278 F.2d 79 | 3rd Cir. | 1960
Lead Opinion
This is a diversity case. Lind, the plaintiff-appellant, sued Park & Tilford Distiller’s Corp.,
Notice to produce various records of Lind’s employment was served on Park & Tilford but one slip dealing with Lind’s appointment as district manager was not produced and is presumed to have been lost. The evidence was conflicting as to the character of the “incentive compensation” to be offered Lind in connection with his services as a district manager. Herrfeldt designated the incentive an “added incentive plan with a percentage arrangement”. Kaufman characterized the plan as “bonuses and contests”. Weiner, Park & TiKord’s Secretary, said that the incentive was a “pension plan.” Kaufman testified, however, that the pension plan had nothing to do with the bonus incentive he referred to.
The record also shows that Lind commenced his employment with Park & Tilford in 1941, that from 1942 to 1950 he worked on a commission basis, that on August 31, 1950, he became an assistant sales manager for the New York metropolitan area at $125 a week, which was raised to $150 a week on October 1, 1950, plus certain allowances. After Lind became district manager on April 19, 1951, he continued to receive the same salary of $150 a week but this was increased to $175 in January 1952. On February 1, 1952, Lind was transferred from New York to New Jersey to become state manager of Park & Tilford’,s business in New Jersey. He retained that position until January 31, 1957, when he was transferred back to New York.
Park & Tilford moved for but was denied a directed verdict at the close of all the evidence under Rule 50, Fed.R.Civ. Proc., 28 U.S.C. However, the court below invoked Rule 50(b)
The answers provided by the jury amounted to a determination that Kaufman did offer Lind a 1% commission on the gross sales of the men under him; that the agreement commenced April 19, 1951; that the agreement terminated February 15, 1952, the date of Lind’s transfer to New Jersey; that Park & Tilford did cause Lind to believe that Kaufman had authority to offer him the one percent commission; and that Lind was justified in assuming that Kaufman had the authority to make the offer. In addition, the jury awarded Lind $353 as reimbursement for moving expenses in
The jury did not give a dollar award for the commission deemed owing but the court “molded” the verdict in accordance with the jury’s findings and judgment was rendered in favor of Lind against Schenley for $36,953.10 plus interest for the commission and $353.00 for the moving expenses. However, the judgment was nullified by the court’s decision to enter a verdict for the defendant under Rule 50 (b) in accordance with Schenley’s first motion. The court, also under Rule 50(b), granted a new trial in the event that the judgment in favor of the defendant was subsequently reversed. See D.C. N.J.1958, 167 F.Supp. 590.
The Judgment for Defendant
The decision to reverse the verdict for Lind with respect to the 1% commission was based on two alternative grounds. First, the court found that Lind had failed to prove a case of apparent authority in that the evidence did not disclose that Park & Tilford acted in such a manner as to induce Lind to believe that Kaufman had been authorized to offer him the 1% commission. Also the court concluded that the issues of “actual” and “implied” authority had somehow been eliminated from the case. Second, the court reasoned, that even if the jury could find apparent authority, the alleged contract was not sufficiently definite nor specific to be enforceable against Park & Tilford. The trial judge rejected a contention by Park & Tilford that a document signed by Lind on January 31,1957, upon receiving his last pay cheek as New Jersey State Manager, should be construed as a release of his claims for commissions.
A federal court sitting in a diversity case must apply the same law as would a court of the state in which the district court is located. Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 1938, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188. We therefore must look initially to New Jersey law. But the contract at bar was made and was to be performed in New York and since we must apply the New Jersey doctrines of conflicts of law, Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 1941, 313 U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477, the substantive law of contracts and agency applicable here will be that of New York. James H. Rhodes & Co. v. Chausovsky, 1948,137 N.J.L. 459, 60 A.2d 623; Polyekronos v. Polyckronos, 1939, 17 N.J.Mise. 265, 8 A.2d 265.
The principle of Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins does not determine the division of functions between court and jury. This is controlled solely by Federal law. Ettelson v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 3 Cir., 137 F.2d 62, certiorari denied 1943, 320 U.S. 777, 64 S.Ct. 92, 88 L.Ed. 467; Diederich v. American News Co., 10 Cir., 1942, 128 F.2d 144. Federal law provides that the answers to questions relating to the scope and extent of an agent’s apparent authority are for the triers of the facts, here the jury. See Gilmore v. Royal Indemnity Co., 5 Cir., 1956, 240 F.2d 101. Parenthetically, it may be noted that the New York rule on this point is identical. Hedeman v. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., 1941, 286 N.Y. 240, 36 N.E.2d 129. The jury clearly found that Kaufman had apparent agency power to offer Lind the 1% commission and this verdict may be reversed only if there is no substantial evidence which could support the verdict. Snead v. New York Cent. R. Co., 4 Cir., 1954, 216 F.2d 169; Stanford v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 7 Cir., 1948, 171 F.2d 632.
The problems of “authority” are probably the most difficult in that segment of law loosely termed, “Agency”. Two main classifications of authority are generallyi recognized, “actual authority”, and “apparent authority”. The term “implied authority” is often seen but most authorities consider “implied authority” to be merely a sub-group of “actual” authority. Mechem, Agency, §§ 51-60 (4th ed. 1952). An additional kind of authority has been designated by the Restatement, Agency 2d, §§ 8A and 161(b) as “inherent agency”. Actually this new term is employed to designate a meaning frequently ascribed to “implied authority.”
In the case at bar Lind attempted to prove all three kinds of agency; actual, apparent, and inherent, although most of his evidence was directed to proof of “inherent” or “apparent” authority. From the evidence it is clear that Park & Tilford can be held accountable for Kaufman’s action on the principle of “inherent authority”. Kaufman was Lind’s direct superior, and was the man to transfer communications from the upper executives to the lower. Moreover, there was testimony tending to prove that Herrfeldt, the vice-president in charge of sales, had told Lind to see Kaufman for information about his salary and that Herrfeldt himself had confirmed the 1% commission arrangement. Thus Kaufman, so far as Lind was concerned, was the spokesman for the company.
It is not necessary to determine the status of the New York law in respect to “inherent agency” for substantially the same testimony that would establish “inherent” agency under the circumstances at bar proves conventional “apparent” agency. The Restatement, Agency 2d § 8, defines “apparent agency” as “the power to affect the legal relations of another person by transactions with third persons, professedly as agent for the other, arising from and in accordance with the other’s manifestations to such third persons.” There is some uncertainty as to whether or not the third person must change his position in reliance upon these manifestations of authority, but this is of no consequence in the case at bar since Lind clearly changed his position when he accepted the job of district manager with its admittedly increased responsibilities. There is no doubt that New York accepts the “apparent authority” doctrine if change of position is shown. In Wen Kroy Realty Co. v. Public Nat. Bank & Trust Co., 1932, 260 N.Y. 84, 183 N.E. 73, 75, one of the cases most frequently cited in the New York courts on this subject, Judge Lehman in the course of an opinion in which he did not find apparent authority from the facts of the case before him, held nonetheless that: “[T]he principal is often bound by the act of his agent in excess or abuse of his actual authority, but this is only true between the principal and third person, who believing and having a right to believe that the agent was acting within and not exceeding his authority, would sustain loss if the act was not considered that of the principal.” Further support for this position is found in Aneless Corporation v. Woodward, 1933, 262 N.Y. 326, 186 N.E. 800; Sam R. Levy Fabrics, Inc. v. Shapiro Bros. Factors Corp., 1940, 259 App.Div. 463, 19 N.Y.S.2d 593, 595; Harvey v. J. P. Morgan & Co., 1937, 166 Misc. 455, 2 N.Y.S.2d 520, reversed on other grounds, Sup.App.T.1938, 25 N.Y.S.2d 636; 1940, 260 App.Div. 873, 23 N.Y.S. 2d 844.
The opinion of the court below and the argument of the appellee here rely heavily on Gumpert v. Bon Ami Corporation, 2 Cir., 1958, 251 F.2d 735, a diversity case decided under New York law, up
Testimony was adduced by Schenley tending to prove that Kaufman had no authority to set salaries, that power being exercisable solely by the president of the corporation, and that the president had not authorized Kaufman to offer Lind a commission of the kind under consideration here. However, this testimony, even if fully accepted, would only prove lack of actual or implied authority in Kaufman but is irrelevant to the issue of apparent authority.
The opinion below seems to agree with the conception of the New York agency law as set out above but the court reversed the jury’s verdict and the judgment based on it on the conclusion, as a matter of law, that Lind could not reasonably have believed that Kaufman was authorized to offer him a commission that would, in the trial judge’s words “have almost quadrupled Lind’s then salary”. But Lind testified that before he had become Kaufman’s assistant in September 1950, the latter position named being that which he had held before being “promoted” to district manager in April 1951, he had earned $9,000 for the period from January 1, 1950 to August 31, 1950, that figure allegedly representing half of his expected earnings for the-year. Lind testified that a liquor salesman can expect to make 50% of his salary in the last four months of the'year owing to holiday sales. Thus Lind’s salary two years before his appointment as district manager could have been estimated by the jury at' $18,000 per year, and his alleged earnings, as district manager, a position of greater responsibility, do not appear disproportionate. On the basis of the foregoing it appears that there was sufficient evidence to authorize a jury finding that Park & Tilford had given Kaufman apparent authority to offer Lind 1% commission of gross sales of the salesmen under him and that Lind reasonably had relied upon Kaufman’s offer.
The second ground for setting aside the jury verdict was that the alleged contract was too indefinite and uncertain to be enforced against the defendant because no date of commencement or termination of the contract had been shown. Employment contracts often breed litigation because they frequently are informal, brief, and indefinite even when accompanied by correspondence. This is particularly so when dealing with a promotion within a relatively small office. However, as Corbin states, it has-always been the law that “if the parties have concluded a transaction in which it appears that they intend to make a contract, the court should not frustrate their intention if it is possible to reach a fair and just result, even though this requires a choice among conflicting meanings and the filling of some gaps-
We conclude that the contract alleged was sufficiently definite and certain to be sustainable and that there was ample evidence of extrinsic circumstances to permit the jury to fix the relevant dates for Lind’s compensation as it did. It must be noted also that this is a case in which a plaintiff is suing for payment for a completed performance and it would be unjust to deny compensation on the ground of uncertainty of terms of ■employment if the facts afford a reasonable basis for filling in contractual lacunae.
An additional argument offered by Park & Tilford in support of the court’s judgment is that a document signed by .Lind when he terminated his employment with Park & Tilford can be construed as a release of Lind’s claim to any further -compensation. The opinion below dismissed this claim, holding that the writing was merely a receipt for wages and -vacation benefits indisputably owing. We concur with the view of the trial court on this point.
The jury’s verdict of $353 for Lind’s moving expenses was also reversed because the court could find no proof that the “unnamed assistant” of Herrfeldt, who allegedly promised to reimburse Lind had any “express, implied or apparent authority to thus bind the corporation.” An examination of the record indicates that this assistant was identified by Lind as John Niven, an “Administrative Assistant” to Herrfeldt, the corporation’s vice-president in charge of sales. Lind further testified that on the occasion of his moving from New York to New Jersey to assume the job of state manager, the company had paid his moving expenses. If the jury believed Lind’s testimony, he clearly proved the apparent authority of Niven to bind the company to pay his moving expenses. There was no reason for Lind to doubt the word of an administrative assistant to the vice-president in a matter such as this in the light of his past experience. It must be remembered that when dealing with internal corporate management matters an employee must be able to rely on the word of his superiors, or their apparent spokesmen, lest operation of such organizations become impossible. A salesman cannot check every promise made to him by a superior with the president and the board of directors of the corporation. For the reasons stated we think the court below erred in reversing the jury’s verdict in Lind’s favor for his moving expenses.
The Granting of the Motion for New Trial
The district court granted the alternative motion for a new trial because it found the jury’s verdict (1) contrary to the weight of the evidence, (2) contrary to law and (3) a result of error in the admission of evidence. Our conclusion that the verdict was not contrary to law automatically eliminates ground (2).
The remaining basis for ordering a new trial is that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. It is frequently stated that a motion for a new trial on this ground ordinarily is nonreviewable because within the discretion of the trial court. Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Duncan, 1940, 311 U.S. 243, 251, 61 S.Ct. 189, 85 L.Ed. 147; Zegan v. Central R. Co., 3 Cir., 1959, 266 F.2d 101; Menneti v. Evans Construction Co., 3 Cir., 1958, 259 F.2d 367. But this discretion must still be exercised in accordance with ascertainable legal standards and if an appellate court is-shown special or unusual circumstances-which clearly indicate an abuse of discretion in that the trial court failed to apply correctly the proper standards, reversal is possible. See e. g. Indamer Corporation v. Crandon, 5 Cir., 1954, 217 F.2d 391. Concededly appellate courts rarely find that the trial court abused its discretion.
In Commercial Credit Corp. v. Pepper,. 5 Cir., 1951, 187 F.2d 71, 75-76, Judge Borah stated: “It is a principle well recognized in the federal courts that the-granting or refusing of a new trial is a matter resting within the discretion of' the trial court. The term ‘discretion’,, however, when invoked as a guide to judicial action, means a sound discretion, exercised with regard to what is right and. in the interests of justice. And an appellate court is not bound to stay its hand'.
■eren• .. ., . [S]mce the credibility of witnesses is peculiarly for the jury it is an invasion of the jury s province to grant a new trial merely because the evidence was sharply m conflict. The trial judge, exercising a mature judicial discretion, should view the verdict in the overall setting of the trial; consider the character of the evidence and the complexity or simplicity of the legal principles which the jury was bound to apply to the facts, and abstain from interfering with the verdict unless it is quite clear that the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result. The judge’s duty is essentially to see that there is no miscarriage of justice. If convinced that there has been then it is his duty to set the verdict aside; otherwise not.”7
Professor Moore’s views are logical and persuasive and buttressed by some decisional authority. See Werthan Bag Corp. v. Agnew, 6 Cir., 1953, 202 F.2d 119, 122 (question of damages). In the same vein, Schirra v. Delaware, L. & W. R. Co., D.C.M.D.Pa.1952, 103 F.Supp. 812, 820, holds that if “there is an evidentiary basis for the jury’s verdict, the jury is free to discard or disbelieve whatever facts are inconsistent with its conelusion, and it is immaterial that the court might draw a contrary inference or feel that another conclusion is more reasonable.” Pelham v. Hendricks, D.C.M.D.Pa.1955, 132 F.Supp. 774, 775, goes further, ruling that: “The evidence and inferences reasonably deducible therefrom must be viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, and the Court must assure that the jury followed the Court’s instructions.”
Miller v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co., D.C.W.D.Mich.1954, 17 F.R.D. 121, 125; American Cooler Co. v. Fay & Scott, D.C.D.Me.1937, 20 F.Supp. 782, 783 and United States v. 13.40 Acres of Land, D.C.N.D.Cal.1944, 56 F.Supp. 535, 538, go farther in restricting the discretion or ^he ’*:rda* 3"udge f°r these authorities hold that the jury's verdict maJ nat be sf aslde and a ne^. ^ °rdered because the verdict is contrary to the onderanco of the evidence. The first ^ gecond of ^ three cascs cited hold ^ the verdict <imugt be g0 manifestIy and palpably against the evidence in the ag t0 compej the conclusion that the verdict is contrary to right and justice”, And the third opinion cited states that a new trial may not be ordered unless, “The evidence as a whole, after according to it the highest probative force to which it is lawfully entitled, is insufficient to support the verdict.” Judge Yankwich took a similar restricted view of his own discretion in ordering a new trial because the verdict was contrary to the weight of the evidence. In Lyophile-Cryochem
But there is also some authority supporting an almost unlimited discretion in the trial judge in granting or denying a motion for a new trial. In Murphy v. United States District Court for Northern District of California, Southern Division, 9 Cir., 1944, 145 F.2d 1018, 1020, the Court of Appeals upheld the granting of a new trial by Judge Goodman in United States v. 13.40 Acres of Land, supra. The appellate court found the trial judge’s discretion in such matters was wider than did Judge Goodman himself. The appellate tribunal said that “The granting of a new trial is discretionary with the court and subject to no fixed rule except a consideration of what is just”. But the exception stated is itself a potent one. The case of Grayson v. Deal, D.C.N.D.Ala.1949, 85 F.Supp. 431, stands for the proposition that the court may consider the evidence as a whole and weigh it, and if it considers that the jury was mistaken or that its verdict was wrong, although supported by evidence, a new trial should be granted.
What we have stated demonstrates that there is no consensus of opinion as to the exact standards to be used by a trial court in granting a new trial and that the criteria to be employed by an appellate tribunal charged with reviewing the trial judge’s decision in this respect are equally indefinite. New trials granted because (1) a jury verdict is against the weight of the evidence may be sharply distinguished from (2) new trials ordered for other reasons: for example, evidence improperly admitted, prejudicial statements by counsel, an improper charge to the jury or newly discovered evidence. In the first instance given it is the jury itself which fails properly to perform the functions confided to it by law. In the latter instances something occurred in the course of the trial which resulted or which may have resulted in the jury receiving a distorted, incorrect, or an incomplete view of the operative facts, or some undesirable element obtruded itself into the proceed-in^s creating^ a condition whereby the gílfng a •,us^ ,verc^c^ was rendered difficult or impossible. In the latter instances> W’ suPra> the trial court deliv~ ered the jury from a possibly erroneous v®rdlct arisin^ from circumstances over whlch the Iury had 110 control. Under conditions there is no usurpation cour^ the prime function of the Jury as the trier of the facts and the trial Jadge necessarily must be allowed Wlde discretion in granting or refusing a new tria ‘
[17]. Bu* wh(f; no unde^able or P™ous element has occurred or been lr“troduced into the trial and the trial Judge nonetheless grants a new trial on ground that the verdict was agamst the weight of the evidence’ the trial judge 111 negating the jury s verdict has, to some extent at least’ substituted his indent of the facts and the credibility af íhe witnesses for that of the jury, Snch an action effects a denigration of •,ury sys^em and t° the extent that new trials are granted the judge takes over, if he does not usurp, the prime function of the jury as the trier of the facts. It then becomes the duty of the appellate tribunal to exercise a closer degree 0f scrutiny and supervision than js the case where a new trial is granted because of some undesirable or pernicious influence obtruding into the trial, Such a close scrutiny is required in order to protect the litigants’ right to jury trial,
Where a trial is long and cornplicated and deals with a subject matter not lying within the ordinary knowledge of jurors a verdict should be scrutinized
The subject matter of the litigation before us is simple and easily comprehended by any intelligent layman, The jury’s main function was to determine the veracity of the witnesses: i. e. what testimony should be believed. If Lind’s testimony and that of Mrs. Kennan, Kaufman’s secretary, was deemed credible, Lind presented a convincing, indeed an overwhelming case. We must con-elude that the jury did believe this testimony and that the court below substituted its judgment for that of the jury on this issue and thereby abused its legal discretion.
The judgment of the court below will be reversed and the case will be remanded with the direction to the court below to reinstate the verdict and judgment in favor of Lind.
. Park & Tilford Distiller’s Corp. was merged into Schenley Industries, Inc., a Delaware corporation, before the commencement of this action, with Schenley assuming all of Park & Tilford’s obligations. Schenley was substituted in this action on March 31, 1958, by order of Judge Wortendyke.
. Rule 50(b) provides as follows: “Whenever a motion for a directed verdict made at the close of all the evidence is denied or for any reason is not granted, the court is deemed to have submitted the action to the jury subject to a later determination of the legal questions raised by the motion. Within 10 days after the reception of a verdict, a party who has moved for a directed verdict may move to have the verdict and any judgment entered thereon set aside and to have judgment entered in accordance with his motion for a directed verdict; or if a verdict was not returned such party, within 10 days after the jury has been discharged, may move for judgment in accordance with his motion for a directed verdict. A motion for a new trial may be joined with this motion, or a new trial may be prayed for in the alternative. If a verdict was returned the court may allow the judgment to stand or may reopen the judgment and either order a new trial or direct the entry of judgment as if the requested verdict had been directed. If no verdict was returned the court may direct the entry of judgment as if the requested verdict had been directed or may order a new trial.”
. Corbin, Contracts, Section 95.
. 1 Williston, Contracts, Section 39.
. Defendant’s Exhibits D-15 and D-103g.
. 28 U.S.O.A. § 1732 provides as follows:
“(a) In any court of the United States and in any court established by Act of Congress, any writing or record, whether in the form of an entry in a book or otherwise, made as a memorandum or record of any act, transaction, occurrence, or event, shall be admissible as evidence of such act, transaction, occurrence, or event, if made in regular course of any business, and if it was the regular course of such business to make such memorandum or record at the time of such act, transaction, occurrence, or event or within a reasonable time thereafter.
“All other circumstances of the making of such writing or record, including-lack of personal knowledge by the entrant or maker, may be. shown to affect its weight, but such circumstances shall not affect its admissibility.
“The term ‘business,’ as used in this-section, includes business, profession, occupation, and calling of every kind.”
. 6 Moore’s Federal Practice, 2d Ed., p. 3819.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting).
T i-i t M , , I agree that the order granting judg- , „ _ « , , . , .. ment for the defendant notwithstanding the verdict xor the plaintiff, must be set aside. However, I think the majority make a serious mistake when they take the extraordinary additional step of reversing the alternative order of the trial judge, granting a new trial because he considered the verdict against the weight of the evidence.
This court has never before reversed an order of a trial judge granting a new trial because of his conclusion on all of the evidence that the jury had reached an unjust result. At least, neither I nor any of my colleagues can find a precedent in our court for such action. Rather, we have recognized that the function in question is broadly discretionary, “requir[ing] that the trial judge evaluate all significant evidence, deciding in the exercise of his own best judgment whether the jury has so disregarded the clear weight of credible evidence that a new trial is necessary to prevent injustice.” See Zegan v. Central R. Co. of New Jersey, 3 Cir., 1959, 266 F.2d 101, 104. The opinions of other courts cited by the majority not only recognize that discretion but also emphasize its extreme breadth,
This traditional conception of the role of the trial judge has provided the one important limitation on the power of the jury to make an unimpeachable decision on the facts, even where the evidence is conflicting. The judge may not substitute the verdict he would have rendered on the evidence for that actually rendered by the jury. But he may avoid what in his professionally trained and experienced judgment is an unjust verdiet by vacating it and causing the matter to be tried again by a second jury, Thus, the essential institution of jury trial is respected and an expedient middle ground is maintained between the absence of any control over a jury’s verdict on conflicting evidence, on the one hand, an(f judicial usurpation of the fact find-inS function, on the other.
Under this scheme the only function of a reviewing court, once the trial court _ . , . , . , , has ordered a new trial, is to see whether ^ can haye been any bagig ^ rga_ gQn for the tr¡al judge,g conclusion as to ^he wejght of the evidence and the injustice of the verdict. The majority do not challenge this view, though they do not state explicitly what their understanding of our role is.
The present record discloses a sharp conflict of testimony whether Kaufman,
In such circumstances it was neither arbitrary nor an abuse of discretion for the trial judge to grant a new trial, Whether in the same circumstances some other trial judge or any member of this court would have let the verdict stand is beside the point.
. . . The majority think tlm trial judge usurped the function of the jury. I think it is we who are impinging upon the function and discretion of the trial judge in a way that is serious, regrettable and without precedent in this court.