Daniel BROWNING, d/b/a Daniel Browning Excavating Co.; Linda Browning, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Craig R. PENDLETON, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
No. 86-4123.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Decided March 16, 1989.
Reargued Dec. 7, 1988.
989 F.2d 989
Appellant addressed much of its argument on appeal to whether the underlying federal tax lien attaches to progress payments when the contractor has defaulted and the performance and payment surety which completes the job is subrogated under state law to the rights of the owners, laborers, and materialmen, and to whether Laurel County, as owner, was liable to United Pacific for paying the contested amount of the IRS levy (found valid by the district court on remand). We have already decided the second of these issues and need discuss it no further. See Petition of United States Steel Corp., 479 F.2d 489, 494 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 859, 94 S.Ct. 71, 38 L.Ed.2d 110 (1973).
We previously held that because Kentucky law creates no trust fund in the amount of the contract price due for the benefit of materialmen, and because Y & S did have property rights in the progress payments, the IRS lien and subsequent levy attached to these progress payment funds. Appellant‘s current contentions are matters reviewed previously by the Supreme Court, which denied a writ of certiorari with respect to our prior opinion.
This court did not discuss the significance of United Pacific‘s subrogation rights in its opinion, but United Pacific, at the time of the original action, made no effort to persuade this court to reconsider or rehear that issue. It also failed to contest the validity of the lien or subsequent levy on the progress payments under
For the reasons stated we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
David S. Mann (argued), Rhonda S. Morris, Cincinnati, Ohio, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Timothy A. Oliver, Asst. Pros. Atty., Lebanon, Ohio, R. Gary Winters (argued), Cincinnati, Ohio, for defendants-appellees.
Before ENGEL, Chief Judge; KEITH, MERRITT, KENNEDY, MARTIN, JONES, KRUPANSKY, WELLFORD, MILBURN, GUY, NELSON, RYAN, BOGGS, and NORRIS, Circuit Judges; and LIVELY, Senior Circuit Judge*.
We granted en banc rehearing in this civil rights action thereby vacating a prior unreported decision of a panel of our court. We did so in order to resolve an inconsistency between two decisions by different panels of our court in selecting the appropriate state statute of limitations for civil rights actions filed pursuant to
I.
This action arises out of the appellants’ operation of a gravel business in Warren County, Ohio. The appellees are the former and present sheriff, county commissioners, county engineer, and board of commissioners in Warren County, Ohio. The appellants contend that the appellees, with intent to force them to close their gravel business, selectively enforced low load limits and failed to maintain certain county roads over which the appellants needed to travel to operate their business. The appellants also allege that the appellees’ actions forced them to file for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code and subsequently forced them to convert into a Chapter 7 proceeding. Their gravel business was sold at a sheriff‘s sale on October 17, 1983.
The appellants filed this action on July 1, 1985, pursuant to
II.
In Wilson, the Court held that in each state a single statute of limitations should be borrowed for section 1983 claims and
One of this court‘s first occasions to apply the Supreme Court‘s holding in Wilson occurred in Mulligan, wherein the panel selected
As the Supreme Court noted in Wilson, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1871 in order to combat the violence that was being perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan and other organizations against the newly emancipated slaves. The concern of Congress, thus, was with perpetrators of intentional tortious conduct. While both §§ 2305.10 and 2305.11 theoretically encompass intentional tort actions, § 2305.11, which applies to actions involving assaults, batteries and the like, more specifically encompasses the sorts of actions which concerned Congress as it enacted the civil rights statutes. Accordingly, we hold that the one year limitations period contained in § 2305.11 governs Mulligan‘s actions.
777 F.2d at 344 (footnote omitted).
A subsequent panel of this court rendered a theoretically conflicting opinion in Carroll, 782 F.2d 44, wherein this court had to determine which Michigan statute of limitations was to be applied to section 1983 actions. There were three possible limitations periods from which the court could choose.
Thus, it is evident that the holdings in Mulligan and Carroll are inconsistent with regard to the appropriate statute of limitations in states wherein different limitations periods exist for intentional torts causing personal injury and nonintentional personal injury actions. Moreover, the circuit courts of appeal have split on this issue. Compare Jones v. Preuit & Mauldin, 763 F.2d 1250 (11th Cir.1985) (selecting intentional tort limitations period), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1105, 106 S.Ct. 893, 88 L.Ed.2d 926 (1986); and Gates v. Spinks, 771 F.2d 916 (5th Cir.1985) (same), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1065, 106 S.Ct. 1378, 89 L.Ed.2d 603 (1986), with Meade v. Grubbs, 841 F.2d 1512 (10th Cir.1988) (selecting general personal injury statute); and Small v. Inhabitants of Belfast, 796 F.2d 544 (1st Cir.1986) (same).
The Supreme Court has resolved this conflict in its holding in Owens v. Okure, — U.S. —, 109 S.Ct. 573, 102 L.Ed.2d 594 (1989), wherein the Court rejected the approach adopted by this court in Mulligan. The Court unanimously held that when a state, like Ohio, has multiple statutes of limitation for personal injury actions, the appropriate state statute of limitations to borrow for claims brought under
In the present case, the appellees argue that the appellants’ cause of action accrued more than two years before this action was filed and, therefore, it is untimely under
III.
Accordingly, we hold that the appropriate statute of limitations for
NATHANIEL R. JONES, Circuit Judge, concurring.
Although I agree with the majority‘s decision, I write separately because the majority‘s opinion glosses over the full import of the Supreme Court‘s decision in Owens v. Okure, — U.S. —, 109 S.Ct. 573, 102 L.Ed.2d 594 (1989), as it applies to this court‘s section 1983 jurisprudence. The Owens decision goes beyond merely holding that the forum state‘s “general or residual” statute of limitations for personal injury actions applies to section 1983 claims. Ante, at 991. The Court also reaffirmed its earlier decision in Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 105 S.Ct. 1938, 85 L.Ed.2d 254 (1985), and specifically held that section 1983 provides for a broad spectrum of actions for injury to personal rights. At the same time, the Court explicitly rejected this court‘s position in Mulligan v. Hazard, 777 F.2d 340 (6th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1174, 106 S.Ct. 2902, 90 L.Ed.2d 988 (1986), which held that the intentional tort analogy “more specifically encompassed the sorts of actions which concerned Congress as it enacted the civil rights statutes.” Id. at 344.
In Wilson, the Court emphasized that the federal interest in protecting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, and the concomitant concern that a claimant whose rights have been violated be afforded a reasonable period to seek redress for personal injury, requires the rejection of “residual” or “catch-all” limitations for section 1983 claims. The Wilson Court observed that “[i]t is most unlikely that the period of limitations applicable to such claims ever was, or ever could be fixed in a way that would discriminate against federal claims, or be inconsistent with federal law in any respect.” Wilson, 471 U.S. at 279, 105 S.Ct. at 1949. Justice Marshall, for a unanimous Court in Owens, observed that a state‘s statute of limitation‘s period for intentional torts “would be manifestly inappropriate” because of the diversity of individual states’ limitations periods and because adopting such a rule would, in effect, compound the “conflict, confusion and uncertainty,” see Wilson, 471 U.S. at 266, 105 S.Ct. at 1941, which the Wilson Court attempted to rectify. Owens, 109 S.Ct. at 578.
The Owens Court reaffirmed the holding in Wilson, by stating that analogizing state causes of action to section 1983 claims is inherently arbitrary because many section 1983 “claims bear little if any resemblance to the common-law intentional tort.” Id. Moreover, the Court rejected the intentional tort analogy because it “reflects a profound misunderstanding of § 1983‘s history.” Id. 109 S.Ct. at 581 n. 11. Specifically, the Court observed that the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (“Act“), section 1983‘s predecessor, was enacted by Congress as a result of the Ku Klux Klan‘s coordinated campaign of violence which resulted in the denial of citizens’ civil and political rights. Id. Relying on Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167, 81 S.Ct. 473, 5 L.Ed.2d 492 (1961), the Court further observed that while the Act was partially intended to prevent intentional torts committed by the Klan and its constituency, Congress‘s more important concern was providing a federal remedy for the unauthorized conduct of state officials who frequently failed or refused to protect
Because the rights enforceable under section 1983 include those federal rights protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, the Wilson Court reasoned that section 1983 claims “are best characterized as personal injury actions,” and a longer limitations period is mandated in order to ensure that the federal interest vindicated by the legislation would not be unduly diminished. Wilson, 471 U.S. at 280, 105 S.Ct. at 1949. While the Owens Court did not reach the question of whether the federal interest would be violated if a one-year limitations period were applied to section 1983 claims, the Court nevertheless concluded that because of the diversity of state statutes of limitations for intentional torts, adoption of the residual statute for personal injury actions would be consistent with the broad range of section 1983 claims.
This court held in Mulligan that the applicable Ohio statute of limitations for section 1983 cases was
*
RELIABLE SPRINGS COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ST. PAUL FIRE & MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
No. 88-3254.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Argued Nov. 8, 1988.
Decided March 16, 1989.