25 N.H. 318 | Superior Court of New Hampshire | 1852
It has been regarded as an open and unsettled question, whether a defendant should be permitted, even under the general issue, to prove general suspicions and
As a general rule, reports and rumors are not evidence of the facts reported. This is a point too well settled to be questioned, or to need the citation of authorities. This rule is merely a single application of a much broader principle, namely, that hearsay is not evidence. To this last cited principle, there are exceptions well settled, and the application of which is frequently discussed ; but among those exceptions there is no where found an intimation that common report is evidence, if we except some cases relating to the subject of defamation. In all other cases, except where reports affect the character, they are uniformly rejected when offered as evidence. They are not only hearsay, and open to all the objections which lie against statements not made under oath and in presence of the parties interested; but they are the weakest and least reliable of all hearsay. The witness who is offered to testify, under oath, the statements made to him by a person well known for his honesty, truth, candor and caution, and who had the means of knowledge, is at once rejected. How, then, can evidence be received, which at most proposes to show to the jury what was said by somebody, of what character and upon what authority is entirely unknown ? The former might have strong claims to credit. Our faith in history all rests upon such evidence; but the latter has none whatever. Common fame, which is but another name for rumor and common report, has everywhere a bad character for truth ; and the exception to the general rules of evidence, which would tolerate its admission in courts of justice, ought to be established on the clearest and most satisfactory reasons. No reasons have been seen beyond the suggestion that reports may have a bearing on
People usually form their opinions of the characters of men from what they know of them personally, and from what is said of them by those who have the means of knowledge, and whose opinions are entitled to confidence. But mere rumors and reports, of which no man knows whence they came, are the weakest and most uncertain of the grounds on which the public judgment ever rests. If numerous and often repeated, they too often gain credit; and the general character may, in consequence of that credit, be seriously affected. The reports themselves prove nothing as to general character. They may be entirely discredited and disbelieved, where the party assailed is known.
The point of inquiry in relation to general character is not whether a man has been attacked, but how does he stand, now, when rumor has spent its force upon him? A jury can form no opinion upon this point from the fact that reports have been in circulation. Though of themselves they may appear ill, yet a jury have no right to assume, without proof, that they have not been regarded by those who knew the party, as merely ridiculous and contemptible. Upon principle, then, we think that common reports are never admissible as evidence of any thing, or for any purpose.
Among the adjudged cases we find a great diversity of decisions.
It seems at various times to have been contended at the bar, that where the statement alleged to be defamatory, was at the time stated merely as matter of common report, it was a good defence to show that fact, and to prove the existence of such reports. This position was denied in North Hampton’s case, 12 Co. Rep. 134; Cuddington v. Wilkins, Hobart 82; 6 Bac. Ab. 251; Mason v. Mason, 4 N. H. Rep. 110; Nelson v. Evans, 1 Dev. 9; Maberly v. Preston, 8 Miss. 462; Wheeler v. Shields, 2 Scam. 348.
We feel inclined to doubt the whole theory on which the admission of reports in these cases is supposed to rest, namely, that there is a difference in the degree of malice indicated by the mere repetition of a slander, and that displayed by its originator. Personal ill will is not necessary to make slander a ground of action, though that was a doe-y trine once maintained by courts. It is not necessary to be alleged or proved. The ground of the action is the injury done to the character of the plaintiff, without any justification or reasonable cause. That the words were said from proper motives, and upon a proper occasion, is a defence. But if said in the absence of proper motives and a proper occasion, it seems to be of little importance what other motivd led to the slander. There seems to us to be much good sense in the opinion of Bayley, J., in Bromage v. Prosser, 4 B. & C. 321, cited by Whitman, C. J., in Haynes v. Haynes, 29 Maine 253. “ Malice, in common acceptation, means ill will against a person, but in its legal sense it means a wrongful act done intentionally, without just cause or excuse. If I traduce a man, whether I know him or not, and whether I intend to do him an injury or not, I apprehend the law considers it as done of malice, because it is wrongful and intentional. It equally works an injury whether I meant to produce an injury or not; and if I had no legal excuse for the slander, why is he not to have a remedy against me for the injury it produces ?” And we
Another class of cases recognizes the rule, that common report may be given in evidence in mitigation of damages under the general issue, but hold that this cannot be done under a justification, or where a justification is joined with the general issue. Walcott v. Hall, 6 Mass. Rep. 514; Root v. King, 7 Cow. 613; Gilman v. Lowell, 8 Wend. 573; Cooper v. Barber, 24 Wend. 573; Landers v. Johnson, 6 Blackf. 50; Snowdon v. Smith, 2 M. & S. 287, n.; Leicester v. Walter, 2 Camp. 251; - v. Moore, 2 M. & S. 284; Nelson v. Evans, 1 Dev. 9; 2 Saund. Pl. & Ev. 812.
Some cases deny the admissibility of such evidence in any case, or under any form of pleadings, unless the reports be such as shall have affected the general character of the plaintiff. Treat v. Browning, 4 Conn. 414; Bradley v. Gibson, 9 Ala. 406; Leicester v. Walker, 2 Camp. 251.
Finally, there is a great mass of eases of recent date, and many of them considered with great ability, which deny the admissibility of common reports in any case, even in mitigation of damages. Lamos v. Snell, 6 N. H. Rep. 413; Alderman v. French, 1 Pick. 18; Bodwell v. Swan, 3 Pick. 376; Stone v. Varney, 7 Met. 86; Watson v. Buck, 5 Cow. 599; Cole v. Perry, 8 Cow. 214; King v. Root, 4 Wend. 113; Mapes v. Weeks, 4 Wend. 659; Inman v. Foster, 8 Wend. 602; Kennedy v. Gifford, 19 Wend. 296; Lewis v. Niles, Root 346; Waithman v. Weaver, 11 Price 217, n.; Walmer v. Latimer, 1 Jur. 119; Young v. Bennett, 4 Scam. 43; Fisher v. Patterson, 14 Ohio 418; Freeman v. Price, 2 Bail. 115; Lang v. Brougher, 5 Watts 439; Anthony v. Stephens, 1 Miss. 254.
The great preponderance of authority seems to us to be
The second question raised by the case is, whether the evidence introduced by the plaintiff to disprove the charges imputed to her by the slander, was properly admitted, their truth not being put in issue. There are many decisions, which hold that evidence of the plaintiff’s good character is not admissible until it has been attacked; under the idea that the law gives to every party the benefit of the presumption that his character is good, until it is impeached, and that evidence is not ordinarily to be received to prove what the law presumes. This rule applies so long as no attack is made upon the plaintiff’s character, and no further. If any evidence is introduced which is calculated to deprive him of the benefit of this legal presumption, he is at liberty to introduce proof to meet it. 2 Greenl. Ev. 338, § 419 ; 2 Stark. Slander 53, (59.) This we regard as the case in the present instance. The proof of reports injurious to the plaintiff’s character left him at liberty to meet that evidence either by proof of general character, or by showing the falsehood of those reports. Inman v. Foster, 8 Wend. 602; Patterson v. Jones, 8 B. & C. 578; M'Cabe v. Platter, 6 Blackf. 405; Scott v. Peebles, 2 S. & M. 546; Petrie v. Rose, 5 W. & S. 364; Shipman v. Burrows, 1 Hall 399; Rhodes v. James, 7 Ala. 574.
The admission of this evidence furnishes no ground of exception to the defendants. It was rendered admissible by their own evidence. And though, if objected to, we think that evidence ought to have been entirely rejected, yet the
Judgment on the verdict.