pursuant to the election allowed by Section 455. When the deficiency was assessed for 1950, it amounted to an acceptance of the amended return for that year, as the only basis upon which a deficiency could be assessed was a recognition of the election, the Statute of Limitations having run on any grounds for deficiency arising from the original return. In accepting the amendment, we do not think that the Commissioner abused his discretionary power.
By accepting the amended return for 1950, the Commissioner, in our view, waived the timeliness of the election, and cannot now deny the applicability of the election to the taxable years 1951,1952, and 1953.
The Commissioner and his authorized agents must be presumed to know the effect of the Section 455 (a) election. The fact that amended returns for each of the four years involved
In situations similar to this one, the courts have generally been reluctant to allow a taxpayer to have the benefit of hindsight in making an election. However, Section 455 by its very language gave the taxpayer that benefit. Had the plaintiff exercised the election for the first time in its original return for 1958, it would have had to go back and adjust its excess profits tax for the years 1950, 1951, and 1952. If the taxpayer must be consistent under Section 455, then the Commissioner too must be consistent. He cannot take advantage of the election for the tax year 1950, and deny its applicability to the three subsequent years. Section 455 (a) provides that the “election shall be irrevocable when once made and shall apply also to all subsequent taxable years to which this subchapter is applicable * *
As an affirmative defense, defendant argues that the claim for refund for the taxable year 1951, was not timely filed. This argument must fall, as Section 455 (c) allows two years from the date of election within which to file a claim for refund. Since the election was made in the amended return of October 13, 1955, plaintiff’s claim for refund was timely.
Plaintiff is entitled to recover, with interest as provided by law, and judgment will be entered to that effect. The amount of recovery will be determined pursuant to Eule 38(c).
It is so ordered.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I am unable to agree with the majority. Section 455(a) of the Excess Profits Tax Act of 1950 provides that: “Amy taxpayer computing income from instalment sales under the method provided by section 44(a) * * * may elect, in its return for the taxable year, * * * to compute * * * its income from instalment sales or instalment sales obligations on the basis of the taxable period for which such income is ac
Hence, the election must be made when the return for the taxable year is filed. The statute does not confer on the Commissioner the authority to extend the time. He could not have done so directly, nor can he do so indirectly by allowing the filing of the amended return, nor even by assessing the tax shown to be due on the amended return for one of the years.
It must be confessed that the action of the Commissioner, in assessing the tax due on the amended return and denying a refund of the overpayment shown to have been made in subsequent years, was completely inconsistent. However, the Commissioner neither directly nor indirectly can set aside a requirement laid down by Congress. That requirement is that the election be made in the “return for the taxable year”, and there is no escape from the conclusion that Congress was referring to the return that every taxpayer is required to file for the taxable year and not to some amended return not mentioned in the statute but which the Commissioner permitted it to file later on.
FINDINGS OF FACT
The court, having considered the facts as stipulated by the parties, and the briefs of counsel, makes findings of fact as follows:
1. On or about the 14th day of May, 1951, a U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return (Form 1120) and a Computation of U.S. Corporate Excess Profits Tax (Schedule EP, Form 1120), were filed for the calendar year ending December 31, 1950 with the United States Treasury Department Internal Revenue Service at the office of the Collector of Internal Revenue at Detroit, Michigan, on behalf of Daniels Jewelers, Inc., 34 West Michigan Avenue, Battlecreek, Michigan, by Harris, Reames & Ambrose certified public accountants. Said return reflected tax due for the tax year ending December 31,1950, as follows:
*533 Income Tax_$31,267.64
Excess Profits Tax_ 4, 874. 09
Total Tax Due_$36,141.73
Said tax was fully paid in five installments.
2.On or about the 25th day of April, 1952, a U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return (Form 1120) and a Computation of U.S. Corporate Excess Profits Tax (Schedule EP, Form 1120), were filed for the calendar year ending December 31, 1951 with the United States Treasury Department Internal Revenue Service at the office of the Collector of Internal Revenue at Detroit, Michigan, on behalf of Daniels Jewelers, Inc., 34 West Michigan Avenue, Battlecreek, Michigan, by Harris, Reames & Ambrose, certified public accountants. Said return reflected tax due for the tax year ending December 31,1951, as follows:
Income Tax_$53, 098.38
Excess Profits Tax- 17,646.25
Total Tax Due-$70,744.63
Said tax was fully paid in four installments, the last of which was in the amount of $10,611.70 on December 4,1952.
3.On or about the 16th day of March, 1953, a U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return (Form 1120) and a Computation of U.S. Corporate Excess Profits Tax (Schedule EP, Form 1120), were filed for the calendar year ending December 31,1952 with the United States Treasury Department Internal Revenue Service at the office of the Collector of Internal Revenue at Detroit, Michigan, on behalf of Daniels Jewelers, Inc., 34 West Michigan Avenue, Battle-creek, Michigan, by Harris, Reames & Ambrose, certified public accountants. Said return reflected tax due for the tax year ending December 31,1952, as follows:
Income Tax_$43, 006.78
Excess Profits Tax_ 11,589.93
Total Tax Due_$54, 596.71
Said tax was fully paid in four installments.
4.On or about the 14th day of May, 1954, a U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return (Form 1120) and a Computa
Income Tax_$48,446.18
Excess Profits Tax- 13,894.28
Total Tax Due_$62, 340.46
Said tax was fully paid in four installments.
5. In each of the said returns referred to in findings 1,2,3 and 4 hereof, plaintiff reported income from installment sales on the basis provided by Section 44(a) of the Internal Bevenue Code of 1939.
6. On or about the 13th day of October, 1955, an Amended U.S. Corporation Income Tax Eetum (Form 1120) and an Amended Computation of U.S. Corporate Excess Profits Tax (Schedule EP, Form 1120), were filed for the calendar year ending December 31,1950 with the United States Treasury Department Internal Bevenue Service at the office of the District Director of Internal Bevenue at Detroit, Michigan, on behalf of Daniels Jewelers, Inc., 34 West Michigan Avenue, Battlecreek, Michigan, by Isaac Benwitt & Co., certified public accountants. Becomputation of income and excess profits tax due thereon was as follows:
Income Tax_$31,267. 64
Excess Profits Tax_ 5, 524.06
Total Tax Due_$36, 791. 70
7.On or about the 13th day of October, 1955, an Amended U.S. Corporation Income Tax Betum (Form 1120) and an Amended. Computation of U.S. Corporate Excess Profits Tax (Schedule EP, Form 1120), were filed for the calendar year ending December 31, 1951 with the United States Treasury Department Internal Bevenue Service at the office of the District Director of Internal Bevenue at Detroit, Michigan, on behalf of Daniels Jewelers, Inc., 34 West Michigan Avenue, Battlecreek, Michigan, by Isaac Benwitt & Co.,
Income Tax_$53, 098.38
Excess Profits Tax_ 7, 002. 85
Total Tax Due_$60,101.23
8.On or about the 13th day of October, 1955, an Amended U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return (Form 1120) and an Amended Computation of U.S. Corporate Excess Profits Tax (Schedule EP, Form 1120), were filed for the calendar year ending December 31, 1952 with the United States Treasury Department Internal Revenue Service at the office of the District Director of Internal Revenue at Detroit, Michigan, on behalf of Daniels Jewelers, Inc., 34 West Michigan Avenue, Battlecreek, Michigan, by Isaac Benwitt & Co., certified public acountants. Recomputation of income and excess profits tax due thereon was as follows:
Income Tax_$43,006.78
Excess Profits Tax_ 8,321.21
Total Tax Due_$51, 327.99
9.On or about the 13th day of October, 1955, an Amended U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return (Form 1120) and an Amended Computation of U.S. Corporate Excess Profits Tax (Schedule EP, Form 1120), were filed for the calendar year ending December 31, 1953 with the United States Treasury Department Internal Revenue Service at the office of the District Director of Internal Revenue at Detroit, Michigan, on behalf of Daniels Jewelers, Inc., 34 West Michigan Avenue, Battlecreek, Michigan, by Isaac Benwitt & Co., certified public accountants. Recomputation of income and excess profits tax due thereon was as follows:
Income Tax_$48, 446.18
Excess Profits Tax_ 3,688. 62
Total Tax Due_$52,134. 80
10.Each of the Amended Computation of U.S. Corporation Excess Profits Tax Returns (Schedule EP, Form 1120) for the years 1950 through 1953 includes an attached Schedule EP-1 (Excess Profits Net Income and Tax Computation) referred to at line No. 5 of Schedule EP, Form 1120, respectively, as follows:
*536 (a)Daniels Jewelers, Inc.
Amended Federal Corporation Excess Profits Tax Return
Schedule EP-1
Pursuant to election under Section 455
Net Income per Form 1120 (item 32, page 1)_ $85, 756.28
Unrealized Gross Profit — 12/31/49— $92, 732. 66
Unrealized Gross Profit — 12/31/50 112, 601. 06 19, 868.40
Net Income
(line 1, Schedule EP-1)_ $105, 624. 68
1951
(b)Daniels Jewelers, Inc.
Amended Federal Corporation Excess Profits Tax Return 1951
Schedule EP-1
Pursuant to election under Section 455
Net Income per Form 1120 (item 32 page 1)_ $115,464. 79
Unrealized Gross Profit — 12/31/50_$112, 601. 06
Unrealized Gross Profit — 12/31/51_ 105,944.62 6,656.44
Net Income
(line 1, Schedule EP-1)_ $108, 808.35
1952
(c)Daniels Jewelers, Inc.
Amended Federal Corporation Excess Profits Tax Return 1952
Schedule EP-1
Pursuant to election under Section 455
Net Income per Form 1120 (item 32 page 1)_ $93, 282.28
Unrealized Gross Profit — 12/31/51_$105,944. 62
Unrealized Gross Profit — 12/31/52 124,263.63 18,319.01
111, 601.29
Contributions disallowed on installment basis_ 97. 91
Net Income
(line 1 — Schedule EP-1)_ $111,503.38
1953
(d)Daniels Jewelers, Inc.
Amended Fed. Corp. Excess Profits Tax Return 1953
Schedule EP-1
Pursuant to election under Section 455
Net Income per Form 1120 (Item 32 page 1)_ $103, 742.65
Unrealized Gross Profit — 12/31/52 $124,263. 63
Unrealized Gross Profit — 12/31/53 121, 952.16 2,311. 47
Net Income
(line 1, Schedule EP-1)_ $101,431.18
12. On November 28,1955, taxpayer received a statement of income tax due (Form 17a) for $831.97 reflecting a deficiency for 1950 of $649.97 plus interest of $182.00. On the 8th day of December, 1955, plaintiff paid the deficiency plus interest, pursuant to the said demand.
13. Plaintiff was advised of the denial of the claims for refund referred to in finding 11 herein for the years 1951, 1952 and 1953, by letter from Acting District Director of Internal Revenue, Detroit, Michigan, dated February 4, 1957.
14. Plaintiff received notice by registered mail dated October 1, 1957 from the District Director, Detroit, Michigan, of disallowance in full of the said claims.
15. The returns referred to in findings 1, 2, 3 and 4 did not contain or have attached thereto a statement mating reference or claiming a right to the election provided under Section 455 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, nor were any figures used on any of such returns which would reflect an election to accrue income.
CONCLUSION OP LAW
Upon the foregoing findings of fact, which are made a part of the judgment herein, the court concludes as a matter of law that the plaintiff is entitled to recover, with interest as provided by law, and judgment will be entered to that effect. The amount of recovery will be determined pursuant to Rule 38 (c).
In accordance with the opinion of the court and on a memorandum report of the commissioner as to the amount due thereunder, it was ordered on November 4, 1960, that judgment for the plaintiff be entered for $24,117.78, plus interest thereon as provided by law.